Evaluation of the Dietary Profile of Basketball Players in the Senior First Division Teams of Côte d’Ivoire

Introduction: Diet plays a fundamental role in the performance of athletes in general and basketball players in particular. For a better understanding of the nutrition of the athlete, this work aimed to evaluate the diet of Ivorian female basketball players in pre-competitive periods. Methodology: A retrospective frequency questionnaire survey was conducted from December 6, 2020 to the end of February 2021, on 86 female basketball players in the senior categories (17-35 years) playing in the first division. The collection of socio-demographic, anthropometric and dietary data before the competition was obtained for each team. Results: The study showed that 38.38% of the female basketball players had no side activities while 61.62% had a side activity. In general, 84.88% of the players had a normal Body Mass Index (BMI) compared to 06.98% overweight and 2.33% obese. The energy requirements of the women's teams were between 2427 and 2810 Kcal. The overall amount of energy consumed at breakfast in the pre-competitive period was below the required standards, while the amount of energy consumed at lunch and dinner was above the required standards for the players. Conclusion: In sum, the senior female basketball players of Côte d'Ivoire have a poor dietary profile. Nutritional interventions would be preferable for them in order to improve their nutritional knowledge on the one hand, and the distribution of caloric foods consumed during their different daily meals on the other hand, and to meet their energy needs.

Estimation of energy expenditure in people with physical impairments / 体力科学

The scarce evidence on dietary reference intakes (DRIs) for people with physical impairments has made estimation of total energy expenditure (TEE) and nutritional requirements difficult. The first reason for this difficulty is that estimating basal metabolic rate (BMR) or resting energy expenditure (REE) is challenging. The second reason is the difficulty of estimating body composition, which is useful for calculating BMR, and the third reason is the difficulty of estimating physical activity level. The reason for all these difficulties is that DRIs applies to all types of physical disabilities. Thus, it turns out to be unenviable for planning nutritional programs and evaluating physical impairments. However, notable references are available on energy requirements not only for the corresponding health maintenance and promotional information for preventing physical impairments caused by lifestyle diseases in middle and old age but also for improving performance of Paralympic athletes. This review article focuses on the estimation of the energy requirements for people with physical impairments and discusses the possibilities and limitations of methods.

Energy metabolism and body composition in athletes / 体力科学

In this review, the energy metabolism and body composition in athletes are discussed on the basis of an energy balance study using a doubly labeled water method. In athletes, the energy expenditure induced by sports activities widely differs according to the type of sports event. In addition, the physical activity of athletes can reach more than twice the basal metabolic rate throughout the sports season. It may be also more than three times depending on the duration of the tournament and/or the training camp. Thus, the event type, and training time and intensity must be considered when estimating the energy requirement of athletes.

Energy expenditure of physical activity in Korean adults and assessment of accelerometer accuracy by gender / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to measure energy expenditure (EE) the metabolic equivalents (METs) of 13 common physical activities by using a portable telemetry gas exchange system (K4b2) and to assess the accuracy of the accelerometer (Actigraph GT3X+) by gender in Korean adults. METHODS: A total of 109 adults (54 males, 55 females) with normal BMI (body mass index) participated in this study. EE and METs of 13 selected activities were simultaneously measured by the K4b2 portable indirect calorimeter and predicted by the GT3X+ Actigraph accelerometer. The accuracy of the accelerometer was assessed by comparing the predicted with the measured EE and METs. RESULTS: EE (kcal/kg/hr) and METs of treadmill walking (3.2 km/h, 4.8 km/h and 5.6 km/h) and running (6.4 km/h) were significantly higher in female than in male participants (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the accelerometer significantly underestimated the EE and METs for all activities except descending stairs, moderate walking, and fast walking in males as well as descending stairs in females. Low intensity activities had the highest rate of accurate classifications (88.3% in males and 91.3% females), whereas vigorous intensity activities had the lowest rate of accurate classifications (43.6% in males and 27.7% in females). Across all activities, the rate of accurate classification was significantly higher in males than in females (75.2% and 58.3% respectively, p < 0.01). Error between the accelerometer and K4b2 was smaller in males than in females, and EE and METs were more accurately estimated during treadmill activities than other activities in both males and females. CONCLUSION: The accelerometer underestimated EE and METs across various activities in Korean adults. In addition, there appears to be a gender difference in the rate of accurate accelerometer classification of activities according to intensity. Our results indicate the need to develop new accelerometer equations for this population, and gender differences should be considered.

Nivel de satisfacción de requerimientos energéticos y de macronutrientes en la ingesta usual de escolares en sectores rurales de la sierra ecuatoriana / Level of satisfaction of energy and macronutrients requirements in the usual intake of kids in rural areas of the ecuadorian highlands

This study, conducted among students from rural areas of Pujilí Canton, Cotopaxi Province, aged 8 to 15 years, allowed to determine: 1) The individual energy requirements by levels of physical activity; 2) the levels of energy and macronutrient sufficiency and balance of diet seen in the light of International standards. It was found that more than 70 % of schoolchildren do not meet the suggested range by the Joint Expert (World Health Organization / Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/ United Nations University) for energy and fat intakes, but that percentage is less than 40 % for proteins and carbohydrates. Also, the results indicate that the percentage contribution from usual macronutrient intake of schoolchildren to their estimated energy intake reach respective goal requirements established.

El presente estudio, se realizó en estudiantes de áreas rurales del Cantón Pujilí, Provincia Cotopaxi, con edades entre 8 y 15 años, el que permitió determinar: 1) Los requerimientos energéticos individuales según los niveles de actividad física realizada; 2) los niveles de suficiencia de energía y macronutrientes y de equilibrio de la dieta a la luz de los estándares internacionales. Se encontró que más del 70% de los escolares no cumplían las metas fijadas por la Consulta Mixta de Expertos (Organización Mundial de la Salud/ Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación/ Universidad de las Naciones Unidas). En relación al consumo de energía y grasas; dicho porcentaje fue inferior al 40% en el caso de las proteínas y los carbohidratos; y que el aporte porcentual de la ingesta usual de macronutrientes respecto al consumo estimado de energía se encuentra enmarcado en los respectivos requerimientos-meta establecidos.

Comparación de la ingesta de energía y nutrientes en adolescentes mujeres con sobrepeso y obesidad / Comparison of energy and nutrients intake in female adolescents with overweight and obesity

Introducción: El sobrepeso y la obesidad son consecuencia de una modificación de los patrones dietarios y de una actitud cada vez más sedentaria. Objetivos: Comparar la ingesta de energía y nutrientes de adolescentes mujeres con sobrepeso y obesidad. Diseño: Estudio transversal, observacional y analítico. Lugar: Centro Educativo de la zona urbana de Lima. Participantes: Adolescentes entre 10 a 18 años. Intervención: Se estudió 100 adolescentes con sobrepeso y 87 con obesidad. El diagnóstico se hizo mediante el índice de masa corporal (IMC), con la población de referencia de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y con los niveles de corte entre 85 y 95 percentil para sobrepeso y más de 95 para obesidad. La evaluación de la cantidad de energía y de nutrientes se realizó mediante un cuestionario de frecuencia semicuantitativo, utilizando la Tabla Peruana de Composición de Alimentos y la del Departamento de Agricultura de los EE UU. Para el porcentaje de adecuación de la energía y para la identificación cuantitativa de la ingesta de vitaminas y mineral se utilizó las recomendaciones de la FAO. El análisis estadístico se hizo con la prueba t-Student para comparación de medias. Principales medidas de resultados: Energía ingerida, adecuación de los nutrientes, cantidad de vitaminas y minerales ingeridos, de acuerdo a los grupos estudiados. Resultados: No hubo diferencia de la ingesta de energía entre los grupos estudiados, y estos valores fueron menores que los requerimientos. La adecuación porcentual mostró que el consumo de las grasas estuvo por debajo del requerimiento; lo mismo sucedió con las grasas saturadas, monoinsaturadas y poliinsaturadas; sin embargo, lo que más se consumió fue la grasa saturada. En cuanto a las vitaminas y minerales, fueron ingeridas en cantidades que cubrían los requerimientos, a excepción de los folatos. La ingesta de fibra fue muy pobre. Conclusiones: Se puede afirmar que el consumo de energía en ambos grupos fue por debajo de su requerimiento, por lo que se podría asumir que la causa de la presencia de estas enfermedades responda a una muy poca actividad física. Por otro lado, el principal problema en la alimentación de este grupo fue la deficiencia en la ingesta de fibra dietaria, de grasa y de folatos.

Introduction: Overweight and obesity result from change in dietary patterns and increasingly sedentary attitude. Objectives: To compare the energy and nutrient intake in female adolescents with overweight and obesity. Design: Cross-sectional, observational and analytical study. Location: Lima’s urban area Education Center. Participants: Adolescents aged 10 to 18 years. Interventions: One hundred overweight adolescents and 87 obese adolescents were studied. Diagnosis was done by body mass index (BMI) with the World Health Organization (WHO) reference population and cutoff levels between 85 and 95 percentile for overweight and over 95 for obesity. Amount of energy and nutrients was determined by a semi quantitative food frequency questionnaire using the Peruvian Table for Food Composition and the Table of the USA Department of Agriculture. FAO recommendations were used to determine the adequate percentage of energy and the quantitative identification of vitamin and mineral intake. Statistical analysis used Student t-test to compare measures. Main outcome measures: Energy intake, ingested nutrients, vitamins and minerals adequacy according to the study groups. Results: There was no difference in energy intake between the groups studied, and these values were lower than requirements. Adequacy of fat consumption, saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats was below requirements; however saturated fat was more consumed. The amount of vitamins and minerals ingested covered requirements except for folates. Fiber intake was very poor. Conclusions: Neither group exceeded energy requirements, so it could be assumed that cause of these conditions was very little physical activity. On the other hand the main problem was dietary fiber, fat and folate intake deficiency.

Energy requirements for beef cattle: concepts and experimental results in tropical conditions / Exigências energéticas para gado de corte: conceitos e resultados experimentais em condições tropicais / Exigencias energéticas para ganado de carne / conceptos y resultados experimentales en condiciones tropicales

Life, interpreted as a combustion process, has been the basic principle guiding the study of energy metabolism, whether from calorimetric or slaughtering techniques. The relationships between metabolizable energy intake, retained energy, and heat production -together with the separation of maintenance and production functions- are the basis for the discussion of the factors affecting energy requirements and utilization efficiency in beef cattle. Energy metabolism is influenced by factors intrinsic and extrinsic to the animal, including age, weight, breed, body composition, sexual condition, production potential, environmental conditions, activity and feeding level, whose effects are discussed in this review. The understanding of these factors represents an opportunity to direct research programs seeking to determine the energy requirements under tropical conditions, in a similar way to the research conducted in developed countries.

A vida como um processo de combustão tem sido o princípio que suporta o estudo do metabolismo energético, seja através de técnicas calorimétricas ou de abate comparativo. A relação entre consumo de energia metabolizável, energia retida e produção de calor, juntamente com a separação das funções de mantença e produção, constituem a base para a discussão dos fatores que afetam as exigências de energia e sua eficiência de utilização no gado de corte. O metabolismo energético esta influenciado por fatores intrínsecos e extrínsecos ao animal, entre eles, idade, peso, raça, composição corporal, condição sexual, potencial de produção, condições ambientais, atividade e nível de alimentação, cujos efeitos são discutidos nesta revisão. O conhecimento destes fatores representa uma oportunidade para encaminhar propostas de pesquisa dirigidas à determinação de exigências de energia em condições tropicais, a semelhança do que acontece nos países desenvolvidos.

La vida como proceso de combustión ha sido el principio que soporta el estudio del metabolismo energético, bien sea a partir de técnicas calorimétricas o de sacrificio animal. La relación entre consumo de energía metabolizable, energía retenida y producción de calor, conjuntamente con la separación de las funciones de mantenimiento y producción, constituyen la base para la discusión de los factores que afectan las exigencias de energía y su eficiencia de utilización en el ganado de carne. El metabolismo energético está influenciado por factores intrínsecos y extrínsecos al animal, entre ellos, edad, peso, raza, composición corporal, condición sexual, potencial de producción, condiciones ambientales, actividad y nivel de alimentación, cuyos efectos son discutidos en esta revisión. El conocimiento de estos factores representa una oportunidad para encaminar propuestas de investigación dirigidas a la determinación de las exigencias de energía en condiciones tropicales, a ejemplo de lo que sucede en países desarrollados.

Impacto da adequação da oferta energética sobre a mortalidade em pacientes de UTI recebendo nutrição enteral / Impact of the adequacy of energy intake on intensive care unit mortality in patients receiving enteral nutrition

OBJETIVO: Investigar a relação entre adequação da oferta energética e mortalidade na unidade de terapia intensiva em pacientes sob terapia nutricional enteral exclusiva. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional prospectivo conduzido em uma unidade de terapia intensiva em 2008 e 2009. Foram incluídos pacientes >18 anos que receberam terapia nutricional enteral por >72h. A adequação da oferta de energia foi estimada pela razão administrado/prescrito. Para a investigação da relação entre variáveis preditoras (adequação da oferta energética, escore APACHE II, sexo, idade e tempo de permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva e o desfecho mortalidade na unidade de terapia intensiva, utilizou-se o modelo de regressão logística não condicional. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 63 pacientes (média 58 anos, mortalidade 27 por cento), 47,6 por cento dos quais receberam mais de 90 por cento da energia prescrita (adequação média 88,2 por cento). O balanço energético médio foi de -190 kcal/dia. Observou-se associação significativa entre ocorrência de óbito e as variáveis idade e tempo de permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva, após a retirada das variáveis adequação da oferta energética, APACHE II e sexo durante o processo de modelagem. CONCLUSÃO: A adequação da oferta energética não influenciou a taxa de mortalidade na unidade de terapia intensiva. Protocolos de infusão de nutrição enteral seguidos criteriosamente, com adequação administrado/prescrito acima de 70 por cento, parecem ser suficientes para não interferirem na mortalidade. Dessa forma, pode-se questionar a obrigatoriedade de atingir índices próximos a 100 por cento, considerando a elevada frequência com que ocorrem interrupções no fornecimento de dieta enteral devido a intolerância gastrointestinal e jejuns para exames e procedimentos. Pesquisas futuras poderão identificar a meta ideal de adequação da oferta energética que resulte em redução significativa de complicações, mortalidade e custos.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between adequacy of energy intake and intensive care unit mortality in patients receiving exclusive enteral nutrition therapy. METHODS: Observational and prospective study conducted during 2008 and 2009. Patients above 18 years with exclusive enteral nutrition therapy for at least 72 hours were included. The adequacy of energy intake was estimated by the administered/prescribed ratio. Non-conditional logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between predictive variables (adequacy of energy intake, APACHE II, gender, age, and intensive care unit length of stay) and intensive care unit mortality. RESULTS: Sixty-three patients (mean 58 years, 27 percent mortality) were included, 47.6 percent of whom received more than 90 percent of the energy prescribed (mean adequacy 88.2 percent). Mean energy balance was -190 kcal/day. Significant associations between death in the intensive care unit and the variables age and intensive care unit length of stay were observed, after removing the variables adequacy of energy intake, APACHE II, gender and age during the modeling process. CONCLUSION: In our study, adequacy of energy intake did not affect intensive care unit mortality. Carefully followed enteral nutrition protocols, resulting in an administered/prescribed ratio above 70 percent, are apparently not sufficient to impact the mortality rates in the intensive care unit. Therefore, it may not be necessary to achieve 100 percent of the targeted energy, considering the high frequency of enteral feeding interruptions due to gastrointestinal intolerance and fasting for tests and procedures. Additional research is needed to identify the optimal energy intake for improved outcomes and reduced costs.

Gasto energético em adultos do município de Niterói, Rio de Janeiro: resultados da Pesquisa de Nutrição, Atividade Física e Saúde - PNAFS / Energy expenditure of adults in the city of Niterói, state of Rio de Janeiro: nutrition, Physical activity and Health Survey - PNAFS

Conhecer o gasto energético (GE) e o nível de atividade física (NAF) serve como base para o estabelecimento dos requerimentos energéticos (RE) de populações. Pouco se conhece sobre o GE da população brasileira, lacuna que deve ser preenchida visto o quadro de transição nutricional presente no país. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o GE e o NAF da população adulta (> 20 anos) do município de Niterói, RJ. Para a obtenção do tempo de duração das atividades cotidianas, usou-se um questionário de orçamento do tempo das atividades cotidianas. O custo energético (CE) das atividades foi obtido na tabela da FAO de 2004 como múltiplo da taxa metabólica basal (TMB). O GE total diário (GETD) foi computado como o somatório do GE de todas as atividades de um dia típico. O GETD foi maior nos homens (2382,0 + 38,0) do que nas mulheres (1987,1 + 22,9 kcal.dia-1) mas as mulheres apresentaram NAF maiores. O RE usando o valor de NAF de 1,40 foi o que melhor estimou o GETD na população em todas as categorias de estado nutricional. Parece ser prudente utilizar valores menores de NAF para a estimativa dos RE na população adulta de Niterói. Fica evidente a necessidade de se obter mais dados de CE de atividades para, junto com estimativas adequadas da TMB, se poder determinar os RE da população brasileira.

The accurate assessment of energy expenditure (EE) and of the physical activity level (PAL) is important for establishing the energy requirements (ER) of populations. Little is known about these variables in the Brazilian population. The purpose of the present study was to assess EE and PAL in the adult population (> 20 years) of Niterói, RJ. An adapted version of the MOSPA time-budget questionnaire was used to assess the duration of the daily activities of the subjects. The energy cost of the activities was obtained from the table published by FAO in 2004, expressed as multiples of the basal metabolic rate (BMR) measured by indirect calorimetry. Total daily EE (TDEE) was calculated as the sum of EE of all activities of a typical daily routine. TDEE was higher in males than in females (2382.0 + 38.0 and 1987.1 + 22.9 kcal.day-1 respectively) but women showed higher PAL values (1.70 + 0.02 and 1.75 + 0.01 respectively). ER estimated using a PAL of 1.40 was the best predictor of EE of the population in all nutritional status categories, particularly for males. In conclusion, it seems prudent to use lower PAL values when estimating the ER of the adult population of Niterói. It is also evident that more data on the energy cost of activities must be generated for establishing the ER of the Brazilian population.