Avaliação psicológica em concursos públicos e porte de arma: histórico e desafios / Psychological assessment in civil service entrance examination and firearms license: history and challenges / Evaluación psicológica en competencias y la portación de armas: historia y desafíos

Resumo Trata-se de um estudo teórico que aborda a avaliação psicológica no contexto de avaliações compulsórias, tanto em concurso público quanto para posse ou porte de arma de fogo. São apresentados os maiores desafios da área, a partir do histórico e da exposição de alguns dos problemas enfrentados na prática, diante das diferentes normativas que regulam este contexto. Na avaliação psicológica em concursos, ressalta-se como um dos maiores desafios a forte influência do poder judiciário nos últimos 60 anos, que inclui a definição ou restrição de procedimentos na atuação do profissional. Quanto à avaliação para porte de arma de fogo, discutem-se as diversas mudanças que ocorreram nos últimos anos e suas implicações. O texto incentiva os profissionais que atuam na área a refletir sobre as consequências sociais que o resultado dessa avaliação pode trazer. No Brasil, as pesquisas realizadas no contexto de avaliação psicológica compulsória ainda são escassas, o que mostra a necessidade de estudos que contribuam para melhoria nesse campo de atuação. É necessário compreender, inclusive, os impactos que a publicação de normativas e a qualidade da atuação dos profissionais podem provocar, bem como seus efeitos sobre a sociedade como um todo.

Abstract This theoretical study addresses psychological assessment in the context of compulsory exams for civil service entrance examination and firearms licenses. By presenting the history and some issues related to regulations, this article presents the greatest challenges in the area of compulsory exams. When it comes to procurement exams, a major challenge accounts for the strong influence of the judiciary over the past 60 years, defining or restricting procedures in professional performance. As for firearms license exams, the article expatiates on several changes that have occurred in recent years, as well as their implications. The text encourages professionals working in the field to reflect upon the social consequences of this assessment results. Studies on compulsory psychological assessment are still scarce in the Brazilian literature, indicating the need for research to improve this field of action. Moreover, one should also consider the impacts of regulations and quality professionals on these assessments and on society as a whole.

Resumen Este estudio teórico aborda la evaluación psicológica en el contexto de las evaluaciones obligatorias tanto en concurso público como por posesión o portación de armas de fuego. Se presentan los mayores desafíos del área a partir de la historia y de algunos de los problemas que se enfrentan en la práctica, dadas las diferentes normativas que regulan este contexto. En el contexto de la evaluación psicológica en los concursos públicos, uno de los mayores desafíos es la fuerte influencia del Poder Judicial en los últimos 60 años, que incluye la definición o restricción de procedimientos en el desempeño del profesional. En cuanto a la evaluación para portación de arma de fuego, se discuten los distintos cambios que se han producido en los últimos años y sus implicaciones. El texto anima a los profesionales que trabajan en el área a reflexionar sobre las consecuencias sociales que puede traer el resultado de esta evaluación. En Brasil, la investigación realizada en el contexto de la evaluación psicológica obligatoria es aún escasa, lo que muestra la necesidad de estudios que contribuyan a la mejora en este campo de acción. Incluso es necesario comprender los impactos que puede causar la publicación de normativas y la calidad del desempeño de los profesionales, así como sus efectos en la sociedad en su conjunto.

Intervenção para stress e ansiedade em pré-vestibulandos: estudo piloto / Intervention for stress and anxiety in senior high school students: a pilot study / Intervención para el estrés y la ansiedad en preuniversitarios: estudio piloto

O vestibular se tornou um grande fator de comprometimento da saúde mental dos jovens. O objetivo desse artigo é relatar a experiência de aplicação de um programa breve de intervenção para o manejo de stress e ansiedade em vestibulandos e apresentar seus resultados preliminares. Foram utilizados instrumentos de avaliação psicológica para análise da ansiedade, depressão, desesperança, stress e repertório de habilidades sociais, aplicados aos 12 participantes antes e após a intervenção, composta por seis sessões grupais. Os resultados e relato dos participantes registrado durante as sessões foram promissores, indicando melhora nos sintomas de alguns participantes, embora estes dados devam ser analisados com cautela.

The college entrance examination has become a major factor affecting the mental health of young people. The objective of this article is to report the experience of applying a brief intervention program for the management of stress and anxiety in senior high school students and present its preliminary results. Psychological evaluation tools were used to analyze anxiety, depression, hopelessness, stress and repertoire of social skills, applied to the 12 participants before and after the intervention, composed of six group sessions. The results and report of the participants recorded during the sessions were promising, indicating improvement in the symptoms of some participants, although these data should be analyzed with caution.

Las pruebas de ingreso a la educación superior se han convertido en un gran factor de riesgo para la salud mental de los jóvenes. El objetivo de este artículo es relatar la experiencia de aplicación de un breve programa de intervención para el manejo del estrés y la ansiedad en estudiantes preuniversitarios y presentar sus resultados preliminares. Se utilizaron instrumentos de evaluación psicológica para el análisis de la ansiedad, depresión, desesperanza, estrés y repertorio de habilidades sociales, aplicados a los 12 participantes, antes y después de la intervención, que estuvo compuesta por seis sesiones grupales. Los resultados y manifestaciones de los participantes registrados durante las sesiones fueron promisores, indicando mejoría en los síntomas de algunos participantes, aunque estos datos deben ser analizados con cautela.

Investigation and analysis on main influencing factors of postgraduate entrance examination / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective To explore main influencing factors of postgraduate entrance examination of medical students in medical universities and to provide guidance for postgraduate entrance examination and employment.Methods Totally 300 2008 and 2009 grade undergraduates of Kunming Medical University were enrolled and divided into postgraduate entrance examination group (n =181)and non postgraduate entrance examination group (n =97).Self-designed questionnaire was used.Intentions of postgraduate entrance examination of two groups and main factors of not taking postgraduate entrance examination were analyzed.Softwares of Excel 2003 and SPSS 17.0 were applied to do constituent ratio analysis and x2 test of gender and residence.Results Among all enrolled students,71.2％ paid attention to the entrance exam and 65.1％ said that they would take part in the entrance exam.There was no significant differences in taking entrance exam between males and females (x2 =3.213,P=0.073).Age (74.1％),family economic situation (71.1％) and current employment status (68.1％) were the main influencing factor of graduate entrance exam.There were significant differences between factors of age and family economic situation and factors of gender and census register (x2 =4.810,P =0.028 and x2 =9.612,P =0.002).There was no significant difference between factors of age and family economic situation and factor of current employment status (x2 =0.279,P =0.597).Conclusions Age,family economical situation and current employment situation are major influencing factors of postgraduate entrance examination for medical students.Postgraduate entrance examination for medical students needs positive guidance and more care from schools,society and family.Medical students should form correct view for employment and postgraduate entrance examination according to their own condition.

Study on 69 cases of anxiety disorders before the college entrance examination treated with self-made Yicong-Shugan decoction / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective To observe the effects of self-made Yicong-Shugan drink in the treatment of anxiety disorders before the college entrance examination.Methods Random number table was adopted for dividing 121 outpatients with anxiety disorders before the college entrance examination in the People's Hospital of Gaomi and Gaomi TCM Hospital since January 2007 to March 2011 into a treatment group with 69 cases,and a control group with 52 cases.The treatment group was treated with Yicong-Shugan Decoction,while the control group was given alprazolam.Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA),the Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI) and Anxiety Rating Scale (SAS) were used to determine the clinical efficacy in both groups before treatment and 1,2,4,6 weeks after the treatment.Results ① In the control group after treatment,one week HAMA score (23.1 ±7.9) was significantly changed than before the treatment (31.1 ±7.6) (P＜0.05); whereas no significant change in the treatment group (P＜0.05).This demonstrated that alprazolam has a faster affection than Yicong-Shugan drink.② HAMA integral scores,CGI integral scores and SAS scores of both groups at 2,4,6 weeks after treatment were:HAMA integral score:(22.6 ± 7.5),(11.7 ± 5.3),(7.9 ± 5.4) in the treatment group,while (18.7 ±6.9),(13.8 ±6.7),(11.8 ±6.5) in the control group; CGI integral score:(3.4 ±0.7),(2.1 ±0.6),(1.8 ±0.7) in the treatment group,while (3.2 ±0.8),(1.8±0.5),and (1.6 ±0.6) in the control group; the SAS scores:(53.8±8.5),(38.7 ±9.6),(30.6 ±7.6) in the treatment group,while (50.2 ±8.9),(41.5 ±9.8),and (39.2 ±8.3) in the control group respectively.All these scores showed significant difference than those before the treatment in the same group (P＜0.01).HAMA and SAS scores in the treatment group were significantly lower than the control group after the treatment (P＜0.01).This demonstrated that both alprazolam tablets and Yicong-Shugan drink have a good anxiolytic effect,but Yicong-Shuxin drink has a longer lasting effects.Conclusion Self made Yicong-Shugan drink can effectively improve the patient with college entrance examination anxiety disorder.Alprazolam tablets have a quicker effects than self-made Yicong-Shugan decoction,while Yicong-Shuxin decoction has a longer lasting effects than alprazolam.

Acesso ao ensino superior e o projeto de "ser alguém" para vestibulandos de um cursinho popular / Access to higher education and the project in order to "become someone" to students'popular pre-entrance examination course

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar as repercussões no projeto profissional de estudantes a partir de seu ingresso em um cursinho pré-vestibular popular vinculado a uma Universidade Federal. Considerando a abordagem qualitativa escolhida para o estudo, a entrevista semiestruturada foi o instrumento utilizado para a coleta de dados. Os sujeitos foram sete alunos do cursinho, quatro mulheres e três homens, com idades entre 18 e 22 anos. Os achados da pesquisa, com base na técnica de análise de conteúdo, identificaram o tema projeto, e as categorias de análise expectativas em relação ao futuro profissional e projeto profissional. O projeto se configurou, segundo os dados mostraram, como projeto de "ser alguém", de "ingressar no mundo", de modo intimamente vinculado ao trabalho e ao estudo, sobretudo através do acesso ao ensino superior.

This study aimed to identify the impact on the students' professional project from their entry into a popular pre-entrance examination course linked to a Federal University. Considering the qualitative approach that was chosen for the study, the semi-structured interview was the instrument used for data collection. The subjects were seven students from the popular pre-entrance examination course, four women and three men, from 18 to 22 years old. The research findings, based on the technique of content analysis, identified the project subject, as well as the analysis categories "Expectations related to the professional future" and "professional goals". The life project, according to the study's data, took the shape of a project of "becoming someone", "becoming part of the world", intimately connected to work and study, especially through access to higher education.

The study of the relevance between graduate entrance examination first-test subjects reformation and a medical college's quality of applicants / 中华医学教育探索杂志

With the method of non-experimental assessment research of epidemiology,by viewing the reformation as the intervention and dividing observation group and control group,the study makes some statistics about the variables related to the quality of applicants for a medical college after and before the reformation.The conclusion is:the reformation may be one of the causes that appeals to applicants from reformed class to the non-reformed class ; the reformation is a risk factor to the non-reformed class ( may cause the quality of applccants down ) while the reformation is a protective factor to the reformed class ( help raise the quality of applicants or avoid slipping down too fast ).

Medical education program in Malaysia / 医学教育

1) We report on medical education programs in Malaysia on the basis of investigations of 2 national universities and 1 private medical college.2) Although the history of medical education in Malaysia is short, the education programs are efficient and conform to global standards.

Discriminant Analysis of Essay, Mathematics/Science Type of Essay, College Scholastic Ability Test, and Grade Point Average as Predictors of Acceptance to a Pre-med Course at a Korean Medical School / 보건의료교육평가

A discriminant analysis was conducted to investigate how an essay, a mathematics/science type of essay, a college scholastic ability test, and grade point average affect acceptance to a pre-med course at a Korean medical school. Subjects included 122 and 385 applicants for, respectively, early and regular admission to a medical school in Korea. The early admission examination was conducted in October 2007, and the regular admission examination was conducted in January 2008. The analysis of early admission data revealed significant F values for the mathematics/science type of essay (51.64; P<0.0001) and for grade point average(10.66; P= 0.0014). The analysis of regular admission data revealed the following F values: 28.81 (P<0.0001) for grade point average, 27.47 (P<0.0001) for college scholastic ability test, 10.67 (P=0.0012) for the essay, and 216.74 (P<0.0001) for the mathematics/science type of essay. Since the mathematics/science type of essay had a strong effect on acceptance, an emphasis on this requirement and exclusion of other kinds of essays would be effective in subsequent entrance examinations for this premed course.

Health Risk Behaviors and Related Variables in Students Rewriting College Entrance Examinations / 아동간호학회지

PURPOSE: To provide basic information for developing a nursing program by examining health risk behavior of students rewriting college entrance examinations. METHOD: Data were gathered using questionnaires from 804 examinees in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province and analyzed with the SAS program using t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe's test, and Pearson correlation coefficients. RESULTS: The mean score for health risk behaviors was 17.70 and the highest score for sub-areas of health risk behavior was drinking alcohol while substance use ranked lowest. There were significantly different scores for health risk behavior according to the following general characteristics; frequency of rewriting college entrance examinations, parents' marital status, level of father's education, grades, satisfaction with rewriting of college entrance examinations, parents' health concerns, need for health education and health status. Each behavior had positive or negative correlation with more than one other behavior. A negative correlation was found between health risk behavior and family support and self-esteem, while positive correlations were found between health risk behavior and general stress, studying stress and anxiety. CONCLUSION: This study suggest that these results be used to developed a prevention program to decrease health risk behaviors by promoting family support and self esteem and decreasing stress and anxiety.

A Follow-up Study of Methods for Selecting Students for the School of Allied Health Sciences at Yamaguchi University / 医学教育

A follow-up study with multivariate analysis examined the relations of methods for selecting students, performance after admission, and scores on the national examinations for medical technologists and for nurse practitioners. The subjects were 247 students who had entered the division of laboratory medicine at the School of Allied Health Sciences, Yamaguchi University, from 1995 through 2000 and 484 students who had entered the division of nursing during the same period. Scores on examinations at the School of Allied Health Sciences and on national professional examinations did not differ between students who had been admitted on the basis of recommendations from high school principals (including an interview) and students who had been admitted on the basis of an open entrance examination (also including an interview). However, questions remained about the legitimacy of the high school records of students admitted on the basis of recommendations from high school principals but not of students admitted on the basis of an open entrance examination. Furthermore, the relevance of the interview during the open entrance examination for medical technologists and nurses was not recognized. In addition, for medical technology students who had been admitted on the basis of open entrance examinations, we found that scores on the national examination were correlated with the scores on the entrance examination and with their grades at the School of Allied Health Sciences.

Health Promoting Behaviors and Related Variables in Students Rewriting College Entrance Examination / 아동간호학회지

PURPOSE: In order to provide basic information for the development of nursing programs, health promoting behavior of students rewriting college entrance examinations was examined and factors related to health promotion were identified. METHOD: Data were collected by questionnaire from 804 examines in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province and were analyzed using the SAS program with t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe's test and Pearson correlation coefficients. RESULT: The mean score for health promoting behavior was 2.50. The highest score for the sub-areas was harmonious relationships and the lowest was, professional health maintenance. There were significant differences in health promoting behavior according to the following general characteristics; religion, frequency of rewriting college entrance examination, economic burden, parents' education level, grade, satisfaction with parents, friends and rewriting of college entrance examinations, parents' health concerns and knowledge of health, need for health education, and health condition and chronic disease over the past year. Correlations between health promoting behavior and family support and self-esteem were positive. The variables that influenced health promoting behavior were family support (24.5%), self-esteem (11.3%), anxiety (2.6%), and stress of studying (0.5%), explaining 38.9% of the total variance. CONCLUSION: These results will help to develop a nursing program that enhances health promoting behavior of students rewriting college entrance examinations.

On Cheating in College Entrance Examination in the Perspective of multi-subjects / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Although under the aegis of severe supervision and punishment by the central administrators and the subordinates, cheating in college entrance examination is still a common phenomenon.Why?Economists attribute it to the game between risks and profits.Sociologists have different idea that cheating results from the prevailing disordered values.Educationists consider it to be the consequence of present education alienation.The purpose of adapting aspects of multi-subjects to analyze the problem is to probe into the truth of cheating and find out some more practical measures to prevent cheating.

The Equity Problem of Colleges Entrance Examination's Subjects and Content Reform / 中华医学教育探索杂志

In recent colleges entrance examination's reform , the subjects and content reform especially catch our eyes and receive favorable effect. But there appear some phenomena, which in fact do harm to education equity. They mostly embody the contradiction of measuring ability and principle of equity and objectivity, and the contradiction of city value's tropism and equity, and the influence that other factors impose on subjects and content reform and so on. In colleges entrance examination's reform, we not only stick to the reform's major direction, but also rightly understand equity problem, and will advance subject and content reform with synthesis and balance state.

Follow-up Study on Entrance Examinations at Miyazaki Medical College. Relationship Between Scores of Entrance Examinations and Undergraduate Examinations / 医学教育

Since 1990 our college has given a unique entrance examination in which applicants are selected in five categories according to five instruments. These instruments are <I>rikei</I> (mathematics and sciences in the Center Examination), <I>bunkei</I> (Japanese, English and social studies in the Center Examination), <I>shoronbun</I> (essay tests), <I>shitei chosho</I> (extracurricular activities) and <I>kohki</I> (the second round of the entrance examinations). In the following study we examined all combinations to avoid prejudice and intentionality. To conduct a follow-up study, we examined correlations between students' scores in entrance examinations and their undergraduate scores and investigated differences of undergraduate scores among students selected with the five instruments. We also examined rates of repeaters and dropouts among students selected with the five instruments and investigated entrance exam scores that distinguish repeaters. We found that <I>shoronbun</I> was the most reliable predictor of student performance (except for 1990). From 1990 through 1993 <I>rikei</I> and early <I>shitei chosho</I> were similarly reliable, but the performance of students selected with <I>kohki</I> was below average. From 1994 through 1997 the performance of students selected with <I>kohki</I> was inferior, as was that of students selected with <I>shitei chosho</I>. Results of <I>rikei</I> have proven to be an unreliable predictor of subsequent performance. If the high number of dropouts among students selected with <I>bunkei</I> is excluded, the remaining students have performed acceptably. Finally, positive correlations were found in interview evaluations (except for 1997).

Correlation Study of the Scores of Entrance Examination, Graduation Examination and National Licensure Examination at Korea University Medical College / 한국의학교육

It is not well known in Korea if the entrance examination score has any predictive validity on the graduation score and national licensure examination. In addition, the gender effects of the three scores were investigated. The study was conducted using two years data of the three scores. The three scores from students of class of 98 and 99 were collected. Students who could not complete the medical education in four years were excluded. Also students who could not pass the national licensure examination were excluded as well. Correlations among the three scores were calculated and gender effect was examined by t- test. For the statistical process, SPSS 9.0 was used. The correlation between the scores of the entrance examination and graduation examination is not significant at 5% level. The correlation between the scores of the entrance examination and national licensure examination is not significant at 5% level. The correlation between graduation examination and national licensure examination;0.635 is highly significant at 0.1% level. The score difference between male and female at the entrance examination was not significant at 5% level. The score difference between male and female at the graduation examination and national licensure examination was highly significant at 0.1% level.

Student Selection Methods for Medical School and Progress after Admission. Follow-up Study at Yamaguchi University. 2 / 医学教育

The relation between student selection methods, including results of entrance examinations, and progress after admission was analyzed by means of path analysis and discriminant analysis in 318 sudents. Among students who had been admitted on the basis of an open entrance examination, those with rank in high school record from high school and female students performed better in medical school, whereas students who had prepared for the entrance examination after graduation from high school performed worse. On the other hand, students who had rank in high school record from high shool, who had higher interview evaluations, or who had earned a degree other than a medical degree were more likely to pass the national examination for medical practitioners after a minimum of 6 years of study. Among students who had been admitted on the recommendations of high shool principals, those with better grades during high school records and higher interview evaluations had a higher success rate on the national examination for medical practitioners.

Methods of Selecting Students for Medical School and Performance after Admission. Follow-up Study at Yamaguchi University. 1. Relation between Characteristics at Entrance Examination and Performance after Admission / 医学教育

A follow-up study of the relation between methods of selecting medical students and performance after admission was investigated. The subjects were 318 students who had entered our medical school from 1987 through 1989. Two hundred fiftynine students had passed open entrance examinations and 59 students had passed special examinations for those who had been recommended by their high school principals. We found that students who had earned a degree other than a medical degree had the best performance, as measured by academic records, promotion, and results of the national examination for medical practitioners. They were followed in descending order by students who had been admitted upon recommendations of high school principals, students who had passed open entrance examinations immediately after graduation from high school, students who had prepared for entrance examinations for 1 or 2 years after high school, and students who had prepared for 3 years or more.