Animal Modeling of Diabetic Nephropathy：A Study Based on Literature / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo summarize the modeling elements， evaluation indicators， characteristics， and drawbacks of the animal models of diabetic nephropathy， and thus provide guidance for the standardized modeling and rational application of these models. MethodThe articles about the animal experiments of diabetic nephropathy published in the last decade were retrieved from China National Knowledge Infrastructure， Wanfang Data， and PubMed. The data of animal species， sex， modeling techniques， modeling criteria， and evaluation indicators were analyzed in Excel. ResultA total of 287 publications were included in this study. Male SD rats were mainly used for the modeling of diabetic nephropathy. The animal models of type 1 diabetes were mainly established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin （STZ） at 60-69 mg·kg-1 once or 50 mg·kg-1 for 5 continuous days， and those of type 2 diabetes by intraperitoneal injection of STZ at 30-39 mg·kg-1 once or 30 mg·kg-1 for 2 continuous days combined with 4 weeks of high-fat and high-sugar diet. Blood glucose and 24-hour urine protein were mainly used to determine whether the modeling was successful. The evaluation indicators of the animal models mainly included basic indicators， glucose and lipid metabolism indicators， and renal function indicators. ConclusionAnimal models are commonly used in the research on diabetic nephropathy， while there is no unified standards for the preparation or evaluation of the animal models. Moreover， Chinese medicine is rarely considered in the modeling. Through literature review and data analysis， this paper summarizes the modeling elements and standards， key evaluation indicators， characteristics， and shortcomings， aiming to build the animal models of diabetic nephropathy with a high success rate and with the characteristics in line with the clinical pathogenesis and syndromes.

Construction of a Mouse Model for Myeloproliferative Neoplasms and an Evaluation System / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To construct a myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) transplanted mouse model with JAK2-V617F, MPLW515L or CALR-Type I gene mutation, and establish a systematic evaluation system to verify the success of model construction.@*METHODS@#The bone marrow c-kit+ cells of the mice were obtained by the following steps: The mice were killed by cervical dislocation, the femur, tibia and ilium were separated, and the bone marrow cells were collected. The c-kit+ cells were sorted after incubation with CD117 magnetic beads. The method of constructing mouse primary mutant cells is as follows: A gene mutation vector with a GFP tag was constructed by the retroviral system, and the retroviral vector was packaged into the Platinum-E cells to obtain the virus supernatant, and then used it to infect the c-kit+ cells of mice. The MPN mouse model was constructed as follows: the mouse primary c-kit+ cells containing the mutant genes were collected after infection, and then transplanted them via the tail vein into the female recipient mice of the same species which were irradiated with a lethal dose of gamma rays (8.0 Gy). The MPN mouse model was evaluated as follows: After transplantation, the peripheral blood of the mice was regularly collected from the tail vein to perform the complete blood count test, and the size of spleen and the degree of bone marrow fibrosis were estimated.@*RESULTS@#The mouse c-kit+ cells with the mutant genes were successfully obtained from the bone marrow. MPN mouse model was successfully constructed: The peripheral blood cells of the MPN-transplanted mice carried exogenous implanted GFP-positive cells, and the white blood cells (WBC), platelet (PLT) and hematocrit (HCT) were all increased; the body weight loss, and the water and food intake were reduced in the transplanted mice; further pathological analysis showed that the transplanted mice displayed splenomegaly and bone marrow fibrosis. These results suggested that the MPN mouse model was successfully constructed. According to the common and different characteristics of the three MPN mouse model, a preliminary evaluation system for judging the success of MPN mouse model construction was summarized, which mainly included the following indicators, for example, the proportion of GFP-positive cells in the peripheral blood of mice; WBC, PLT and HCT; the degree of spleen enlargement and the bone marrow fibrosis.@*CONCLUSION@#The MPN mouse model with JAK2-V617F, MPLW515L or CALR-Type I gene mutation is successfully established by retroviral system, which can provide an important experimental animal model for the research of MPN pathogenesis and drug-targeted therapy.

Screening of Clinical Efficacy Evaluation Indicators for Traditional Chinese Medicine Injections based on Mixed Method Research / 中医杂志

Currently， evidence on the efficacy and risk of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） injections is seriously insufficient， and it is difficult to evaluate TCM injections comprehensively， truly and objectively using available efficacy evaluation indicators. Therefore， establishing a clinical efficacy evaluation system that can effectively reflect TCM injections is imperative. Core outcome set （COS） has played an important role in screening TCM efficacy evaluation indicators， however， there are still certain problems， such as large differences in efficacy indicators， non-standardization， and lack of featured and specific TCM indicators. Mixed method research （MMR） has the advantages of looking at problems from both quantitative and qualitative perspectives. It is thereby proposed to use COS and MMR integrated model to establish a clinical efficacy evaluation indicator system that not only fully considers the cha-racteristics of TCM injections， but also highlights the efficacy and advantages of TCM injections from the perspective of TCM intervention. Simultaneously， an indicator screening method using MMR to optimize COS research model is formulated， which can provide ideas for the research on efficacy evaluation indicators of TCM injections.

Project design study on the pilot reform of paying for performance method for some medical procedures in Shanghai / 中华医院管理杂志

With the continuous advancement of the deepening reform of the medical security system, the medical insurance payment method, as an important part of it, has become the focus of the reform. As one of the main types of innovative payment methods, payment for performance combines payment and medical service quality to improve the efficiency of medical and health services and patient satisfaction. In order to accelerate the clinical application of new medical technologies, improve patients′ access to innovative technologies, and reduce the disease economic burden of patients, Shanghai has carried out a pilot reform of paying for performance for three new technologies including Cryoablation in the treatment of cancer, Da Vinic Robotic Surgical System and Plasma MicroRNA Panel detection. Through multiple rounds of expert consultation and on-the-spot investigation, the positive detection rate, complication rate and tumor reduction rate were finally determined as the performance evaluation indicators of the three technologies, and the corresponding payment standards were defined. The pilot reform in Shanghai could provide reference for other regions to carry out performance based payment.

Application research on the sequence advance and retreat method in hospital performance appraisal system / 中华医院管理杂志

In hospital performance evaluation, significant differences in the work objects, work content and economic operation of various departments result in the lack of indicators comparability between different departments. This has become a prominent problem that hospitals have been unable to effectively solve for a long time, and has also affected the fairness of performance distribution to a certain extent. Starting from the dilemma of cost-benefit evaluation, the authors put forward the basic concepts of the sequence advance and retreat method, and comprehensively elaborated the implementation steps and operating points of the performance assessment using the sequence advance and retreat method. It is pointed out that the sequence advance and retreat method has four characteristics: weakening the differences between departments by vertical and horizontal combination, avoiding the deviation of guidance by scientific comparison, highlighting the incentive effect by grade differentiation, and reflecting the advantages and disadvantages by end adjustment. The value of this method in the hospital performance appraisal system is discussed from three aspects: promoting the de-profitization process of hospitals, achieving fair distribution of hospital performance, and strengthening the guidance of hospital performance management. Based on such studies, this article provides new methods and ideas for building a more scientific and fair performance evaluation system.

Meditation training and measures of meditation state / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

In recent decades,the research on meditation training has developed rapidly.How to establish the evaluation index of the meditation training and meditation state becomes the concern of researchers.To date,the traditional evaluation methods mainly based on the meditation practice time,self-reported meditation scores and the improvement of symptoms or ability.The direct evaluation methods uses the reporting method or the detecting method to evaluate the meditation state.In the future,researchers can develop the kinesthetic and auditory tasks,and establish multi-modal monitoring indicators based on the meditation breath counting task.Electroencephalograph and other biofeedback indicators could be also combined with it.Furthermore,the Chinese localization evaluation standard need to be established.

Acreditación y evaluación de los procesos en la carrera de Enfermería en la Universidad Estatal del Sur de Manabí / Accreditation and Evaluation of the Processes of the Nursing Major in the Southern State University of Manabí

Introducción: Acreditación es la certificación pública que entrega un organismo externo sobre la calidad de la educación que imparte la Universidad, puede tener la modalidad institucional (Universidad acreditada) y de pregrado (carreras acreditadas). Objetivos: Proponer mejoras en los procesos de la carrera de Enfermería de la Universidad Estatal del Sur de Manabí a partir de los resultados obtenidos en la acreditación desarrollada. Métodos: Basado en los informes preliminares y de rectificación emitidos por el Consejo de Evaluación, Acreditación y Aseguramiento de la Calidad de la Educación Superior, se procedió a elaborar una propuesta de mejoras, tomando como base la información bibliográfica, informes y legislaciones vigentes para las Instituciones de Educación Superior. Resultados: En los 23 indicadores cualitativos que conforman el modelo de evaluación del entorno de aprendizaje de la carrera de enfermería, 10 resultaron satisfactorios, 7 cuasi satisfactorios, 3 poco satisfactorios y 2 deficientes. En el caso de los indicadores cuantitativos el que mayor dificultad presentó fue la producción científica. Conclusiones: Se proponen acciones concretas direccionadas a la pertinencia de la carrera, y de ella la corrección del micro currículo, la restructuración de los proyectos de vinculación con la sociedad, y la investigación, teniendo como punto de partida las asignaturas y su articulación con el modelo educativo de la universidad y los componentes de docencia-vinculación-investigación sustentado en las prácticas, y su articulación con el perfil de salida de la carrera(AU)

Introduction: Accreditation is the public certification given by an external body based on the quality of education provided by a university. It can have the institutional modality (accredited university) and undergraduate (accredited majors). Objective: To propose improvements in the Nursing major processes of the Southern State University of Manabí based on the results obtained in the accreditation developed. Methods: Based on the preliminary and rectification reports issued by CEAACES, we started to elaborate a proposal for improvements, based on the bibliographic information, reports and valid legislation for higher education institutions. Results: Among the 23 qualitative indicators that make up the evaluation model of the learning environment of the Nursing major, 10 were satisfactory, 7 were almost satisfactory, 3 were unsatisfactory, and 2 were deficient. In the case of quantitative indicators, the one that presented the greatest difficulty was scientific production. Conclusions: Specific actions directed to the major's relevance are proposed, and from it the correction of the micro-syllabus, the restructuring of the projects connected with society, and research, taking as a starting point the subjects and their articulation with the educational model of the university and the components of teaching-outreach-research based on the practices, and their articulation with the professional profile of the major(AU)

Evaluación del estado de la gestión de la información científica y tecnológica: dimensiones e indicadores / Evaluation of the status of scientific and technological information management: dimensions and indicators

Con el decursar de los años, la información científica y tecnológica ha ocupado un espacio cada vez más importante, ya que se ha convertido en un elemento fundamental para las instituciones de cualquier esfera y se ha transformado en un bien necesario para desarrollar y cumplir los objetivos organizacionales. Evaluar el estado de la gestión de este tipo de información debe constituir una prioridad en la gestión de las organizaciones en aras de potenciar su crecimiento y desarrollo. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo proporcionar una serie de criterios que facilite la elaboración de indicadores de evaluación de la gestión de la información científica y tecnológica de las organizaciones como punto de partida, para posteriormente facilitar la vigilancia científica y tecnológica con vistas a garantizar una adecuada disponibilidad de información para una acertada toma de decisiones. El enfoque de la vigilancia científica y tecnológica se abordó desde los procesos identificados, teniendo en cuenta la relación entre sus componentes, y se establecieron como dimensiones, entre las que se encontraban la gestión de información y del conocimiento, la gestión de información para el monitoreo del entorno externo, la gestión de la innovación y de la calidad, la gestión de la capacidad informacional y la gestión de productos y servicios. Se presentó una escala de evaluación para los indicadores propuestos en cada una de las dimensiones. Estos procesos se consideran determinantes para el desarrollo organizacional, lo que fue corroborado a través de validaciones realizadas por un grupo de expertos(AU)

Recent years have witnessed the ever-growing importance of scientific and technological information, to the extent that is has become a crucial element for institutions from any field of endeavor, and thus an indispensable tool to develop and meet organizational goals. Evaluating the current status of the management of such information should be a priority within the management of organizations in order to boost their growth and development. The purpose of the paper is to present a number of criteria facilitating the development of indicators for the evaluation of scientific and technological information management as a starting point, and eventually facilitate scientific and technological surveillance to ensure adequate availability of information for sound decision taking. The scientific and technological surveillance approach was addressed from the perspective of the processes identified, bearing in mind the relationship between their components, which were set up as dimensions. These included information and knowledge management, information management for surveillance of the external environment, innovation and quality management, information capacity management and management of products and services. An evaluation scale is presented for the indicators proposed within each dimension. These processes are considered to be crucial for organizational development, a fact which was corroborated through validations conducted by a group of experts(AU)

Development of a performance indicator evaluation system for the Healthcare Improvement Initiative / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective To develop a set of indicators for measuring the performance of China's Healthcare Improvement Initiative.Methods Such methods as literature review,expert consultation and onsite preliminary experiment were used,to study and demonstrate the indicators,the evaluation framework,the weight,evaluation indicators,and evaluation standards.Results The final evaluation indicators for medical institutions included nine class-1 indicators,29 class-2 indicators,and 56 class-3 indicators;those for healthcare administrations included six class-1 indicators,nine class-2 indicators,and 13 class-3 indicators.Conclusions The system takes into full account the special nature of healthcare,and mission of the Initiative,as the well as the quality,safety,efficiency and equity of healthcare,to make the system scientific and operational.

Evaluation and Screening on Animal Models of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome of Etiology and Pathogenesis in Traditional Chinese Medicine / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

By combing differe nt modelin g factors and evaluation indicators of experimental animals of polycystic o-vary syndrome (PCOS), application scope, advantages and disadvantages were analyzed among various kinds of animal models, in order to screen models of etiology and pathogenesis in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Through the collection of 77 Chinese literatures published since 1979, the database on PCOS of modeling factors (i.e., animal species, age, modeling reagent and dose, etc.) and evaluation indicators (i.e., ovarian morphology and hormone levels) were established, analyzed and summarized. The results showed that the experimental PCOS models established by researchers both at home and abroad included androgen method, combination method of androgen with HCG, combi-nation method of progestrone with HCG, estrogen method, aromatic cyclase inhibitor method, combination method of HCG with insulin, combination method of androgen with insulin, insulin method, and etc. The SD and Wistar rats at the age of 3-50 days were commonly used. Chemicals, such as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), testosterone propi-onate, sodium prasterone sulfate, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), levonorgestrel, estradiol valerate, letrozole, insulin and HCG were chosen to build the animal models. The evaluation indicators included ovarian morphology, the total num-ber of follicles at different levels, sex hormones (E2, P, T, FSH, LH) and insulin resistance (IR) index (FINS, FPG, HOMA). It was concluded that each modeling method described above had its own advantages and disadvantages, which cannot completely simulate clinical onset process of PCOS patients. Researchers should choose appropriate reagent and evaluation index according to different purpose. DHEA, DHT slow-release, progesterone combined with HCG modeling methods are more suitable for the study of the role of IR in the pathogenesis of PCOS. Kidney-defi-ciency and dampness-phlegm is fundamental etiology and pathogenesis of obese type of PCOS. DHEA method, com-bination method of levonorgestrel with HCG, aromatic cyclase inhibitor method conformed obese type of PCOS. The evaluation indicators included body weight, sex hormones, IR index and ovarian morphology. The method of kidney-tonifying and phlegm-reducing was often used in the treatment of obese type of PCOS in the clinical practice.

Importance-Performance Analysis of Evaluation Indicators in Hospital Nutrition Department

This study has attempted to collect actual spot's opinions and analyze importance-performance of indicators for the evaluation of hospital nutrition department. The results of this research were as follows: first, the average score of self-estimated performance was 3.75 based on a 5-point scale. The degrees of importance of hospital foodservice and nutrition department management were in the range of 3.71~4.85 out of 5.0 and the mean importance degree score was 4.37. Second, the verage score of self-estimated performance in each category was significantly higher in the case of general special hospital compared to general hospital. Especially average performance score of nutrition management in the general special hospital was higher than that of general hospital (P<0.001). The average performance score of the hospital with more beds was significantly higher than that with less beds. Contract managed hospital's score was significantly higher than that of self-operated hospital in two categories, "facilities management" and "nutrition management" (P<0.05, P<0.01). In foodservice and nutrition management of task-separated hospitals, the average performance scores were significantly higher than those of not-separated hospitals (P<0.01, P<0.001). Third, according to the importance-performance analysis of recognition about indicators for the hospital nutrition department's operations evaluation, 'foodservice facilities management' and 'foodservice sanitation management' were in 'doing great', 'nutritional management' and 'operational management' were in 'low priority', and 'other foodservice management' was in 'overdone'. In conclusion, there's a need for institutional specific standards of sanitation for Korean hospital foodservice.

Delphi research on the evaluation indicators system for clinical pathway management / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective To build the indicators system for clinical pathway management as required by clinical pathway control.Methods An indicators system was proposed by means of evidence-based review,focus group discussions,and ratings of the indicators' importance by doctors and nurses.A multidisciplinary panel of 60 experts from across the country were selected.A 3-round Delphi survey was made on the proposed indicators.The weights of the indicators were established by analytical hierarchy process (AHP).The response rate,Cronbach's α,and the authority coefficient of experts were used as a measure of reliability.Results The response rates of the 3 rounds were 85％,70％,and 94％; the experts authority coefficient was 0.80.The ccoefficient of variation falls with the rising number of consultations.The Kendall's W ranged from 0.40 to 0.83.Following the 3 rounds,consensus was achieved among experts as such a system comprising three first-level,9 second-level,and 36 third-level indicators.Conclusion The expert consultation has achieved reliable results.The established indicators system can serve as a useful instrument for standardized development of clinical pathways management and constant improvement.

Application of quick triage assessment system in emergency patients / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To study the quick triage assessment system for emergency nurse, establish evaluation model and method, select indicators and contents, guide triage nurses to be accurate, fast, convenient and practical, and also to optimize the use of emergency medical resources. Methods Screening the target population to conduct the research, collecting main indicators and features covered with main symptom and characteristics of severe critical emergency patients, selecting manifestation form of triage assessment system. Results The selected indicators and contents were demonstrated by a table-based form, and the quick triage assessment form for emergency nurse was established to instruct triage work. Conclusions This established quick triage assessment form is simple, intuitive and can improve the quality of emergency triage work. It possesses feasibility, practicality and achieves the optimal medical services with the limited emergency medical resources, which shows both social and economic effect.

Discussion on improvement of research process evaluation index system for Traditional Chinese Medicine universities / 中华医学科研管理杂志

Scientific research process evaluation is important for scientific research management in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) universities. We suggested the classification and refinement of the assessment form and the modifications of the evaluation index system, which could help improve the research process evaluation index for the TCM universities. Examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the improved system. This provides reference for TCM universities to carry out the research process evaluation.

Construction of a quality evaluation system for medical continuous education / 中华医学教育探索杂志

The Delphi technique was used in the study. Through consulting the panel experts, indicators and their weights were achieved accordingly. Altogether, thirty experts were invited to reply to two rounds of questionnaires. Evaluating system of the medical continuous education was set up.

A study on a hospital services evaluation method b physician survey / 예방의학회지

A physician survey was done by mailing for the purpose of performing hospital services evaluation and ranking. A slightly over one thousand samples were drawn from the list of professional societies, and 324 physicians(about 32 percent) replied. This study has focused on developing easy and simple method to evaluate hospital services, and providing patients with useful information. Hospital service structure and process were evaluated without outcome evaluation, because it is difficult to obtain reliable data regarding health services outcome indicators. Clinical specialty was targeted to evaluate, and three specialties were chosen, that is obstetrics & gynecology, cardiology, and proctology. Among 16 structural indicators, four indicators were finally chosen in each specialty by respondent specialists. And then using these indicators, structural score was calculated for study hospitals. For process evaluation, physicians were requested to nominate five most famous hospitals. The nomination score and structural score were summed up to produce final score and hospital ranking. This method is very easy to conduct rather than other hospital services evaluation methods prevailing in Korea. And it is more useful for patients to choose hospitals, according to his/her own purpose, because it gives high ranking hospitals with specific clinical specialty.