Desarrollo del discurso narrativo en niños ecuatorianos de 6 años / The development of narrative discourse in Ecuadorian 6-year-old children

Resumen Existe consenso en la literatura acerca de la importancia del andamiaje del adulto en el desarrollo de la cognición y, particularmente, de las habilidades lingüísticas de los niños (Bruner, 1986; Nelson, 1996; Vygotsky, 1978). En este sentido, el presente trabajo tuvo por objetivo examinar la incidencia de la intervención del adulto, según su metodología de enseñanza, en el desempeño narrativo de niños de primer grado. Para ello, se evaluó el rendimiento en una tarea de recuento de relatos de dos grupos de niños que concurrían a primer grado en escuelas del distrito de Quito que sostenían una metodología diferente: mientras que una de ellas se atenía exclusivamente a los lineamientos del diseño curricular planteado por el Ministerio de Educación, en la otra se incorporaban, además, estrategias de los libros Letras y sonidos I (Jara de Torres, 2001) y Aprendo y escribo (Jara de Torres, 2003) -adaptados de la propuesta integral de la editorial Abeka- y principalmente se recurría a la lectura dialógica y a la enseñanza explícita de habilidades de producción de relatos. Se analizaron las narrativas producidas por los niños a principio y a fin de año y se comparó el desempeño de ambos grupos atendiendo tanto a la cantidad de información recuperada como al tipo de información y los recursos lingüísticos puestos en juego. Se observaron diferencias significativas en las variables mencionadas, lo cual brinda evidencia acerca de la incidencia positiva de la lectura dialógica y la enseñanza de habilidades de producción de relatos en el desarrollo narrativo.

Abstract There is a consensus in the literature about the importance of adult scaffolding in the development of children's cognition and language skills (Bruner, 1986; Nelson, 1996; Vygotsky, 1978). This document analyzes first grade children's narrative development in order to verify the incidence of adult intervention and teaching methodology. For this purpose, the performance of two groups of children enrolled in first grade of school in the district of Quito was analyzed. Two different teaching methodologies were observed: while one of them exclusively adheres to the guidelines of the curriculum design proposed by the Ministry of Education, the other one incorporates strategies from the books Letters and Sounds I (Jara de Torres, 2001) and Learn and Write I (Jara de Torres, 2003) -adapted from the proposal by editorial Abeka. The narratives performed by the children at the beginning and at the end of the school year were analyzed and each performance of both groups was compared based on the amount of information retrieved and the type of information and linguistic resources used. The stories were presented to the children in audiovisual format (steady images and recorded voice). For task administration, the children were instructed to listen and look at the story very carefully because they had to recount it to a friend or family member. The children's remarks were recorded on audio for later analysis. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used in order to analyze and compare the linguistic and cognitive performance in the production of stories of the two groups of children in the different evaluation. Significant differences were observed in the variables analyzed, which provides evidence about the positive incidence of dialogic reading and the teaching of story production skills in narrative development. Differences in the performance of schools, especially in first graders, cannot be attributed to maturational factors since both groups are conformed by children of the same chronological age. Neither by the socioeconomic factors, since, in fact, group A was composed of children who attend a rural school and most of them happened to have low resources. Therefore, the significant improvement in the performance of the children of group A at the end of the school year could be attributed to the intervention of their teacher's work. It is thought that this advance in retell story skills is due to an improvement in the understanding of the basic story, however there are studies that observe that the level reached in this process does not directly affect the quality of children's narrative performance (Bustos Ibarra et al., 2014). In consequence, the improvement in the children's narrative performance of group A can be linked not only to the work carried out by the teachers with texts but also to the situations of story production involved. Many investigations have observed that adult scaffolding during story reading has a positive effect on children's linguistic and discursive development (Sénechal, Le Fevre, Hudson & Lawson, 1996; Trabasso & Nickels, 1992; Wasik & Bond, 2001; West et al., 2021). In fact, as Wells (1988) points out in a pioneering study, while reading stories contributes to children's linguistic development, the parallel text generated by teachers through their interventions to explain vocabulary, make inferences explicit, relate events and post-reading reconstruction has shown a greater effect than just reading any kind of story aloud. Thereupon, the results obtained in this work show the relevance not only of the teacher's texts daily reading but, mainly, of the intervention strategies and methodologies that they use to promote comprehension and textual production in the classroom.

The influence of frustration situation on adolescents' implicit and explicit aggression: the moderating role of attribution style / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To explore the influence mechanism of frustration situation and attribution style on adolescents' implicit and explicit aggression under the framework of general aggression model.Methods:Using the multi-dimensional attribution scale, thirty adolescents with internal attribution and thirty with external attribution tendencies were selected as research objects.A mixed experimental design of 2(frustration vs no frustration) × 2(internal attribution vs external attribution)was adopted.And the frustration situation task, Buss-Perry aggressive questionnaire and single category implicit association test were used for the research.The experimental program of SC-IAT was rendered with E-prime 1.0.SPSS 17.0 software was used for descriptive statistics, double facter variance analysis, simple effect analysis and post-test. Results:The effects of frustration situation on individuals' explicit and implicit aggression were statistically significant ( F(1, 58)=6.78, P<0.05, η2 = 0.11 and F(1, 58)= 17.59, P<0.01, η2 = 0.23). The explicit aggression (83.43±15.05) and implicit aggression (-0.06±0.35) in the situation of frustration were higher than those in the condition of no frustration (80.54±12.40) and implicit aggression (-0.33±0.49). The effects of frustration situation on explicit and implicit aggression of subjects with different attribution styles were statistically significant ( F(1, 58)=4.90, P<0.05, η2 = 0.08 and F(1, 58)= 8.68, P<0.01, η2 =0.13). The frustration situation had a great influence on explicit aggression of the subjects with internal attribution ( D<0) (frustration: (82.90±12.98), no frustration: (77.56±10.16), while significant influence was observed on the implicit aggression of the subjects with external attribution ( D>0) (frustration: (0.07±0.35), no frustration: (-0.40±0.45)). Conclusion:Frustration situation influences explicit and implicit aggression of adolescents, and attribution style plays a moderating role in it.Both explicit aggression and implicit aggression can be explained by the general aggression model.

Conteúdo dos Estereótipos e Preconceito Racial: Efeitos da Cordialidade e da Competência / Content of Stereotypes and Racial Prejudice: Effects of Cordiality and Competence

Resumo Utilizando o Modelo do Conteúdo dos Estereótipos (MCE), analisou-se, em dois estudos, as relações das dimensões de cordialidade e competência com as expressões de preconceito racial. No Estudo 1, participaram 169 universitários (M idade=21,7 anos, 47% pardos). Verificou-se a existência de preconceito implícito, a maior atribuição de competência aos brancos que aos negros e a relação positiva entre racismo moderno e atribuição de competência aos brancos. No Estudo 2, participaram 143 universitários (M idade=25,4 anos, 64,9% pardos). Verificou-se que negros descritos como malsucedidos-amáveis receberam maior estereotipia de competência do que brancos malsucedidos-frios. Concluiu-se que: 1) a dimensão da cordialidade não se aplicou aos negros e 2) existe uma relação entre o MCE e a expressão do preconceito racial.

Abstract Using the Stereotype Content Model (SCT), we analyzed in two studies the relationship between the dimensions of warmth and competence of stereotypes with the racial prejudice expressions. In the first study, 169 undergraduates participated (M age=21.7 years, 47% brown skin). We found implicit prejudice, greater attribution of competence to whites than to blacks and a relationship between modern racism and attribution of competence to whites. In the second study, 143 undergraduates took part (M age=25.4, 64.9% brown skin). We found that blacks described as incompetent-friendly received greater competence stereotyping than whites incompetent-cold. We concluded that: 1) the dimension of warmth did not apply to blacks and 2) there is a relationship between SCT and racial prejudice expressions.

Treatment of agrammatism in oral and written production in patients with Brocas aphasia The use of implicit and explicit learning / Tratamento do agramatismo na produção oral e escrita em pacientes com afasia de Broca: uso do aprendizado implícito e explícito

Abstract. Several approaches to the rehabilitation of agrammatism use implicit and explicit learning methods. Objective: To verify the effect of adapted Mapping Therapy and ORLA methods (explicit versus implicit learning) on the oral and written production in spontaneous language among agrammatic patients with Broca's aphasia. Methods: Six individuals were submitted to Mapping Therapy and ORLA (Oral Reading for Language in Aphasia) treatments. Samples of oral and written production from a picture description task were compared pre and post-treatment. Results: In Mapping Therapy, the patients presented better performance after the training for the variables related to written production: number of words, nouns, verbs, closed-class words, and number of complete sentences. Regarding oral output, the patients had similar performance before and after the therapeutic process. In ORLA, the patients presented a significant difference before and after the therapeutic process in the variables related to oral production, increasing the number of words, number of verbs, and speech rate. There was no difference in pre and post-treatment performance in written production. Conclusion: Both implicit and explicit learning can be used in the treatment of agrammatism. Mapping Therapy was more effective for the treatment of agrammatism in written production, while ORLA was more effective for the agrammatism in oral production.

Resumo. Várias abordagens terapêuticas para a reabilitação do agramatismo utilizam métodos implícitos e explícitos de aprendizado. Objetivo: Verificar o efeito dos métodos adaptados Mapping Therapy e ORLA (aprendizagem explícita versus implícita) na produção oral e escrita de discurso em pacientes agramáticos com afasia de Broca. Métodos: Seis indivíduos foram submetidos aos tratamentos Mapping Therapy e ORLA. Amostras das produções oral e escrita na tarefa de descrição da prancha foram comparadas antes e após o tratamento. Resultados: No método Mapping Therapy, os pacientes apresentaram melhor desempenho após o tratamento nas seguintes variáveis ​​relacionadas à produção escrita: número de palavras, substantivos, verbos, palavras de classe fechada e número de frases completas. Em relação à emissão oral, os pacientes mantiveram desempenho semelhante pré e pós processo terapêutico. No método ORLA, os pacientes apresentaram diferença significativa antes e após o processo terapêutico nas variáveis ​​relacionadas à produção oral, com aumento no número de palavras, número de verbos e velocidade de fala. Não houve diferença no desempenho pré e pós tratamento na produção escrita. Conclusão: Tanto a aprendizagem implícita como a explícita têm o potencial de serem usadas no tratamento do agramatismo. A Mapping Therapy foi mais eficaz no tratamento do agramatismo na produção escrita, enquanto o ORLA foi mais eficaz para o agramatismo na produção oral.

Discrepancies of Implicit and Explicit Self-Esteem as Predictors of Attributional Bias and Paranoia

OBJECTIVE: The current study aimed to examine the association of implicit self-esteem, explicit self-esteem and their interaction with paranoia and attributional bias. The relationship of the size and the direction of the discrepancy between implicit and explicit self-esteem with paranoia and attributional bias was examined. METHODS: A total of 128 female college students participated. We administered the Implicit Association Test to assess implicit self-esteem, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale to measure explicit self-esteem. Paranoia Scale was used, and the attributional bias was assessed using the Ambiguous Intentions Hostility Questionnaire. RESULTS: Results showed that explicit but not implicit self-esteem was negatively associated with paranoia, blame bias and hostility perception bias in ambiguous situations. The interaction of implicit and explicit self-esteem was associated with hostility perception in ambiguous situations. As for the discrepancy, the size of the discrepancy between implicit and explicit self-esteem was positively associated with hostility perception in ambiguous situations. Moreover, the direction of the discrepancy was specifically relevant: damaged self-esteem (high implicit and low explicit self-esteem) was associated with increased levels of paranoia, blame bias and hostility perception in ambiguous situations. CONCLUSION: These findings provide new insights into the role of the implicit and explicit self-esteem in attributional bias and paranoia and point to damaged self-esteem as a possible vulnerability marker for illogical attribution of blaming others and perceiving hostility in social situations.

Contextual information about the Peruvian national ingroup and its effect on attitudes towards a novel brand / Información contextual sobre el endogrupo nacional peruano y su efecto en las actitudes hacia una marca novedosa

The effect of contextual information about the national ingroup on explicit and implicit attitudes towards a novel brand was studied on a sample of university students from the Lima Metropolitan area (n = 59). The results show that the negative information about the ingroup exerts more influence on explicit attitudes towards a novel brand than the positive information. This effect is understood as a habituation of Peruvians towards the positive contextual information about their group, and an ingroup bias that acts when their national identity is threatened by the negative input. This bias guides them towards explicitly favoring a product they consider related to their social identity. On the other hand, the lack of visible results on the implicit attitudes is explained by the order effect of the Implicit Attitudes Test (IAT). These findings are relevant for advertising and marketing industries in Peru, which constantly develop campaigns that extol Peru and the Peruvian identity.

El efecto de la información contextual sobre el endogrupo nacional en las actitudes explícitas e implícitas hacia una marca novedosa fue estudiado en una muestra de estudiantes de la ciudad de Lima (n = 59). Los resultados muestran que la información negativa sobre el endogrupo ejerce mayor influencia que la información positiva en las actitudes explícitas hacia una marca novedosa. Este efecto es entendido como una habituación de los peruanos hacia la información contextual positiva acerca del endogrupo, y a un sesgo endogrupal que actúa cuando la identidad nacional se ve amenazada por información negativa. Este sesgo guía a los participantes a favorecer explícitamente aquel producto que consideran está relacionado con su identidad social. Por otra parte, la falta de resultados visibles en las actitudes implícitas es explicada por el efecto del orden del Test de Actitudes Implícitas (IAT). Estos hallazgos son relevantes para las industrias de marketing y publicidad en el Perú, las cuales constantemente desarrollan campañas que exaltan el Perú y la identidad peruana.

Correlation between implicit and explicit memory impairment and clinical symptoms in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To investigate the characteristics of implicit and explicit memory in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and its relationship with obsessive-compulsive symptoms.Methods Thirty-one patients with OCD and thirty healthy participants matched with sex,age,years of education were enrolled in present study.All participants were conducted vocabulary perception speed task and vocabulary recognition task to evaluate the ability of implicit memory and explicit memory toward neutral,positive and moral disgust words.The accuracy and response time during tasks were recorded to index memory performance.The obsessive-compulsive symptoms were assessed with Padovar scale-Washington State University revised edition (PI-WSUR).Results There was significant difference in the response time of implicit memory between two groups ((2 926.63± 1 718.31) ms for OCD group,(2 587.13±1 054.56) ms for controls group,t=0.926,P=0.358).There was significant difference two groups in the accuracy of implicit memory for moral disgust words ((0.607±0.267) for OCD group,(0.777±0.159) for controls group,t=-3.306,P =0.004),positive words ((0.528±0.265) for OCD group,(0.695±0.152) for controls group,t=-3.048,P=0.004) and all words ((0.597±0.248) for OCD group,(0.731±0.145) for controls group,t=-2.582,P=0.013).The response time of explicit memory in OCD group was significantly correlated with PI-WSUR (r=-0.410,P=0.022),OTAHSO (r=-0.470,P=0.008).Conclusion Compared with healthy controls,the implicit memory of OCD patients was impaired,especially the implicit memory of positive emotion words and moral disgust words.There is no correlation between implicit memory and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in OCD patients.Compared with healthy controls,the implicit memory of OCD patients is not impaired,but there is a correlation between explicit memory and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in OCD patients.

Ausencia de efecto de la práctica en el deterioro cognoscitivo leve amnésico. Evidencia en un seguimiento cuatro meses después del diagnóstico / Absence of practice effect in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Evidence in a follow-up four months after diagnosis

Introducción: la forma amnésica del deterioro cognoscitivo leve (DCL-amn) es considerada fenotípica de la enfermedad de Alzheimer en fase prodrómica. Dado el déficit de memoria que caracteriza a los pacientes con DCL-amn, se hipotetiza que su desempeño en tareas de memoria explícita no se vería afectado por el efecto de la práctica al realizar un retest en un tiempo relativamente corto. Objetivo: evaluar la memoria explícita verbal y visual de un grupo de pacientes (N = 13) con DCL-amn, comparando su desempeño en 2 momentos evaluativos: el primero al diagnóstico clínico y el otro cuatro meses después. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio ex post facto descriptivo comparativo con el plan de investigación evolutivo de grupo. Se evaluó la memoria explícita verbal con el Buschke Selective Reminded Test y la memoria explícita visual con la figura compleja de Rey. El análisis estadístico se realizó con el programa SPSS versión 2.0, obteniendo medias y desviaciones estándar y empleando una p < 0,05 como estadísticamente significativa. Resultados: los análisis a partir de la prueba t-student demuestran que las diferencias entre ambos momentos no fueron estadísticamente significativas (p<0,05). Conclusiones: los resultados apoyan la evidencia previa de ausencia de efecto de la práctica en las evaluaciones sucesivas en el DCL-amn, que se explica por el déficit crónico de memoria anterógrada que impide hacer aprendizajes significativos, aún ante la exposición repetida a los mismos materiales de prueba y en cortos períodos de retest.

Introduction: The amnestic subtype of mild cognitive impairment (amn-MCI) is considered to be a phenotype of Alzheimer´s disease in the prodromal stages. Given memory deficit that characterizes patients with amn-MCI, it hypothesized that their performance in explicit memory task would not be influenced by the practice effect when a retest is performed over a relatively short time. Objective: To evaluate the explicit verbal and visual memory of a group of patients (N = 13) with amn-MCI, comparing their performance in 2 evaluative moments: the first to the clinical diagnosis and the other four months after. Materials and methods: An ex post facto comparative descriptive study was carried out with a group evolutionary research plan. Verbal explicit memory was evaluated with the Buschke Selective Reminded Test and explicit visual memory with the Complex Figure of Rey. The statistical analysis was performed with the SPSS program version 2.0, obtaining means and standard deviations and using p <0.05 as statistically significant. Results: The analyzes from the t-student test show that the differences between both moments were not statistically significant (p <0.05). Conclusions: The results support the previous evidence of absence of practice effect in the successive evaluations in the amn-MCI, which is explained by the chronic deficit of anterograde memory that prevents significant learning, even in the face of repeated exposure to the same test materials and in short retest periods.

Explicit physical self and its correlation with their implicit physical self in college students / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To investigate the relationship between explicit and implicit physical self among contemporary college students.Methods:A total of 485 college students were recruited,with 264 male students,221 female students,266 junior students,219 senior students,189 students in the urban areas and 296 students in the rural areas.The Adolescents'Physical Self Scale (APS) was used to measure their explicit physical self.The Implicit Association Tests were designed to examine implicit physical self of 50 college students,who were selected from 485 college students by isometric random sampling.Results:The difference were significant among the five dimensions of college students' APS scores (P ＜ 0.001).The average scores of college students' appearance,sexual attractiveness were the highest,while the average score of body flaws was the lowest.Male students scored higher in five APS dimensions than female students (Ps ＜ 0.05).Senior students scored higher in the appearance,movement characteristics,figure and body flaws than junior students (Ps ＜0.05).Students in the urban areas scored higher in the appearance,movement characteristics,figure and body flaws than the students in the rural areas(Ps ＜ 0.05).There was no significant correlation between explicit and implicit physical self (P ＞ 0.05).The scores of relative separation index of movement characteristics were lower in male students than in female students (Z =2.45,P ＜ 0.05).The scores of relative separation index of body flaws were lower in the urban ones than in the rural ones (Z =3.14,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion:It suggests that separation phenomenon exists between explicit and implicit physical self and the separation phenomena is distinct among the students of different genders or from different areas.

Relationships between implicit and explicit attitude toward death in college students / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To explore the implicit attitude and explicit attitude toward death of college students,and the relationship between the two kinds of attitude.Methods:Totally 65 college studems participated in this study.The Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT,including cognition,affection and behavior) was used to exam the implicit attitude toward death of undergraduate students.The Death Attitude Profile-Revised (DAP-R,including five dimensions,i.e.,fear of death,death avoidance,death acceptance,escape acceptance,and neutral acceptance) was used to measure the explicit attitude.Results:Data of the SC-IAT indicated that the differences between the mean reaction time of the incompatible task and compatible in all three dimensions and the total SC-IAT were significant (Ps ＜0.01),and both the D scores of the total SC-IAT and three dimensions were larger than zero.The mean score of neutral acceptance was the highest in the five factors of SC-IAT.Relationships between the implicit effect of SC-IAT and the Mean scores of the DAP-R's five factors were not significant(Ps ＞ 0.05).Conclusion:The implicit attitude toward death of college students is negative,the explicit attitude toward death of college students is neutral.The implicit and explicit attitude toward death of college students is incongruent,and they are relatively independent.

Development and validation for finite element model of one-year-old toddler head with detailed anatomical structures / 医用生物力学

Objective To explore the brain injury mechanism and enrich the database of human finite element (FE) biomechanical model by developing the FE model of one-year-old toddler head. Methods Based on CT data from Chinese one-year-old toddler head with substantial and detailed information, the head model with detailed anatomical structure was constructed by using the medical software Mimics to get the head geometry data, as well as the reverse engineering software to divide NURBS surface and build the geometric model. Finally, the FE pre-processing software was used mesh the model. The FE model of one-year-old toddle head was validated by data from anatomic and cadaver experiments, and was used for preliminary analysis on damage mechanism of one-year-old toddler head. Results The FE model of Chinese one-year-old male toddler head was developed, which included and distinguished the gray matter and white matter of brain and cerebellum, hippocampus, fontanel, sagittal suture, coronal suture, brainstem and ventricles. The cadaver head static compression experiments and drop experiments were reconstructed by using this head model, and the results showed that the FE model of head had similar mechanical properties with the cadaver, which proved the validity of the FE model. Simulation results showed that skull stiffness and skull injury severity varied with different compression rates. Conclusions The FE model of one-year-old toddler head with detailed anatomical structures is of great biofidelity. The FE head model can be used to further investigate the detailed injury mechanism of deep brain tissues, especially for the closed craniocerebral injury, which provides an effective way and tool for the related research and clinical application.

Aproximación al consumo de materiales de contenido sexual explícito en adolescentes y jóvenes / Approach to the consumption of materials with explicit sexual contents by adolescents and youths

Introducción: la sexualidad humana es considerada un fenómeno pluridimensional que comprende aspectos biológicos, psicosociales, conductuales, clínicos, morales y culturales, expresándose en todas las dimensiones existenciales. Objetivo: determinar las motivaciones acerca del consumo y reproducción de materiales de contenido sexual explícito. Métodos: estudio descriptivo, transversal, en el Instituto Politécnico 5 de Septiembre en Cienfuegos, del 1ro de septiembre de 2014 al 31 de mayo de 2015. El universo fueron 109 estudiantes de 2do año de carreras técnicas de oficio, la muestra, 29 seleccionados de forma no probabilística. Fueron revisados el diagnóstico y caracterización psicopedagógica grupal e individual para obtener datos que fueron tabulados mediante el coeficiente de concordancia de Kendall. Resultados: existe poco conocimiento sobre sexualidad en los adolescentes estudiados, así como poca percepción de riesgo por las familias y las instituciones con respecto al consumo y reproducción de materiales de contenido sexual explícito por los adolescentes y jóvenes. Conclusiones: los adolescentes encuentran motivaciones intrínsecas para el consumo de materiales de contenido sexual explícito, a partir de necesidades centradas en la satisfacción sexual, intereses pobres que orientan a la búsqueda de información, con sentidos personales, ideales concretos, hábitos y prácticas habituales de genitalidad y actitudes marcadas por los estereotipo de género. Las motivaciones extrínsecas son evidenciadas en los mecanismos de presión social, de imitación o contagio y de aprendizaje social, reforzado por la insuficiente educación de la sexualidad y el fácil acceso a las nuevas tecnologías de información y comunicación, que condicionan actitudes y conductas que propician el consumo de materiales pornográficos, o incluso su reproducción(AU)

Introduction: Human sexuality is considered a pluridimensional phenomenon enclosing biological, psychosocial, behavioral, clinical, moral, and cultural aspects, expressed through all existentional dimensions. Objective: Determine the motivations for the consumption and reproduction of materials with explicit sexual contents. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study at 5 de Septiembre Polytechnic Institute of Cienfuegos, from September 1 2014 to May 31 2015. The target group was made up by 109 students of second year from technical trade majors. The sample was 29 chosen by a nonprobabilistic way. We reviewed both the group and individual diagnosis and psychopedagogical characterization to obtain data that were tabulated using Kendall's coefficient of concordance. Results: There is scarce knowledge about sexuality in the adolescents studied, as well as a low perception regarding the consumption and reproduction of materials with explicit sexual contents by the adolescents and youths. Conclusions: The adolescent find intrinsic motivations for the consumption of materials with explicit sexual contents, starting in need centered around sexual satisfaction, poor interests that orientate towards the search for information, with personal senses, concrete ideals, habitual practices of genitality and attitudes marked by the gender stereotypes. The intrinsic motivations evidence the social pressure mechanisms, others of imitations or contagion and of social learning, reinforced by the scarce sexuality education and the easy access to the new information and communication technologies, which condition attitudes and behaviors the foster the consumption of pornographic materials, and event their reproduction(AU)

Determination of EC50 of Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride Causing Disappearance of Explicit Memory by Process Dissociation Procedure / 医药导报

Objective To determine the EC50 of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride ( DEX) which causes disappearance of explicit memory by process dissociation procedure (PDP). Methods Forty patients those who had senior middle school or higher educational background undergoing lower extremity surgery with grade ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ, without hearing impairment, dysphasia,nervous system disorders,and having no drugs in the treatment of the central nervous system were included.PDP was applied to establish study table and record, and calculate performance of explicit memory and implicit memory. Memory performance was statistically compared with 0, 0 memory was considered to be statistically significant and disappearance, respectively.Sequential method was used for determination.According to explicit memory disappearance or not,target concentration of the next patient was adjusted (increase or decrease).DEX target concentration of the first patient was set to 4 ng?mL-1,and the ratio of target concentration between the adjacent patients was 1.2.If the explicit memory of the former patient disappeared,the target concentration of the next patient was decreased by 1 concentration gradient;if the explicit memory of the former patient did not disappear,the target concentration of the next patient was increased by 1 concentration gradient, and so forth. All the 40 patients were determined.The median effective dose (D1) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of DEX were calculated. Results The ED50 of DEX causing explicit memory disappearance was 5.23 ng?mL-1,and the 95% CI was 4.07-6.39 ng?mL-1. Conclusion In clinical,target concentration of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride 5.23 ng?mL-1 levels for sedation,can cause half of patients’ explicit memory disappear,so as to avoid intraoperative awareness.

Novas formas de sociabilidade envolvendo sexo em troca de bens e vantagens entre jovens de 18 a 25 anos no Município de Rio Branco-Acre / New forms of sociability involving sex in exchange for goods and advantages of youth from 18 to 25 years old in the city of Rio Branco Acre

Introdução - A prostituição configura uma troca de favores sexuais em que elementos sentimentais, como o afeto, estão ausentes em pelo menos um dos protagonistas. Além da prostituição propriamente dita, em que se explicita a prática da troca de sexo por dinheiro e o sujeito prostituído reconhece sua condição de fornecedor de sexo, existem situações de troca sexual por bens e vantagens socioeconômicas. Essa prostituição não explícita ou não intencional, na qual a pessoa que fornece sexo não se vê como prostituída, tem sido observada em diversas situações de encontros sociais entre os jovens. Objetivo - Conhecer e descrever a percepção de adolescentes e jovens universitários acerca da prostituição e troca de sexo por bens materiais e status. Método - Estudo qualiquantitativo, realizado com 130 jovens, de ambos os sexos, de diferentes cursos do campus da União Educacional do Norte (Uninorte), faculdade privada localizada em Rio Branco (Acre). Os dados foram obtidos com o auxílio do software Qlqt- online, processados e analisados através da técnica do discurso do sujeito coletivo (DSC) e o software Qualiquantsoft, tendo como base a teoria das representações sociais. Resultados - A maioria dos entrevistados relaciona o comportamento feminino adotado com prostituição. Isso demonstra que jovens de ambos os sexos não naturalizam, mesmo na sociedade atual, a possibilidade de troca de sexo por coisas valorizadas pelo consumismo, sendo essa postura comumente condenada com veemência, sobretudo pelas mulheres.

Introduction - Prostitution set up an exchange of sexual favors in that sentimental elements, like affection, they are absent in at least one of the protagonists. Apart from prostitution itself, in which it explains the practice of exchanging sex for money and the subject prostituted recognizes their status as "sex provider," there are situations of sexual exchange for goods and socioeconomic benefits. This "no explicit prostitution" or "unintentional" in which the person who provides sex is not seen as prostituted, has been observed in various situations of social gatherings among young people. Objective - Understand and describe the perception of teenagers and university students about prostitution and exchange of sex for material goods and status. Method - Qualitative and quantitative study, conducted with 130 young people of both sexes, of different courses from the campus of North Educational Union (Uninorte), private college located in Rio Branco (Acre). Data were obtained with the help of online software Qlqt, processed and analyzed through discourse technique of the collective subject (DCS) and Qualiquantsoft software, based on the theory of social representations. Results - Most interviewed related female behavior adopted with prostitution. This shows that young people of both sexes not naturalize, even in today/'s society, the possibility of exchange of sex for things valued by consumerism, and this customary stance strongly condemned, especially by women.

Trastorno bipolar: garantías explícitas de salud e implicancias para enfermería / Bipolar disorder: explicit guarantees of health and implications for nursing

El trastorno afectivo bipolar es una enfermedad mental grave catalogada dentro de los trastornos del ánimo en el DSM 5. En el año 2013, se incorpora a la lista de los problemas de salud incluidos en las Garantías Explícitas de Salud GES, siendo un avance importante en relación a los principios que sustentan el sistema y la reforma de salud en Chile. Se realiza una reflexión crítica de la canasta GES a la luz de los componentes del sistema de Salud chileno, destacando el rol fundamental que tiene el enfermero/a psiquiátrico en la implementación de las prestaciones y recomendaciones. Finalmente, se destaca la importancia de la participación en la micro, meso y macrogestión para la profesión.

Bipolar disorder is a serious mental illness cataloged within of mood disorders in DMS 5. In 2013, it has incorporated to the list of health problems included in the explicit guarantees of health (GES), which it was an important advance in relation to the values that underpin reform and system of health in Chile. It is performed a critical reflection of the set of service GES and its relation with the components of the Chilean health system, highlighting the fundamental role that psychiatric nurses have in the implementation of the services and recomendations. Finally, it highlights the importance pf the participation in the micro, meso and macromanagement to the profession.

Effects of Sub-target Concentrations of Propofol on Explicit Memory and Hemodynamics During Intraoperative Awakening / 医药导报

Objective To compare the effects of five different target-controlled concentrations of propofol combined with finite concentration of remifentanil on intraoperative awareness,so as to determine the safer and more effective concentration of propofol which could decrease explicit memory and reduce the incidence of intraoperative awareness. Methods One hundred and fifty patients ( ASAⅠ-Ⅱ) were randomly divided into five groups. There was no significant difference between each group in general condition. Before awaking,the target controlled concentration of remifentanil was adjusted to 2. 4 μg·L-1 in all five groups. Groups R1,R2,R3,R4 and R5 also received 0. 9%normal saline,0. 5 mg·L-1,1. 0 mg·L-1,1. 5 mg·L-1 and 2. 0 mg·L-1 of target controlled infusion ( TCI) of propofol, respectively. Narcotrend index ( NI), mean arterial pressure (MAP),heart rate (HR) and t [the time from t1(the time of awareness beginning) to the end of awareness] at t0(the time of adjusting propofol),t1,t2(the period of awareness),t3(wake period end 5 min) were recorded. Elimination of explicit memory after surgery was followed up. Results There were no significant differences in t and NI between groups R1,R2 and R3(P>0. 05). NI of groups R4 and R5 was significantly lower than that in groups R1,R2 and R3(P0. 05). Conclusion Target controlled infusion of remifentanil 2. 4μg·L-1 combined with TCI propofol 1. 0 mg·L-1 does not affect the wakening controllability. The circulation was steadier and explicit memory could be eliminated during intraoperative awakening.

Transformaciones del sistema de salud público post reforma AUGE-GES en Valparaíso / Health system transformations following AUGE-GESreform in Valparaiso, Ch

La Reforma de Salud emprendida en el año 2005 tiene como su principal componente el Plan AUGE-GES. Pese a que su propósito fundamental ha sido mejorar la equidad en el acceso a la atención, esta política no ha sido evaluada de manera integral. El presente estudio forma parte de una investigación mayor de carácter nacional, con el objetivo de caracterizar la implementación de la política de salud desde la perspectiva regional, a nivel de servicios de salud, de hospitales y otros organismos en relación a la reorganización estructural. Para ello se utilizó metodología de investigación cualitativa, efectuándose42 entrevistas semiestructuradas a informantes clave (regionales y locales)a las cuales se realizó análisis de contenido. Los resultados señalan que la implementación de la Reforma AUGEGES en Valparaíso es valorada positivamente por todos los actores al compararla con la situación previa a la Reforma. Tanto las garantías no cumplidas como las listas de espera NO GES son resultados criticados. Se percibe una “augización” de la política. Los equipos de los tres niveles de atención han sido tensionados y enfocados a la atención curativa, postergando las actividades de prevención y promoción de la salud. El GES se visualiza como una estrategia de priorización que ha aumentado la exclusión de grupos poblacionales. Los derechos de las personas son restringidos a los derechos propios de consumidores. En base a estos resultados, es posible concluir que la Reforma AUGE-GES no ha cumplido cabalmente con la finalidad de promover el acceso equitativo a la atención en salud.

Introduction. Health Reform launched in Chile in 2005 has as its main component the AUGE-GES Plan. Although its main purpose has been to improve equity in access to care, this policy has not been evaluated comprehensively. The present study is part of a larger national investigation with the objective to characterize the implementation of health policy from a regional perspective, at the level of health services, hospitals and other agencies, in relation to structural reorganization. Methodology. The present study employed qualitative research methodology where 42semi-structured interviews to key informants (local and regional) were conducted, and content analysis was performed. Results: The results show that the implementation of the GES Reform in Valparaiso is highly valued by all stakeholders when compared to the previous situation. Unfulfilled guarantees and Non-GES waiting lists are both criticized results. GES is perceived as extremely focused public policy. Health teams have been stressed and have focused primarily on curative care, postponing prevention and health promotion. GES is seen as a prioritization strategy that has increased the exclusion of certain groups of the population. The rights of persons are restricted to their rights as consumers. Conclusion. Based on the present analysis, one can conclude that the AUGE-GES Reform has not fully complied with the objective to promote equitable access to health care.

Alcance e limites da simbolização e da representação dos processos psíquicos nas filosofias, na psicanálise e nas neurociências / phenomenology, Habermas, neurosciences, Kandel, early psyche, autism epidemic, procedural or implicit memory, verbal or explicit memory, virtual culture media / The range and limits of symbolization and representation of mental processes in the philosophies, psychoanalysis and neurosciences

Frente às mudanças das psicopatologias que hoje nos acabrunham como psicanalistas e, inclusive, como cidadãos, o presente trabalho pretende deslindar se tais mudanças, no início do psiquismo, são, em princípio, passíveis de serem abrangidas pelas filosofias – exemplificadas pela fenomenologia de Habermas – ou pelas neurociências. A fenomenologia só chega a vislumbrar tentativamente e, como uma periferia, a ocorrência de fenômenos psíquicos por fora do modelo do texto a que se cinge, enquanto as neurociências só timidamente ampliam seu campo de estudo para além do cartesianismo de base de seus modelos mecânicos. Para tal fim, questiona-se a distinção, pelas neurociências, de uma memória procedimental ou implícita, que supõem não distinguir indivíduos ou eventos, e uma memória explícita, que só apareceria a partir de dois a três anos. Fica, pois, para a psicanálise, localizada na linha do naturalismo amplo de Freud, distante dos cartesianismos, conciliar seu devido lugar com o estudo das incidências da cultura dos meios sobre a simbolização e a representação, em especial quanto ao psiquismo precoce, no marco da atual epidemia de autismo

Due to the changes of psychopathology that overwhelm us today as psychoanalysts as well as citizens, this study aims to disentangle whether such changes at the beginning of the psyche are capable of being covered by the philosophies – exemplified by Habermas phenomenology – or by the neurosciences. The phenomenology only reaches a glimpse and as a periphery, the occurrence of psychic phenomena outside its text, while the neurosciences only maidenly extend its field of study beyond the Cartesian base of their mechanical models. Therefore, it is questioned the distinction done by the neurosciences of a procedural or implicit memory, which seems not to distinguish individuals or events, and of an explicit memory, which only appear after two to three years of age. Thus, it is for psychoanalysis, coming from the wide naturalism of Freud, far from the Cartesian notion, to reconcile its place in the study of the effects of the virtual culture media on the symbolism and representation, especially regarding the early psyche, within the framework of current epidemic of autism

Ante los cambios de las psicopatologías que hoy nos abruman como psicoanalistas e incluso como ciudadanos, el presente trabajo apunta a deslindar si dichos cambios, a punto de inicio en el psiquismo temprano, son en principio abarcables por las filosofías – ejemplificadas por la fenomenología de Habermas – o por las neurociencias. La fenomenología sólo llega a vislumbrar tentativamente y al modo de una periferia la ocurrencia de fenómenos psíquicos por fuera del modelo del texto al cual se ciñe, en tanto que las neurociencias sólo tímidamente amplían su campo de estudio más allá del cartesianismo de base de sus modelos mecánicos. A tal fin se cuestiona la distinción por las neurociencias de una memoria procedimental o implícita, que supone no distinguir individuos o eventos, y una memoria explícita que aparecería recién a partir de los 2-3 años. Queda pues para el psicoanálisis, ubicado en la línea del naturalismo amplio de Freud lejos de los cartesianismos, acordar su debido lugar al estudio de las incidencias de la cultura de los medios sobre la simbolización y la representación, en especial en cuanto al psiquismo temprano, en el marco de la actual epidemia del autismo

The relationships between implicit self-esteem, explicit self-esteem and alexithymia in college students / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To explore the relationships among implicit self-esteem,explicit self-esteem and alexithymia.Methods According to the scores of Toronto Alexithymia Scale(TAS-20),82 tests were divided into the alexithymia group and the control group,which were assessed with Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale(SES) and Implicit Association Test (IAT).Results The level of explicit self-esteem in the alexithymia group was significantly lower than that of the control group((28.57 ±4.57 vs 32.44 ±2.71)),there was significant differences between two groups(P＜ 0.01).Each factor of the alexithymia (as difficulty describing feelings,difficulty identifying feelings and externally oriented thinking) had significantly negative correlation with explicit self-esteem (r =-0.572,-0.52,-0.56,-0.378,P ＜ 0.01),and the alexithymia was positively correlated with the degree of separation in implicit and explicit self-esteem (r =0.421) (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The alexithymia group has defects in the process of controlling emotional; Alexithymia as a kind of psychological traits may be influence consistency of implicit and explicit self-esteem.