Cholestatic Jaundice Secondary to Portal Hypertensive Biliopathy Regarding a Case of Cavernous Transformation of the Portal Vein

Portal hypertensive biliopathy comprises the anatomical and functional abnormalities of the intra- and extrahepatic biliary tract, cystic duct, and gallbladder in patients with portal hypertension. The compromise of the bile duct usually occurs in portal obstruction due to the cavernous transformation of the portal vein (CTPV). We present a case of a young patient with a recent history of portal hypertension and CTPV who presented with an episode of cholestatic hepatitis. Studies documented an image of nodular appearance with extrinsic compression of the distal bile duct compatible with a tumor-like cavernoma. Effective endoscopic treatment was performed using endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), sphincterotomy, and biliary stenting.

La biliopatía hipertensiva portal comprende las anomalías anatómicas y funcionales del tracto biliar intra- y extrahepático, el conducto cístico y la vesícula biliar en pacientes con hipertensión portal. El compromiso de la vía biliar suele presentarse en obstrucción portal debido a transformación cavernomatosa de la porta. Presentamos un caso de un paciente joven, con historia reciente de hipertensión portal y cavernomatosis de la porta, que presentó un episodio de hepatitis colestásica y en estudios se le documentó una imagen de apariencia nodular con compresión extrínseca de la vía biliar distal compatible con tumor-like cavernoma. En este caso se realizó un tratamiento endoscópico efectivo mediante colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE), esfinterotomía y stent biliar.

Adenocarcinoma de papila duodenal maior - Um relato de caso / Adenocarcinoma of the major duodenal papilla - A case report

Tumores periampulares (TP) são originados a partir de estruturas próximas a Ampola de Vater e correspondem a um grupo heterogêneo de neoplasias. O adenocarcinoma da papila duodenal maior faz parte desse grupo de neoplasias. As principais manifestações são a icterícia do tipo obstrutiva, prurido, colúria, acolia fecal, além de perda ponderal e dor abdominal, associado a elevação dos níveis séricos de bilirrubina e enzimas hepáticas. O prognóstico é obscuro, sendo os carcinomas do tipo pancreaticobiliar aqueles com pior prognóstico. A ecografia endoscópica é o método mais sensível para diagnóstico e estadiamento e o tratamento de escolha é pancreaticoduodenectomia, conhecida como cirurgia de Whipple, frequentemente associada à quimioterapia adjuvante ou terapia de quimiorradiação. O presente trabalho propõe descrever um caso de adenocarcinoma da ampola de Vater em paciente de 38 anos atendida no Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (HU-UFJF), abrangendo desde a sintomatologia inicial, processo diagnóstico até a conduta terapêutica. Sua relevância está em alertar os profissionais da saúde sobre a importância de elencar os tumores periampulares entre os possíveis diagnósticos diferenciais para pacientes com síndrome colestática, dado que o diagnóstico e a ressecção cirúrgica precoce são os fatores decisivos para um melhor prognóstico. (AU)

Periampular tumors (PT) originate from structures close to Vater's Ampulla and correspond to a heterogeneous group of cancers. The adenocarcinoma of the major duodenal papilla is part of this group of cancers. The main manifestations are obstructive jaundice, pruritus, choluria, fecal acholia, weight loss and abdominal pain, associated with elevated serum levels of bilirubin and liver enzymes. The prognosis is poor, with pancreaticobiliar type carcinomas having the worst prognosis. Endoscopic ultrasound is the most sensitive method for diagnosis and staging, and the best treatment is pancreaticoduodenectomy, known as Whipple surgery, often associated with adjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiation therapy. The article proposes to describe a case of adenocarcinoma of the Vater's ampulla in a 38-year-old patient treated at the University Hospital of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora (HU-UFJF), covering from the initial symptoms, the diagnostic process and the therapeutic conduct. Its relevance is to alert health professionals about the importance of listing periampular tumors among the possible differential diagnoses for patients with cholestatic syndrome, considering that the diagnosis and early surgical resection are decisive factors for a better prognosis. (AU)

Imaging diagnosis of extrahepatic biliary tract obstruction with acquired portosystemic shunt in a cat / 대한수의학회지

A 2-year-old, spayed female, Korean domestic short-hair cat was presented with depression and vomiting. The patient had history of weight loss lasting seven months. Physical examination revealed icterus in the pinna, oral mucosa, and sclera. Based on ultrasonography and computed tomography, tentative diagnosis was extrahepatic biliary tract obstruction with acquired portosystemic shunt (PSS). Tumor or inflammation of hepatobiliary system was suspected as the cause of obstruction of the common bile duct. But it could not be determined without biopsy. The severely dilated cystic duct was considered to cause portal hypertension and secondary multiple PSS. The patient expired without histopathologic examination.

Colestasis: un enfoque actualizado / Cholestasis: an updated approach

Mediante una extensa revisión bibliográfica fue posible profundizar en el tema de las ictericias obstructivas o las colestasis, sobre todo en los aspectos más importantes de su definición, semiogénesis, clasificación, etiopatogenia, manifestaciones clínicas, estudios de laboratorio e imagenológicos, además del diagnóstico, la evolución, el pronóstico y tratamiento, con el objetivo de proporcionar los elementos más novedosos de cada uno de ellos, a través de un enfoque didáctico y una base científica, desde la óptica del internista, para así facilitar conocimientos prácticos acerca del síndrome

It was possible to deepen in the topic of the obstructive icterus or cholestasis by means of an extensive literature review, mainly in the most important aspects of its definition, semiogenesis, classification, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory and imagenological studies, besides diagnosis, clinical course, prognosis and treatment in this respect, with the objective of providing the most original elements of each of them, through a didactic approach and a scientific base, from the internist's optics, and in this way, to facilitate practical knowledge about the syndrome

A Double-Layered Covered Biliary Metal Stent for the Management of Unresectable Malignant Biliary Obstruction: A Multicenter Feasibility Study

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The covered self-expandable metal stent (CMS) was developed to prevent tumor ingrowth-induced stent occlusion during the treatment of malignant biliary obstruction. However, complications such as cholecystitis, pancreatitis, and stent migration can occur after the endoscopic insertion of CMSs. The aim of the present study was to assess the efficacy and safety of a double-layered CMS (DCMS) for the management of malignant bile duct obstruction. METHODS: DCMSs were endoscopically introduced into 59 patients with unresectable malignant extrahepatic biliary obstruction at four tertiary referral centers, and the patient medical records were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Both the technical and functional success rates were 100%. Procedure-related complications including pancreatitis, cholangitis, stent migration, and liver abscess occurred in five patients (8.5%). The median follow-up period was 265 days (range, 31 to 752 days). Cumulative stent patency rates were 68.2% and 40.8% at 6 and 12 months, respectively. At the final follow-up, the rate of stent occlusion was 33.9% (20/59), and the median stent patency period was 276 days (range, 2 to 706 days). CONCLUSIONS: The clinical outcomes of DCMSs were comparable to the outcomes previously reported for CMSs with respect to stent patency period and complication rates.

Management of Obstructive Jaundice Caused by Hepatocellular Carcinoma / 대한췌담도학회지

Jaundice is one of the poor prognostic factors in the patient with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In HCC patients, the most common cause of jaundice is liver parenchymal dysfunction and jaundice due to biliary obstruction is relatively rare. However, it is clinically important because biliary obstruction can be treated effectively with biliary drainage procedure and by that quality of life and survival of the patient can be improved. It is important to identify the mechanism and location of the bile duct obstruction for an appropriate management of the biliary obstruction. Endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage (ERBD) has commonly been selected as the first-line treatment. However, percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage or endoscopic ultrasound guided biliary drainage also can be used when the endoscopic approach is impossible or when ERBD fails. Between two types of stents - plastic or self-expandable metal, there is no definitive evidence about which one is superior. Stent type should be selected according to the characteristics of obstruction and expected survival of patient.

Increase of glyoosaminoglycans and metalloprotenases 2 and 9 in liver extracelllular matrix on early stages of extrahepatic cholestaiis / Aumento de glicosaminoglicanos e metaloproteinases 2 e 9 na matriz extracelular de fígado em estágios iniciais de colestase extra-hepática

Context Cholestasis produces hepatocellular injury, leukocyte infiltration, ductular cells proliferation and fibrosis of liver parenchyma by extracellular matrix replacement. Objective Analyze bile duct ligation effect upon glycosaminoglycans content and matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) activities. Methods Animals (6-8 weeks; n = 40) were euthanized 2, 7 or 14 days after bile duct ligation or Sham-surgery. Disease evolution was analyzed by body and liver weight, seric direct bilirubin, globulins, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (Alk-P), alanine and aspartate aminotransferases (ALT and AST), tissue myeloperoxidase and MMP-9, pro MMP-2 and MMP-2 activities, histopathology and glycosaminoglycans content. Results Cholestasis caused cellular damage with elevation of globulins, GGT, Alk-P, ALT, AST. There was neutrophil infiltration observed by the increasing of myeloperoxidase activity on 7 (P = 0.0064) and 14 (P = 0.0002) groups which leads to the magnification of tissue injuries. Bile duct ligation increased pro-MMP-2 (P = 0.0667), MMP-2 (P = 0.0003) and MMP-9 (P<0.0001) activities on 14 days indicating matrix remodeling and establishment of inflammatory process. Bile duct ligation animals showed an increasing on dermatan sulfate and/or heparan sulfate content reflecting extracellular matrix production and growing mitosis due to parenchyma depletion. Conclusions Cholestasis led to many changes on rats’ liver parenchyma, as so as on its extracellular matrix, with major alterations on MMPs activities and glycosaminoglycans content. .

Contexto Colestase produz lesão hepatocelular, infiltração leucocitária, proliferação de células ductulares e fibrose do parênquima hepático por matriz extracelular. Objetivo Analisar os efeitos da ligação do ducto biliar sobre conteúdo de glicosaminoglicanos e atividade de metaloproteinases de matriz (MMP). Métodos Animais (6-8 semanas; n = 40) foram eutanasiados 2, 7 ou 14 dias após ligação do ducto biliar ou falsa ligação. A evolução da doença foi analisada por peso corporal e do fígado, concentrações séricas de bilirrubina direta, globulinas, gama glutamil transpeptidase (GGT), fosfatase alcalina (Alk-P), alanina e aspartato aminotransfesases (ALT e AST), alterações teciduais de mieloperoxidase e metaloproteinases (MMP-9, pro MMP-2 e MMP-2), histopatologia e conteúdo de glicosaminoglicanos. Resultados A colestase causou dano celular com elevação dos níveis séricos de globulinas, GGT, Alk-P, ALT e AST. Houve também infiltração leucocitária observada pelo aumento na atividade de mieloperoxidase nos grupos 7 (P = 0,0064) e 14 dias (P = 0,0002) o que leva ao aumento das lesões no tecido. Ligação do ducto biliar aumentou as atividades de pro MMP-2 (P = 0,0677), MMP-2 (P = 0,0003) e MMP-9 (P<0,0001) aos 14 dias indicando remodelamento da matriz e estabelecimento de processo inflamatório. Animais com ligação do ducto biliar mostraram um aumento do conteúdo de dermatam sulfato e/ou heparam sulfato refletindo a produção de matriz extracelular e aumento de mitose devido a depleção do parênquima hepático. Conclusões Colestase causou várias mudanças no parênquima hepático de ratos, bem como em sua matriz extracelular, com importantes alterações na atividade ...

Estudo ultrassonográfico morfométrico do fígado e trato biliar de suínos submetidos a obstrução biliar experimental / Sonographic morphometry of the liver and biliary tract in porcine models submitted to experimental biliary obstruction

OBJETIVO: Comparar as alterações anatômicas decorrentes de um quadro de icterícia obstrutiva experimental induzida em suínos nos períodos pré e pós-operatório por meio de exame ultrassonográfico.MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Seis suínos da raça Landrace, com 36 dias de idade, foram submetidos a obstrução biliar completa mediante ligadura do ducto colédoco por cirurgia videolaparoscópica.RESULTADOS: Não ocorreram dificuldades na execução dos procedimentos obstrutivos e a recuperação cirúrgica foi eficiente. Decorridos sete dias, os animais apresentaram icterícia, bilirrubinúria e acolia fecal. O exame ultrassonográfico comparativo permitiu visualizar hepatomegalia, colecistomegalia e aumento no calibre do ducto colédoco em todos os animais, assim como alterações decorrentes da colestase. A avaliação morfométrica revelou aumento significativo nos diâmetros da vesícula biliar e do lobo hepático lateral esquerdo.CONCLUSÃO: Os suínos representam um modelo experimental adequado de icterícia obstrutiva, e o exame ultrassonográfico demonstrou-se sensível e relevante no diagnóstico das alterações decorrentes de obstrução biliar extra-hepática nesses animais.

OBJECTIVE: To compare, by means of ultrasonography, pre- and postoperative anatomical changes arising from experimentally induced obstructive jaundice in porcine models.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six 36-day-old Landrace pigs underwent laparoscopically induced complete biliary obstruction by common bile duct ligation.RESULTS: No difficulty was faced during the procedures and the surgical recovery was uneventful. After seven days, the animals showed jaundice, bilirubinuria and acholic stools. Comparative ultrasonography allowed visualization of hepatomegaly, cholecystomegaly and increased caliber of the common bile duct in all the animals, as well as changes resulting from cholestasis. The morphometric analysis revealed a significant increase in diameter of the gallbladders and left lateral liver lobes.CONCLUSION: Pigs represent appropriate experimental models for investigation of obstructive jaundice, and ultrasonography has shown to be sensitive, playing a relevant role in the diagnosis of extrahepatic biliary obstruction in such animals.

Hemangioma capilar como causa de colestasis extrahepática: reporte de caso / Capillary hemangioma as cause of extrahepatic cholestasis: case report

El hemangioma capilar es una patología epitelial benigna que se presenta usualmente en la piel, sin embargo también puede presentarse en mucosas, hasta el momento en la literatura revisada no hay reportes de hemangiomas capilares como causa de colestasis extrahepáticas. Se reporta el caso de un paciente femenino de 35 años con clínica de colestasis extrahepática sin evidencias de lesiones ocupantes de la luz de las vías biliares, se le realiza duodenoscopia donde se evidencia lesión de aspecto adenomatoso a nivel de la papila de Vater, la cual es resecada. El reporte anatomopatológico concluye la lesión como un hemangioma capilar. En vista de que en la literatura no se encuentran reportes de hemangiomas capilares como etiologías de colestasis se decide reportar dicho hallazgo

The capillary hemangioma is a benign epithelial disease usually occurs in the skin, but can also occur in mucous membranes, so far in the literature there are no reports of capillary hemangiomas as a cause of extrahepatic cholestasis. We report the case of a female patient 35 years old, with clinical signs of extrahepatic cholestasis and no evidence of occupying lesions of the bile ducts, duodenoscopy was performed which revealed a lesion of adenomatous aspect of the papilla of Vater, which is resected and sent to pathology. The report from pathology was of a capillary hemangioma. Since in the literature are no reports of capillary hemangiomas as etiologies of cholestasis is decided to report this finding

Síndrome de Mirizzi: estudo de 11 casos / Mirizzis syndrome: report of eleven cases

Objetivo: descrever série de onze pacientes com síndrome de Mirizzi, submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico, comentando os aspectos etiopatogênicos e apresentação clínica, com ênfase no diagnóstico e tratamento. Métodos: estudo retrospectivo de onze pacientes consecutivos submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico. Foram considerados para apreciação: aspectos demográfico, clínicos, laboratoriais, meios diagnósticos, achados intraoperatórios, classificação dos doentes de acordo com Csendes et al., tática cirúrgica empregada e evolução pós-operatória. Resultados: dez pacientes (91,0%) eram mulheres e um (9,0%) homem. Os seguintes sintomas foram observados: dor e icterícia em todos os pacientes, colúria em nove (81,0%), náuseas e vômitos em sete (63,0%), acolia fecal em cinco (45,0%) e tumor palpável em um (9,0%). Os exames de laboratório mostraram leucocitose igual ou superior a 15.000 /mm3 em 45,0%. A bilirrubina total variou de 3,1 a 19,0 mg/dl. A ultrassonografia feita em todos pacientes mostrou presença de colelitíase e dilatação de V.B. em 77,7% e vesícula escleroatrófica em 27,0%. A tomografia computadorizada abdominal foi realizada em 9,0% e colangiopancreatografia em 18,0%. Os casos foram classificados, segundo Csendes, em: tipo I (quatro), tipo II (dois), tipo III (três) e tipo IV (dois) pacientes. Todos foram operados por cirurgia convencional. Destes, quatro (36,0%) apresentavam colangite, sendo três (27,0%) operados na urgência e um outro evoluiu com colangite durante a investigação, sendo operado no 19 dia. Os demais foram internados e operados eletivamente. Realizou-se: colecistectomia e derivação biliodigestiva em seis pacientes (54,0%), colecistectomia e coledocotomia em três (27,0%) e colecistectomia simples em dois casos (18%). No pós-operatório, nove (82,0%) evoluíram bem e tiveram alta hospitalar. Dois pacientes (18,0%) foram a óbito. Conclusões: todos os pacientes apresentavam sinais e sintomas de icterícia obstrutiva e em quase metade o hemograma era infeccioso. Apenas em três casos houve suspeita diagnóstica no pré-operatório. Os pacientes estáveis, sem infecção, que permitiram melhor investigação evoluíram favoravelmente. O tratamento da síndrome de Mirizzi é cirúrgico, variando a tática de acordo com o tipo da lesão.

Objectives: to report a series of eleven patients with Mirizzis syndrome submitted to surgical treatment. The authors present the etiopathogenic and clinical aspects of the disease. Methods: retrospective study of the eleven patients consecutive submitted to surgical treatment. The authors analysed the demografic, clinical and laboratory data, as well as intraoperative findings. They also classified the lesion according to Csendes classification, and presented the surgical management and post-operative follow-up. Results: there were 10 female patients (91.0 %) and 1 male patient (9.0%). Symptoms and signs were diffuse upper abdominal pain and jaundice in all patients, choluria in 9 (81%), nausea and vomit in 7 (63%), fecal acholia in 5 (45.0%) and a palpable tumor in 1 patient (9.0%). The laboratory exams showed leucocytosis equal or superior to 15.000/mm³ (45%) and the plasma bilirrubin varied between 3.1 mg/dL and 19.0 mg/dL. Ultrasonography showed in all patients the presence of cholelithiasis. There was dilation of gallbladder in 77.5% of the cases and scleroatrophic gallbladder in 27.0% patients. CT scan was realized in 9.0% and cholangiopancreatography in 18% of patients. The cases were classified according to Csendes classification. There were four type I, two type II, three type III and two type IV. All eleven cases were managed by classical open technique. Four patients (36%) presented with cholangitis; three of these patients had emergency operations and one presented cholangitis during the workup investigation, being operated on day 19 of admission. The others had elective operations. The surgical operations were: cholecystectomy and biliodigestive deviation in 6 patients (54%), cholecystectomy and choledochotomy in 3 patients (27%) and only cholecystectomy in 2 patients (18%). The postoperative course was uneventful in 9 patients (82%), but 2 patients (18%) died. Conclusion: all patients presented symptoms and signs of obstructive jaundice, and nearly half of these had infectious hemogram. The diagnosis of Mirizzis syndrome was suspected in only three patients. A complete diagnostic investigation was possible only in stable patients without infection, and these patients had a favorable course. Treatment of Mirizzis syndrome is surgical and the choice of operative approach varies according to the type of lesion.

Comparison of Long-term Complication of Malignant Biliary Obstruction after Percutaneous Transhepatic Biliary Drainage Versus Metallic Biliary Drainage / 고신대학교의과대학학술지

OBJECTIVES: Several advances in the diagnosis, therapy and palliation of patients affected by malignant biliary obstruction have occurred during the last decades. Unresectable malignant biliary obstruction has usually been treated by percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) versus metallic biliary drainage (MBD). The optimal management of complications after biliary drainage is still an unresolved problem. To compare the complications of malignant biliary obstruction after PTBD and MBD. METHODS: We enrolled 51 patients of malignant biliary obstruction after biliary drainage. The clinical characteristics and complications of each groups were assessed and compared. RESULTS: The complications after biliary drainage of MBD are lower than those of PTBD (59.1% vs 82.8%, P = 0.06, respectively). Patients with PTBD tended to have a shorter event of complication time compared to MBD patients (2.9 months vs 7.1 months, P < 0.01). Patients with older age in PTBD tended to have a longer event of complication time compared to younger patients (4.6 months vs 2.3 months, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The method of biliary drainage in malignant biliary obstruction have statistically significant impact on the complication time. The clinical efficacy of metallic stent in patients with malignant biliary obstruction is better than that of PTBD.

Comportamiento de la colestasis del recién nacido y del lactante en el Hospital Pediátrico William Soler / Behavior of newborn and infant cholestasis in the William Soler Children Hospital

INTRODUCCIÓN. Los recién nacidos y lactantes pequeños tienen una inmadurez funcional y anatómica que justifica que las enfermedades hepáticas que se manifiestan en estas edades tengan a la ictericia como signo principal. La lista de procesos que causan colestasis en este período es muy extensa e incluye anomalías estructurales, extrahepáticas e intrahepáticas, y procesos que alteran los mecanismos de síntesis y excreción de las sales biliares. El objetivo del estudio fue describir el comportamiento de los casos de colestasis del lactante atendidos en el Servicio de Hepatología del Hospital Pediátrico William Soler, evaluados de forma protocolizada entre enero del 2004 y diciembre del 2006. MÉTODOS. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo. La muestra estuvo constituida por 76 lactantes con diagnóstico de colestasis, que fueron evaluados de forma protocolizada en el período referido. Se analizaron las variables sexo, edad gestacional y peso al nacer, antecedentes peri y posnatales, presencia o ausencia de signos de insuficiencia hepática, así como localización regional y causas de la colestasis. Se elaboró una base de datos en SPSS (versión 12) y las variables fueron analizadas de forma porcentual. RESULTADOS. Se encontró predominio de recién nacidos del sexo masculino (45; 59,2 por ciento), a término (63; 82,9 por ciento), de peso normal (50; 65,7 por ciento) y sin antecedentes peri y posnatales. Solo en el 9,2 por ciento de los casos la colestasis se asoció a insuficiencia hepática. La frecuencia de colestasis intrahepática y extrahepática fue similar. Las principales causas de colestasis encontradas fueron atresia de las vías biliares (24; 31,5 por ciento), hepatitis neonatal idiopática (15; 19,8 por ciento), infección por citomegalovirus (14; 18,5 por ciento) y síndrome de espesamiento de la bilis (9; 11,9 por ciento). CONCLUSIONES. El comportamiento de las diferentes causas de colestasis es heterogéneo…

INTRODUCTION. The small newborns and infants have a functional and anatomical immaturity justifying that the liver diseases present in these ages have the jaundice as the main sign. The list of processes causing cholestasis during this period is very large including structural, extrahepatic, intrahepatic anomalies and also processes altering the mechanisms synthesis and the excretion of bile salts. The aim of present study was to describe the behavior of the cases of infants presenting with cholestasis seen in the Hepatology Service of the William Soler Children General Hospital, assessed in a programmed way between January, 2004 and December, 2006. METHODS. A retrospective and descriptive study was conducted. Sample included 76 patients diagnosed with cholestasis, assessed in a programmed way during this period. Variables analyzed were: sex, gestational age and birth weight, perinatal and postnatal backgrounds, presence or absence of cholestasis. A database was designed in SPSS (version 12) and the variables were analyzed in percentage way. RESULTS. There was predominance of male newborns (45, 59,2 percent), term (63, 82,9 percent) of normal weight (50,65,7 percent) and without perinatal and postnatal backgrounds. Only in the 9,2 percent of cases the cholestasis was associated with a liver failure. Frequency of intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholestasis was similar. The major causes of cholestasis present were: biliary tracts atresia (24, 31,5 percent), idiopathic neonatal hepatitis(15, 19,8 percent), cytomegalovirus infection (14, 18,5 percent) and bile thickening (9,11,9 percent). CONCLUSIONS. Behavior of different causes of cholestasis is heterogeneous and the differences as regards the frequencies of cholestasis causes is in some extent a reflection of the differences in the composition of the group of series

Colestasis del recién nacido y del lactante / Cholestasis of newborn and infant

Los recién nacidos y lactantes pequeños tienen una inmadurez funcional y anatómica que justifica que las enfermedades hepáticas que se manifiestan en estas edades tengan la ictericia como signo principal y que otros procesos extrahepáticos o sistémicos puedan condicionar colestasis. La colestasis del lactante es un síndrome clínico caracterizado por ictericia, acolia o hipocolia, y coluria, que evoluciona con elevación de la bilirrubina directa y de los ácidos biliares séricos. La evaluación diagnóstica del lactante con colestasis, realizada por un equipo multidisciplinario, debe minimizar la realización de pruebas innecesarias para lograr un diagnóstico correcto en el menor tiempo posible, diferenciar entre colestasis intrahepática o extrahepática y lograr un diagnóstico etiológico, que incluya aquellos procesos que ponen en peligro la vida o requieren un tratamiento específico médico o quirúrgico. El presente trabajo pretende revisar las principales causas, procedimientos diagnósticos y el enfoque terapéutico de la colestasis del recién nacido y del lactante en aras de contribuir a su diagnóstico temprano y su tratamiento adecuado

The small newborns and infants have a functional anatomical immaturity justifying that liver diseases present at these ages have the jaundice as leading sign and that other extra-hepatic or systemic processes may conditioning the Cholestasis. Infant Cholestasis is a clinical syndrome characterized by jaundice, acholia or hypoacholia and choluria evolving with a rise of direct bilirubin and of serum biliary acids. The diagnostic assessment of infant presenting with Cholestasis made by a multidisciplinary staff must to minimize the carrying out of unnecessary tests to obtain an appropriate diagnosis in less time, to differentiate among the intrahepatic or extrahepatic cholestasis and to achieve an etiologic diagnosis including the processes threatening the life or that requiring a medical or surgical specific treatment. The aim of present paper is to review the leading causes, diagnostic procedures and the therapeutical approach of cholestasis en the newborn and in the infant to contribute to its early diagnosis and its appropriate treatment

Stent metálico versus plástico en la obstrucción biliar maligna distal / Metal stent versus plastic stent for malignant distal biliary stricture

Antecedentes. En nuestro medio no se conocen estudios que comparen los stents metálicos (SM) y los stents plásticos (SP) en el manejo de la obstrucción biliar maligna distal. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo con 80 pacientes tratados en el Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe y la Clínica el Rosario entre enero de 2002 y junio de 2008. Cuarenta pacientes se manejaron con SP y otros 40 con SM.Resultados. Se evaluaron 48 (60%) hombres y 32 mujeres (promedio 66±6 años) con obstrucción maligna biliar distal inoperable. El éxito clínico fue igual para ambos procedimientos (92%) La estancia hospitalaria fue significativamente menor para los pacientes con SM que para aquellos con SP (IC 95% 1,6-7,2, p<0,01). La obstrucción del stent biliar recurrió en 19 pacientes de los 40 SP (47,51%) y 13 de 40 (32,5%) con SM (p=0,2) La media de la permeabilidad fue más prolongada en los pacientes con SM que en los plásticos (IC 95% 41,1-90,8, p<0,01) Las complicaciones tempranas se sucedieron en el 5% de los SM y 12,5% de los SP (p=0,4); las complicaciones tardías fueron del 42,5% en los SP y del 30% en los SM (p=0,3) La sobrevida fue de 159,4±9,4 días en los pacientes con SP y de 189,5±7,6 días para los pacientes con SM (p=0,07).Conclusiones. Los stents metálicos y plásticos son efectivos para el tratamiento de la obstrucción maligna distal inoperable, pero los stents metálicos cursan con una mayor permeabilidad, menor estancia hospitalaria y menor número de reintervenciones por complicaciones, pero la sobrevida para ambos es igual.

Background: It is not known in our studies that compare metallic stents (SM) and plastic stents (SP) in the management of distal malignant biliary obstruction. Patients and Methods: Retrospective trial of 80 patients treated in Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe and Clínica el Rosario between January 2002 and June 2008. Forty patients received a PS and 40 patients were treated with MS. Results. In this study, 48 men (60%) and 32 women (median 66±6 years) with inoperable malignant distal common bile duct strictures were evaluated. Clinical success was equal for two groups (92%). Hospital stay was significantly smaller for patients with MS than the patients with PS (CI 95% 1.6-7.2, p<0.01) Recurrent biliary obstruction was noted in 19 of 40 (47.5%) patients of PS and 27 of 108 (25%) patients of MS. The median first stent patency was longer in the metal group than in the plastic stent group (CI 95% 41.1-90.8, p<0.01). Early complications occurred in 5% of MS and 12.5% of patients with PS (p=0.4), later complications were seen in 42.5% of PS and 30% of MS (p=0.3) Median survival time after stent insertion was 159.4±9.4 days for PS and 189.5±7.6 days for MS (p=0.07).Conclusions. Plastic and metal stents are effective in the treatment of inoperable distal malignant obstruction, but compared with plastic stent, metal stents had better permeability, lower hospital stay, lower procedures for complications and equal survival.

Função mitocondrial hepática compensatória na coletase extra hepática aguda

A atividade compensatória mitocondrial é um mecanismo que permite a alguns orgãos manter seu nível energético em situações adversas. Este presente estudo visa analisar a função mitocondrial hepática em ratos submetidos à OBEH. Foram estudados 10 ratos Wistar machos (180 a 230 g), divididos em dois grupos. Grupo operação simulada - OS e grupo obstrução biliar extra hepática (OBEH). Após 24 h. foram coletadas amostras de sangue e biópsia hepática para a dosagem do nível sérico das enzimas hepáticas e a atividade mitocondrial. Houve aumento significativo das aminotranferases, da FA e BT (tabela 1).Verificou-se aumento do Estado 3 da respiração mitocondrial. Analisando os resultados, observou-se que as mitocôndrias hepáticas apresentaram atividade compensatória no sentido de preservação da função hepatocelular

THE CYTOTOXIC EFFECTS OF CRUDE BILE ON HUMAN PANCREATIC CANCER CELL LINES / 药物分析学报

Objective To identify effects of bile acids on pancreatic cancer, The ultrastructure and growth of PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2 cell lines in crude bile modified medium were studied. Methods The growth of PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2 cells in RPMI 1640 with or without 1％, 2％ and 4％ of the purified crude bile (containing total bile acids 10.17mmol/L) was assessed for 2, 4, 6, 8d by using MTT assay to determine inhibitory rate. The cell surface and intracellular ultrastructure of PANC-1 cells was investigated by SEM and TEM at 24h and 48h, respectively. Re sults The proliferation of both cell lines in bile treated medium were greatly retarded (P ＜0.001). The inhibitory rate of 1％, 2％ and 4％ bile on Panc-1 cells in 4d were 38％, 60％ and 66％, respectively (P ＜0. 05), on MIA PaCa-2 cells at 4d were 28％, 39％ and 52％, respectively (P ＜0. 05). The cells grown in bile for 48h lost their mi crovilli, their mitochondria and other organelles became vacuolated. Conclusion The bile acids in bile has cytotoxicity on PANC-1 and MIAPACA-2 cells, which may inhibit pancreatic cancer progress in patients clinically.