ABSTRACT
The Faces Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R) is among the most commonly used measures of pain intensity in clinical and research settings. Little evidence exists about the Brazilian version of this scale. The purpose of the present study was to examine the validity and reliability of the Brazilian version of the FPS-R. The sample comprised 214 children, 6 to 10 years of age. In the first phase of the study, the children ranked the faces of the FPS-R according to pain intensity, and the faces were presented in all possible pair combinations (content validity). All six faces were correctly ranked by 47% of the younger children (6 to 7 years old) and 52% of the older children (8 to 10 years old). With regard to paired combinations, all of the pairs were correctly placed by 63% of the younger children and 67% of the older children. In the second phase, the children rated recalled experiences of pain using both the Brazilian version of the FPS-R and Coloured Analogue Scale (CAS; convergent validity). The children were retested 4 weeks later (test-retest reliability). The degree of agreement between the FPS-R and CAS was moderate, with a Kendall's tau-b (τ) of .49 (p < .01). The test-retest reliability coefficient was τ = .52 (p < .01). This study provides evidence of the validity and reliability of the FPS-R as a pain intensity measurement for use in Brazilian samples.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Facial Expression , Pain Measurement , Reproducibility of Results , BrazilABSTRACT
Introduction: Even after the invention of the modern injection techniques, palatal injection still remains a painful experience for patients, and this pain is attributed to the presence of rich nerve complement and displacement of palatal mucosa during anesthesia. Objective: The aim of the present study was to demonstrate if lidocaine HCl could provide palatal anesthesia if given buccally during maxillary tooth removal without the need for a palatal injection. Materials and Methods: The study group consisted of 75 patients, and 25 were controls. All the patients in the study group had unilateral extractions. In 75 patients, 2 ml of 2% lidocaine HCl with 1:80,000 epinephrine was injected into the buccal vestibule of tooth indicated for extraction without palatal injection. After 8 min, the extraction of maxillary tooth was carried out. Twenty-five subjects in the control group underwent same protocol with palatal injection. All the patients completed a faces pain scale (FPS) and a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS) after extraction. Statistical Analysis Used: Unpaired t test and Chi-square test. Results: According to VAS and FPS scores, when comparison was carried out between permanent maxillary tooth removal with and without palatal injection, the difference in the pain levels were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Conclusion: The extraction of permanent maxillary tooth is possible by depositing 2 mL of lidocaine to the buccal vestibule of the tooth without the need for palatal anesthesia.
Subject(s)
Adult , Anesthesia, Dental/methods , Anesthesia, Local/methods , Anesthetics, Local/administration & dosage , Anesthetics, Local/chemistry , Dentition, Permanent , Diffusion , Female , Humans , Injections/adverse effects , Lidocaine/administration & dosage , Lidocaine/chemistry , Male , Maxilla , Middle Aged , Pain/prevention & control , Pain Measurement , Pilot Projects , Tooth Extraction/methodsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Although visual analogue scale (VAS) is a good self-assessment method for postoperative pain, faces pain scale (FPS) may be also used as objective assessment method in patients with unavailable of VAS. We investigated the usefulness of facial rating scale (FRS), the variants of VAS and FPS, compared with VAS in postoperative adult patients. METHODS: One hundred and six, ASA 1 or 2, patients undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia were educated VAS (10 cm) and FRS. One hour after operation, patients' self-reported VAS and FRS were measured in the recovery room. The scores were analyzed by Spearman's correlation and Intraclass correlation. RESULTS: Correlations indicated a highly significant relationship between VAS and FRS (Spearman's correlation coefficient = 0.84, Intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.92, both of P < 0.01). CONCLSIONS: FRS may be useful for self-reported pain assessment instead of VAS in postoperative adult patients.