Carbohydrate Intake Exhibited a Positive Association with the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Both Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaires and 24-Hour Recall in Women

We compared the usual nutrient intake in both the semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SQFFQ) and 24-hour recall methods and determined the association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk and nutrient intake calculated by both methods in Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES; 2012–2014) data. Adjusted odds ratios for MetS were calculated according to the intake of macronutrients, measured by the 2 methods in 10,286 adults, while controlling for covariates associated with MetS. Fat and carbohydrate intake (energy percent) calculated by 24-hour recall and SQFFQ was significantly different between the MetS and non-MetS groups, particularly in women. The differences in other nutrient intakes determined by both methods were mainly non-significant. The correlation coefficients between the 2 methods were about 0.4 for most nutrients except total vitamin A and iron (Fe). Energy intake according to gender and MetS presence was similar between the 2 methods. Carbohydrate intake exhibited a positive association with the MetS risk, while fat intake showed a negative association in both methods. The association exhibited a gender interaction with carbohydrate and fat intake calculated by 24-hour recall: women exhibited a significant association. However, for the SQFFQ a gender interaction was evident only for carbohydrate intake. In diet quality index of SQFFQ the adequacy of vegetables and total fat intake was higher in the non-MetS than the MetS. In conclusion, the MetS prevalence exhibited a positive association with carbohydrate intake only in women, as assessed by 24-hour recall and SQFFQ. The SQFFQ can be used to assess the association between usual food intake and MetS risk in large population studies.

Evaluation of Food and Nutrient Intake by Food Frequency Questionnaire between Normal and Risk Groups according to the Bone Mineral Density of Female College Students Residing in Gangwon Area / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between bone density and dietary intake for college women in their twenties. This study was performed on 160 female college students residing in Gangwon-do. It was conducted using ultrasound measurement of calcaneus bone density, anthropometric checkup and food-frequency questionnaires (FFQ) comprising 94 kinds of commonly consumed foods. Subjects were divided into two groups according to the T-score of bone density: a normal group (n = 113 persons, T-score > or = 1) and a risk group (n = 47, T-score < 1.0). The average age of the subjects was 20.17 years and there was no significant difference between the two groups. Body weight and body fat percentage of the normal group were significantly higher than those of the risk group. The mean daily energy intake of the normal group was significantly higher than that of the risk group. Also, protein, fat, vitamin A, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, iron and zinc intake for the normal group were significantly higher than for the risk group. For the intake of the commonly consumed foods (or dishes) listed in FFQ, the mean daily intake amount of loaf bread, rice cake, potatoes, spicy beef soup, cucumber, seasoned spinach perilla leaves, crown daisy, stir-fried mushroom, sea mustard, beef rib, ham, chicken, mackerel, common squid, drink type curd yogurt, oriental melon and chocolate in the normal group was significantly higher than in the risk group. While, the mean daily intake of ramyun (instant noodle) and carbonated beverage by the normal group was significantly lower than that of the risk group. In conclusion, 20 something female college students showed a higher rate (26.9%) of the bone mineral density risk group (osteopenia or osteoporosis). For the risk group, the levels of nutrient and food intake were lower than in the normal group. Therefore, the bone density risk group needs to increase their nutrient intake and diet quality by increasing the intake of various foods. In addition, they should decrease the intake of foods, which are negative for skeletal health such as instant noodles and carbonated beverages.