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Aim: The aim of the study is to determine the variations in diaphyseal nutrient foramen(NF) of femur with respect to theirnumber, location, direction and size in Jharkhand state population.Materials and Methods: 70 dry adult femora(38 Right side and 32 Left side) were collected from the department of Anatomy,Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand. Femora were examined for mean length of femur, number,position including foraminal index, direction and size of nutrient foramina.Result:- Mean length of femur was 42.27cm. According to Foraminal Index the location of nutrient foramina were 72.34% inright side and 86.84% were located in left side in middle 1/3 of bone. Most common position was between two lips of Lineaaspera(42.35%). Single nutrient foramen was 64.70%.Conclusion:- The knowledge of anatomical variation in diaphyseal nutrient foramen of femur is important for bone ossification,bonehealing and it also give additional information to orthopedicians for microvascular bone grafting.
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Background: Nutrient foramen is an opening into shaft of humerus which gives passage to the blood vessels ofmedullary cavity. The knowledge of nutrient foramen is important in surgical procedures like bone grafting andmore recently in microsurgical vascularized bone transplantation. Lack of an adequate vascular supply cansignificantly delay or prevent fracture healing. Nutrient artery is the major source of blood supply to the longbone and hence plays an important role in fracture healing.Objective: The nutrient foramens obey the rule of ossification, that is directed away from the growing end of thebone or not.Materials and Methods: The present study consisted of 68 (34 right and 34 left) dried humeurus excluding anyfracture or pathological abnormalities. Number and direction of nutrient foramen was observed in each humerus.Location of nutrient foramen in relation with surfaces and zones of humeurus was determined.Result: It has been observed that 94.12% of the humerus had a single nutrient foramen, 6.39% double foramen,all humerus have nutrient foramina. It was concluded that the majority (73.61%) of the nutrient foramina werepresent on the antero-medial surface, 8.33% on the anterolateral surface and 8.33% on the posterior surface ofthe shaft of humerus and 8.33% of nutrient foramina present on anterior border. It was also concluded that most(86.11%) of the foramina present in the zone II followed by zone I (8.33%) then by zone III (5.56%). All foraminawere directed toward the lower end of humerus.Conclusion: By knowing the number and location of the nutrient foramina in humerus would be useful in preventingintra-operative injury of nutrient artery during orthopedic, plastic and reconstructive surgery and will also berelevant in medico legal practice.
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Introduction: Knowledge of position of nutrient foramina of long bones can be useful in certain surgical procedures. Bone ossification, growth and healing depend on its vascularity. Nutrient artery is the main source of blood supply of bone along with periosteal arteries. The topographical knowledge of these foramina is useful in certain operative procedures, in orthopedics as well as in plastic and reconstructive surgeries.AIM: The present study aims to determine the number and position of nutrient foramen of tibia and fibula and to observe direction and obliquity of nutrient foramina. Subjects and Methods: 100 adult dry bones including 50 tibia and 50 fibula were studied. Nutrient foramina were identified with naked eyes. The obliquity was determined with hypodermic needle. The nutrient foramina location was determined by dividing total bone into segments, the locations were validated by calculating foraminal index. Results: It has been observed that 98% (49) tibia has single nutrient foramina, double nutrient foramiana present in 2%of tibia. Most of the nutrient foramina in tibia are present in upper third i.e 65%(33).Foramina index of tibia is 45.05 with standard deviation of 8.29.In fibula single foramen was observed in 46(92%) and double foramina 2(4) and there is no nutrient foramen in 2(4). In 2 fibulae having double nutrient foramen, proximal foramen was directed downward and distal foramen was directed upwards. In 50%(25) nutrient foramina is present in posterior surface,most of nutrient are in middle third 48(96%).mean foraminal index of fibula is 45.05 with standard deviation of 8.29. Conclusion: Our study has attempted to put together findings from different studies regarding the number and position and obliquity of nutrient foramina of leg bones .The present study will be useful for orthopedic surgeons during procedures like bone grafting and more recently microsurgical vascularised bone transplantation and new graduates to understand the importance of nutrient foramina of long bones.
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Introduction: In long bones including radius, surface opening of nutrient canal is known as nutrient foramen, which transmits nutrient artery to supply cortical bone and medullary cavity. Topographical information about nutrient foramen is very crucial during various orthopedic surgical procedures. Objective: Present study was conducted to study number of nutrient foramina, its location and direction in relation to growing end of bone and to calculate foraminal index of human radius. Subjects and Methods: In present study 63(31 right and 32 left sided) radii bone of unknown age and sex were studied. Only fully intact bone without any disease were included. Surface location and direction of nutrient foramina were recorded. Total length of radius was measured with osteomatric board. Distance of nutrient foramen from proximal end was measured with digital vernier caliper. And foraminal index was calculated. All data was tabulated and analyzed statistically. Results: All radii had single nutrient foramen. Majority (82.54%) of the nutrient foramina were detected on the anterior surface, 14.29% were on posterior surface and only two bone have nutrient foramen on other surface. Zone I contained 30.16% and Zone II contained 66.67% and Zone III contained 3.17% foramina. Direction of all foramina were towards upper end of radius except two bones. Conclusion: Almost all the results coincided with previous studies from different geographical regions. Thorough knowledge of morphology of nutrient foramina is necessary for preserving circulation. Because it is very crucial in bone grafting, fracture healing, joint replacement therapy and vascularized bone micro surgeries.
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Background: Nutrient foramen is an opening into shaft of Ulna which gives passage to the blood vessels ofmedullary cavity. The knowledge of nutrient foramen is important in surgical procedures like bone grafting andmore recently in microsurgical vascularized bone transplantation.Objective: To determine the number, location and direction of nutrient foramen and whether the nutrient foramensobey the rule of ossification, that is directed away from the growing end of the bone or not.Method: The present study consisted of 150 (75 right and 75 left) dried ulna bones excluding any fracture orpathological abnormalities Number and direction of nutrient foramen was observed in each ulna. Location ofnutrient foramen in relation with surfaces and zones of ulna was determined.Result: It has been observed that 96.67% of the ulna had a single nutrient foramen, 1.33% double foramen and 2%had no nutrient foramen. It was concluded that 90% of the nutrient foramina were present on the anteriorsurface, 5.33% on anterior border and 4.67% on interosseous border It was also concluded that most (62.67%)of the foramina present in the zone II followed by zone I (23.33%) then by zone III (14%). All foramina weredirected toward the upper end of ulna.Conclusion: By knowing the number and location of the nutrient foramina in ulna would be useful in preventingintra-operative injury of nutrient artery during orthopedic, plastic and reconstructive surgery and will also berelevant in medico legal practice.
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Background: Radius is the lateral bone of forearm. It has anterior, interosseus and posterior surface. Anterior surface bears a nutrient canal at the upper end transmitting nutrient artery. Nutrient artery is the major source of blood supply of long bones mainly during growing period and early phase of ossification. Aim and objectives: Nutrient foramina is essential for nutrition and growth for long bones and also for survival of osteocytes in some procedures such as bone graft, tumor resection, congenital pseudoarthrosis, trauma and transplant techniques in orthopaedics. Study of nutrient foramina is important not only in academic purpose but also useful in medico-legal cases in relation to their position. Materials and methods: Present study was conducted in the department of Anatomy, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar. 110 dry adult and macerated human radii were selected for study. Results: In this study, out of 110 radii, 108 radii had single foramina and 2 radii had double nutrient foramina. Foraminal index was calculated which indicating nutrient foramina was near to the upper end. Conclusion: Nutrient foramen in radius was near to the upper end, so the lower end of radius is the growing end.
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Background: The external opening of the nutrient canal, usually referred to as the nutrient foramen has a particular position in each bone. An understanding of the position and number of the nutrient foramina in fibula is important, as this is one of the most common bones used in bone grafts, vascularized bone microsurgery and mandibular reconstruction. Nowadays fibula flap is the most accepted flaps used in the mandibular reconstruction especially in the malignancy of oral and oropharyngeal regions. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted in 160 dry human fibula obtained from department of Anatomy, N.S.C.B. Medical college Jabalpur {M.P.}. We have measured the different parameters in each bone according to standard method. Result: In our study we found that 95% bones possess single dominant nutrient foramina. According to Foraminal Index (FI), the position of most of foramina [97%] was fall in Type 2 (middle third of the fibula). The mean foraminal index (FI) was 39.66±5.29. The average total length (TL) of fibula was 35.80±2.53. Conclusion: To conclude that our study provides detailed data about the position and number of nutrient foramina of fibula that is considered as a determining factor for the success of new techniques for bone transplant and resection in orthopaedics.
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Background: An opening into the bone shaft for passage of blood vessels to the medullary cavity of a bone for its nourishment and growth is called as nutrient foramen. There is always a need for a greater understanding of nutrient foramina in upper limb bones such as the humerus, radius and ulna. So the aim of present study was to record the location, number and direction of nutrient foramina in long bones of the upper limb. Material and methods: A total number of 120 long bones (40 humeri, 40 radii and 40 ulnae) were used for the study. Results: In the results, 66% of the humeri had a single foramen, 18% had double foramina and 26% had no foramen. For the radii, 68% had a single nutrient foramen and 32% had no nutrient foramen 78% of the ulnae had a single nutrient foramen and 22% had no nutrient foramen. All the foramina except one (in the radius) were directed away from the growing end, that is, they were directed towards the elbow Conclusion: Information and details about nutrient foramina is of clinical importance, especially in surgical procedures like bone grafting and bone transplantation.
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Abstracts: Background & Objectives: Nutrient foramen is a natural opening into the shaft of a bone, allowing for passage of blood vessels into the medullary cavity. This study aims to determine the number, location, size and direction of nutrient foramina of long bones of the lower limb. Which information is very important in orthopedic surgical procedures. Methodology: This study consisted of 120 adult human cleaned and dried bones of the lower limbs. They were divided into three groups 40 bones of each. Were studied above mentioned. Measurements were taken with Vernier Caliper. Results: Number: 40% of the femurs had a single foramen, 60% had double foramina. For the tibia, 100% had a single nutrient foramen. 80% of the fibula had a single nutrient foramen and 20% had double nutrient foramen. Position: femur: Of the total 48 foramina, 8(16.6%) were in the proximal third (Type-1) and 40(83.3%) in the middle third (Type-2). Tibia: Of the total 30 foramina, 27(90%) were in the proximal third (Type-1) and 3(10%) were in the middle third (Type-2). There were no foramina in the distal third (Type- 3).Fibula: Of the total 36 foramina, 35(97.2%) existed in the middle third (Type-2) and 1(2.7%) were in the distal third (Type-3). There were no foramina in the proximal third (Type-1).In femur all foramina directed proximally & in tibia all are directed distally while in fibula total 36 nutrient foramina observed out of them, 28 (77.71%) was directed distally; while 8(22.2%) was proximally. Conclusion: The study confirmed previous reports regarding the number and position of the nutrient foramina in the long bones of the lower limbs. Information and details about these foramina is of clinical importance, especially in surgical procedures like bone grafting and microsurgical vascularized bone transplantation.
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Background: Anthropometry provides scientific method and technique for taking various measurements in different geographic regions and races. The femur is the weight bearing typical long bone of lower limb which extends from the pelvis to the knee. The anatomical knowledge of different dimensions of femur specially head and neck of the femur is very essential in anthropological and medico-legal practice for sex determination and as well as to radiologists, rheumatologists and orthopaedic surgeons for diagnosis and planning of treatment. Objectives: The objectives of present study to find out the measurements of Platymeric index,Robusticity index and Foraminal index. Materials and Methods: In present study have used 250 femurs from different colleges in south India. The following measurements were conducted Platymeric index, Robusticity index and Foraminal index for both right and left femur. Results: The results of present study are the Physiological length of left femur was 44.15+2.35 and right was 43.98+2.15, the Rubusticity index of left femur was 15.26+1.17 and right was 14.34+1.21the Platymetric index of left femur was 85.70+6.35 and right was 86.32+6.15, the Foraminal index of left femur was between 37-65% and right was 35-62%. Conclusion: The present study shows that there is significance different in between right and left femurs measurements. The anatomical knowledge of different dimensions of femur is very essential in anthropological and medico-legal practice for sex determination and as well as to radiologists, rheumatologists and orthopedic surgeons for diagnosis and planning of treatment.