Effect of forgetting curve based self-management on cognitive function， daily living ability and treatment efficacy of patients with mild cognitive impairment / 四川精神卫生

ObjectiveTo discuss the effect of forgetting curve based self-management on cognitive function， daily living ability and treatment efficacy of patients with mild cognitive impairment （MCI）. MethodsSimple random sampling method was adopted to enroll 162 MCI patients who met the diagnostic criteria of "Expert Consensus on the Prevention and Treatment of Cognitive Impairment in China" in Nanchong Physical and Mental Hospital and Gaoping Ledele Seniors-Oriented Apartment from April 2020 to June 2021. The selected individuals were classified into study group and control group according to random number table methods， each with 81 cases. Both groups received routine intervention， based on this， study group received the forgetting curve based self-management. The interventions lasted for 3 months in two groups， and patients were assessed using Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale （MoCA） and Activity of Daily Living Scale （ADL） at the baseline and end of interventions. Then the clinical efficacy was compared between groups. ResultsAfter intervention， an increase was found in MoCA and ADL scores in both groups （tcontrol group=25.004， 12.503， tstudy group=48.211， 24.949， P<0.01）， and post-intervention MoCA and ADL scores in study group were higher than those in control group （t=28.527， 9.433， P<0.01）. The overall efficacy rate was 86.42% in control group， which was lower than 96.30% in study group， with statistical difference （χ²=5.004， P<0.05）. ConclusionForgetting curve based self-management may ameliorate the cognitive function and daily living ability in MCI patients， thus improving the treatment efficacy.

Effect of Individualized Memory Rehabilitation Based on Forgetting Characteristics of Patients with Brain Injury / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective:To investigate the effect of individualized memory rehabilitation based on the forgetting characteristics in patients with brain injury (BI). Methods:From September, 2018 to October, 2019, 60 BI patients were randomly divided into routine memory training group (control group, n = 30) and individualized memory training group (observation group, n = 30). The observation group group was tested with forgetting characteristics pre-training. Both groups received memory training for four weeks, respectively. All patients were evaluated with Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test-2nd Edition (RBMT-II) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) pre- and post-training. Results:The total post-training scores of RBMT-II and MoCA were higher than the pre-training scores in both groups (|t| > 3.885, P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the total scores between two groups pre- and post-training (P > 0.05). The differences between post- and pre-training total scores of RBMT-II and MoCA were significantly higher in the observation group group than in the control group (|Z| > 3.757, P < 0.001). Conclusion:Memory rehabilitation training could improve memory abilities and general cognitive function of BI patients, and it is more effective to carry out individualized memory rehabilitation training based on the forgetting characteristics.

The Neural Mechanisms Underlying Forgetting and Its Correlations with Nervous System Diseases / 中国生物化学与分子生物学报

Forgetting is a critical component of the memory system.On the one hand, under physiological conditions, normal forgetting helps maintain the homeostasis of the brain memory system; on the other hand, abnormal forgetting is closely related to the occurrence and development of memory- related disorders under various neural pathological conditions.In another word, forgetting is for better memory.Forgetting of unpleasant or unnecessary memories is beneficial to update new information to adapt organisms to changing environment.Abnormal forgetting is usually associated with memory-related disorders.For example, patients with Alzheimer' s disease (AD) and epilepsy have symptoms of accelerated forgetting, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and autistic patients cannot forget unpleasant memories.Currently, the essential relation and distinction between normal forgetting under physiological conditions and abnormal forgetting under pathological conditions are still unclear, and how to improve the memory impairment of patients by regulating the forgetting proeess remains to be further studied.This review mainly foeuses on the involvement of Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Racl) , eell division cyele 42 (Cde42) , neurogenesis, microglia, dopamine and a-amino-3-hydroxy-5- methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic aeid receptors (AM PA receptors) in the regulation of forgetting under physiological conditions, and abnormal forgetting in various central pathological conditions such as AD, epilepsy, PTSD and autism, which will provide insight to the neuromolecular mechanism of forgetting and new ideas for the prevention and treatment of memory-related diseases.

The influence of unitization encoding strategy on directed forgetting effect of associative recognition / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective@#To investigate the influence of unitization encoding strategy and the moderating effect of unitization level on directed forgetting effect of associative recognition.@*Methods@#Association recognition paradigm combined with directed forgetting paradigm were employed in this study.The 39 participants acquired by simple random sampling were asked to remember or forget compound words or unrelated word pairs which were randomly presented according to cues.In the retrieval stage, they needed to distinguish " old" or " rearranged" word pairs regardless of the cues.@*Results@#(1) The reversed unitization effect reached significance. The discrimination of compound words (0.43±0.03) was lower than that of unrelated words (0.55±0.03) (F=27.27, P<0.001, ηp2=0.42). For the word pairs (to be remembered, TBR), the discrimination of compound words (0.43±0.03) was lower than that of unrelated words (0.59±0.03) (t=-6.05, P<0.001); for the word pairs (to be forgotten, TBF), the discrimination of compound words (0.43±0.03) was still lower than that of unrelated words (0.50±0.04) (t=-2.30, P=0.025). (2) The directed forgetting effect of associative recognition was significant.However, TBR (0.51±0.03) was more discriminative than TBF (0.46±0.03) (F=4.30, P=0.045, ηp2=0.10). But the difference was mainly reflected in the recognition of unrelated words.TBR (0.59±0.03) was more discriminative than TBF (0.50±0.04) (t=3.19, P=0.003). However, there was no significant difference between TBR (0.43±0.03) and TBF (0.43±0.03) in recognition of compound words.@*Conclusion@#The unitization encoding stratege can simultaneously promote hit rate and false alarm rate.The directed forgetting effect can be eliminated when unitization level is high enough.

Inhibition of Rac1-dependent forgetting alleviates memory deficits in animal models of Alzheimer's disease

Accelerated forgetting has been identified as a feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the therapeutic efficacy of the manipulation of biological mechanisms of forgetting has not been assessed in AD animal models. Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1), a small GTPase, has been shown to regulate active forgetting in Drosophila and mice. Here, we showed that Rac1 activity is aberrantly elevated in the hippocampal tissues of AD patients and AD animal models. Moreover, amyloid-beta 42 could induce Rac1 activation in cultured cells. The elevation of Rac1 activity not only accelerated 6-hour spatial memory decay in 3-month-old APP/PS1 mice, but also significantly contributed to severe memory loss in aged APP/PS1 mice. A similar age-dependent Rac1 activity-based memory loss was also observed in an AD fly model. Moreover, inhibition of Rac1 activity could ameliorate cognitive defects and synaptic plasticity in AD animal models. Finally, two novel compounds, identified through behavioral screening of a randomly selected pool of brain permeable small molecules for their positive effect in rescuing memory loss in both fly and mouse models, were found to be capable of inhibiting Rac1 activity. Thus, multiple lines of evidence corroborate in supporting the idea that inhibition of Rac1 activity is effective for treating AD-related memory loss.

Long-term spatial memory in humans trained in a virtual maze / Memória espacial de longo prazo em humanos treinados num labirinto virtual / Memoria espacial a largo plazo en humanos entrenados en un laberinto virtual

Abstract In this study we evaluated the long-term spatial memory in humans. A quasiexperimental design was used in which three groups of undergraduate students were trained in a virtual water maze to locate a hidden platform whose location was indicated by a set of cues. A pre-test without platform was performed prior to the training, and a post-test was conducted immediately after this (Group 0h), or after a retention interval of two (Group 48h) or seven days (Group 168h). For the pre-test, there was no evidence of preference for any area of the maze. Throughout the training trials, the time to find the goal decreased without differences between groups. During the post-test, all groups showed a preference for the reinforced quadrant, although the spent time, swimming distance, and accuracy of the search behavior in that area was equivalent between Group 0 h and Group 48 h, but higher than that shown by the Group 168 h. These data indicate changes in long-term spatial memory in humans, occurring after an interval of 48 h after its acquisition. The results are discussed on the basis of general memory processes and specific processes proposed by particular spatial memory theories. The clinical and comparative psychology implications are also addressed.

Resumo Neste estudo, avaliou-se a memória espacial de longo prazo em humanos. Para isso, empregou-se um desenho quase-experimental no qual se treinou três grupos de estudantes de graduação num labirinto virtual de água para localizar uma plataforma oculta cuja posição era sinalizada por um conjunto de chaves. Realizou-se um pré-teste sem plataforma antes do treinamento, e imediatamente depois se conduziu um pós-teste (Grupo 0 h), assim como depois de um intervalo de retenção de dois dias (Grupo 48 h) e de sete dias (Grupo 168 h). No pré-teste, não se encontrou evidência de preferência por alguma área do labirinto. Ao longo dos ensaios de treinamento, o tempo para encontrar a meta diminuiu sem diferenças entre grupos. Durante o pós-teste, todos os grupos mostraram uma preferência pelo quadrante reforçado, contudo o tempo de permanência, a distância de nado e a precisão do comportamento de busca nessa área foi equivalente entre o Grupo 0 h e o Grupo 48 h, embora maior à amostragem pelo Grupo 168 h. Esses dados indicam mudanças ocorridas 48 h depois da aquisição na memória espacial de longo prazo em humanos. Discutem-se os resultados a partir de processos gerais de memória e de processos específicos propostos por teorias particulares de memória espacial; ao final, abordam-se as implicações clínicas e pertinentes ao campo da psicologia comparada.

Resumen En este estudio se evaluó la memoria espacial a largo plazo en humanos. Para ello, se empleó un diseño cuasiexperimental en el que se entrenó a tres grupos de estudiantes de pregrado en un laberinto virtual de agua para localizar una plataforma oculta cuya ubicación era señalada por un conjunto de claves. Se realizó un pretest sin plataforma antes del entrenamiento, e inmediatamente después se condujo un postest (Grupo 0 h), así como después de un intervalo de retención de dos días (Grupo 48 h) y siete días (Grupo 168 h). En el pretest no se encontró evidencia de preferencia por alguna zona del laberinto. A lo largo de los ensayos de entrenamiento, el tiempo para encontrar la meta disminuyó sin diferencias entre grupos. Durante el postest, todos los grupos mostraron una preferencia por el cuadrante reforzado, sin embargo, el tiempo de permanencia, la distancia de nado y la precisión de la conducta de búsqueda en dicha zona fue equivalente entre el Grupo 0 h y el Grupo 48 h, aunque mayor a la mostrada por el Grupo 168 h. Estos datos indican cambios ocurridos 48 h después de la adquisición en la memoria espacial a largo plazo en humanos. Se discuten los resultados a partir de procesos generales de memoria y procesos específicos propuestos por teorías particulares de memoria espacial; y al final se abordan las implicaciones clínicas y pertinentes al campo de la psicología comparada.

Interferência retroativa: o esquecimento como uma interrupção na consolidação da memória / Interferencia retroactiva: olvido como una interrupción en la consolidación de la memoria / Retroactive interference: forgetting as an interruption of memory consolidation

O esquecimento é uma condição vivenciada diariamente pelos indivíduos e um conceito de extrema importância para a ciência da memória, apesar de sua experimentação ser complexa. Algumas teorias que tentam definir a ciência do esquecimento são apresentadas neste estudo, todavia, aqui focamos na Teoria da Interferência, principalmente na Interferência Retroativa (IR). A IR é a interferência que ocorre quando uma informação ou tarefa é inserida entre a apresentação de uma informação-alvo e sua posterior recordação. A IR pode ser explicada como uma competição de itens, mas atualmente surge a proposta que ela seja fruto da interrupção de um outro processo, chamado de Consolidação da Memória. A consolidação da memória é o processo através do qual as informações tornam-se estáveis, a partir de processos neurais posteriores ao registro inicial de uma informação que contribuem para o registro definitivo - ou, ao menos, mais duradouro - desta informação. A IR perturbaria estes processos posteriores à aprendizagem, resultando na perda destes materiais. O presente estudo visa propor a possibilidade da investigação mais aprofundada deste tópico para a melhor compreensão desse relevante conceito, visando aprofundar o conhecimento desta hipótese e outras possíveis causas do esquecimento.

El olvido es una condición experimentada diariamente por individuos y un concepto de suma importancia para la ciencia de la memoria, a pesar de que el proceso de experimentación sea complejo. En el presente estudio algunas teorías que tratan de definir la ciencia de olvido serán discutidas, sin embargo, aquí nos centramos en la teoría de la interferencia, especialmente en la interferencia retroactiva (IR). El IR es la interferencia que se produce cuando se introduce una información o tarea entre la presentación de una información-objetivo y su posterior recordación. El IR se puede explicar como un elemento de competencia entre los elementos, pero recientemente viene la propuesta de que es el resultado de la interrupción de otro proceso, llamado consolidación de la memoria. Consolidación de la memoria es el proceso por el cual ocurre la estabilización de la información, a partir de procesos neuronales posteriores al registro inicial de información que contribuyen al registro definitivo - o por lo menos, más duraderos - de esta información. El IR podría teóricamente perturbar estos procesos posteriores al aprendizaje, lo que resulta en la pérdida de estas informaciones. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo proponer una investigación mas profunda de este tema para comprender mejor este importante concepto, dirigido a profundizar el conocimiento de esta hipótesis y de otras posibles causas del olvido.

Although experimenting with forgetting is complex, forgetting is not only a condition experienced by individuals every day but also an extremely important concept in memory science. Some theories that attempt to define the science of forgetting are presented in this study; however, we have focused here on the theory of interference, retroactive interference (RI) in particular. RI is the interference that occurs when a task or piece of information is inserted between the presentation of target information and its subsequent recall. Although RI can be explained as competition between items, some have now proposed that it results from the interruption of the process of memory consolidation, through which information become stable; neural processes following the initial recording of information contribute to the definitive-or, at least, longer lasting-record of this information. RI disrupts post-learning processes, resulting in the loss of these materials. This study proposes a deeper investigation of RI and memory consolidation to obtain a better understanding of this important concept, seeking to deepen knowledge of this hypothesis and other possible causes of forgetting.

Sísifo em nós. Considerações a respeito de parcerias da SPPA com a comunidade / Sisyphus within us. Considerations regarding SPPA partnerships with the community

O texto coloca em discussão aspectos e questões relativas aos relatos da experiência de encontros de psicanalistas com educadores da Secretaria Municipal de Educação de Porto Alegre (SMED) e com jovens considerados vulneráveis socialmente. A perspectiva que o conduz advém das áreas das ciências humanas e sociais, como a filosofia, a história e a sociologia, buscando entrelaçamentos críticos com o referencial da prática psicanalítica operada junto ao setting grupal e social. Tendo sido objeto de uma apresentação oral, não comporta a citação de referências bibliográficas, tendo-se procurado, nesta versão adaptada, manter fidelidade à sua primeira apresentação no XVIII Simpósio de Psicanálise da Infância e Adolescência: impasses contemporâneos na psicanálise, promovido e realizado na Sociedade Psicanalítica de Porto Alegre, em junho de 2016(AU)

This text considers issues and questions related to experiential accounts of meetings between psychoanalysts, educators from the City Education Department of Porto Alegre (SMED), and socially vulnerable youth. The perspective guiding this enquiry stems from diverse areas of the human and social sciences, such as philosophy, history and sociology, seeking to create critical links referenced to psychoanalytic practice developed in conjunction with social and group settings. Having been originally delivered as an oral presentation, the paper does not provide citations or bibliographical references, having sought, in this adaptation, to keep the spirit as faithful as possible to its first presentation at the XVIII Psychoanalysis Symposium on Childhood and Adolescence: contemporary impasses in psychoanalysis, underwritten and produced by the Psychoanalytic Society of Porto Alegre, in June 2016(AU)

El texto pone en discusión aspectos y cuestiones relativos a informes sobre la experiencia de los encuentros de los psicoanalistas con profesores del Departamento Municipal de Educación de Porto Alegre (SMED) y con jóvenes considerados socialmente vulnerables. La perspectiva que nos orienta proviene de las áreas de las ciencias humanas y sociales, como la filosofía, la historia y la sociología, en busca de entrelazamientos críticos referenciados a una práctica psicoanalítica operada conjuntamente con los entornos grupal y social. Por haber sido una presentación oral, no incluye referencias bibliográficas, habiendo buscado en esta versión adaptada mantener una fidelidad con su primera presentación en el XVIII Simposio de Psicoanálisis de la Infancia y Adolescencia: impasses contemporáneos en el psicoanálisis, promovido y realizado en la Sociedad Psicoanalítica de Porto Alegre, en junio de 2016(AU)

Directed forgetting effect to disease/death-related words in elder people / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To explore the directed forgetting ability of elder people to disease/death-related words under the conditions of the neutral and negative emotion.Methods:Thirty-six elder people and thirty-seven young people were included in this study.The directed forgetting effects to disease/death-related words were compared by using item-method directed forgetting paradigm under the neutral and negative emotional conditions.Results:Under the neutral and negative emotion conditions,higher recognition of to-be-remembered (TBR) than to-be-forgotten (TBF) words in elder group and younger group (Ps ＜ 0.05).The elder group showed the weaker effect of directed forgetting than younger group[neutral emotion:(0.4 ± 0.1) vs.(0.6 ± 0.1);negative emotion:(0.3 ± 0.1) vs.(0.7 ± 0.04),Ps ＜ 0.05].Under the negative emotion condition,elder people showed stronger effect of directed forgetting for sensitive words compared with control words[(0.4 ± 0.1) vs.(0.1 ± 0.1),P ＜ 0.001].Conclusion:The results suggest that the directed forgetting ability of elderly is weaker than that of young individuals,the ability of non-sensitive words than that with sensitive words,and the directed forgetting effect of elder people tonon-sensitive words in negative emotion is weaker than that in neutral emotion.

Characteristics of Picture Forgetting in Closed Traumatic Brain Injury Patients during Recovery / 中国康复理论与实践

@# Objective To investigate the characteristic of picture forgetting in closed traumatic brain injury (CTBI) patients during recovery. Methods From October, 2012 to August, 2013, 60 colour slides of target or interference picture were presented to 38 CTBI patients during recovery and 31 matched healthy controls. Their discriminability index (d′) was observed 10 minutes, 30 minutes and 24 hours later. Results Forteen patients failed to attain d′ of 2.0 10 minutes later, and were excluded from further study. The d′ of the other 24 patients was less than that of the controls 10 minutes, 30 minutes and 24 hours later (t>2.044, P<0.05). The d′ in the patients was more of 10 minutes and 30 minutes than that of 24 hours (P<0.05). Conclusion Some patients with CTBI during recovery exhibit impairment in acquisition of pictorial information, and accelerated forgetting is found in the others without impairment.

El olvido de la historia y la compulsión a repetirla: aportes para pensar la psicología de los pueblos / The forgetting of history and the compulsion to repeat: contributions to think the psychology of peoples

Este artículo teórico se propone hacer una reflexión del proverbio popular "los pueblos que olvidan su historia están condenados a repetirla" a la luz del concepto psicoanalítico de compulsión a la repetición. Para ello, se hace una revisión de dicho concepto en los textos de Freud y de Lacan, para explorar hasta qué punto él fue utilizado por estos autores para pensar fenómenos de masa en los que hay repetición de la historia. El método utilizado para dicha exploración es el paradigma indiciario, aplicable en la investigación psicoanalítica, en la medida en que prioriza lo irrepetible, lo singular, lo original. Los resultados de esta revisión teórica muestran cómo, si bien ni Freud ni Lacan utilizaron el concepto de compulsión a la repetición para aplicarlo a la psicología de los pueblos, él resulta útil para explicar dicha psicología de las masas en el fenómeno que aquí se aborda: la repetición de la historia cuando esta es olvidada, es decir, reprimida.

This theoretical article seeks to reflect upon the popular proverb that reads, "those who forget their history are doomed to repeat it," in light of the psychoanalytic concept of repetition compulsion. To that aim, the concept is revised in Freud ́s and Lacan ́s texts to explore to what extent they used it to explain mass phenomen in which there is repetition of history. The method used for this exploration is the evidential paradigm, applicable in psychoanalytic research as it prioritizes what is unrepeatable, singular, and original. The results of this search show that, even though neither Freud nor Lacan used it for that purpose, the concept of repetition compulsion is useful to explain mass psychology as regards the phenomenon herein studied: the repetition of history when it is forgotten, that is, repressed.

Haptic memory and forgetting: a systematic review / Memória háptica e esquecimento: uma revisão sistemática

Memory is a multiple system composed of encoding, storage and retrieval of information subsystems. The memory tactile, haptic memory submodality is connected to haptic perception; it concerns the active manipulation of objects. This study is a systematic review related to forgetting occurred in haptic memory. Articles was sought in electronic databases PsycINFO, PubMed, and Web of Science, using the keywords "haptic memory", "touch memory", "tactile memory", "tactual memory" separately, and then combined with the word "forgetting". These words were identified in 1655 publications. But lastly, six articles published between 2002 and 2012 were selected by a set of inclusion criteria. Largely referred to studies that used behavioral methods recognition procedures, and using real objects. However, the types of memory test used and the number of objects and the time interval between sessions of study and test had great variation.

A memória é um sistema múltiplo constituído por subsistemas de codificação, armazenamento e recuperação de informações. A memória tátil relaciona submodalidades da memória e percepção háptica e se trata da manipulação ativa dos objetos. Este estudo trata-se de uma revisão sistemática sobre o esquecimento ocorrido na memória háptica. Buscou-se nas bases de dados eletrônicas PsycINFO, PubMed, e Web of Science, utilizando as palavras-chave "haptic memory", "touch memory", "tactile memory", "tactual memory" de forma separada, e posteriormente combinadas com a palavra "forgetting". Essas palavras foram identificadas em 1.655 publicações, das quais foram selecionados por um conjunto de critérios de inclusão, seis artigos publicados entre 2002 e 2012. Grande parte dos estudos remeteu-se a métodos comportamentais sobre o reconhecimento de objetos reais. Contudo, os tipos de teste de memória utilizados, bem como o número de objetos e o intervalo de tempo entre as sessões de teste tiveram grande variação.

Los conductores re-examinados: El transcurso del tiempo deteriora significativamente los conocimientos de los conductores / Re-examined drivers: Significant deterioration on knowledge of drivers over time

Dos mil cinco conductores, 1204 hombres y 801 mujeres, una muestra representativa de la población española de conductores, fueron nuevamente examinados utilizando un cuestionario que reproducía fielmente un examen de conducir realizado por la Dirección General de Tráfico (DGT). Las preguntas fueron clasificadas en "muy importantes", "importantes" y "poco importantes". El 96.5 % de los conductores, suspendió el examen. Los resultados eran tanto peores cuanto más tiempo había transcurrido desde la obtención del permiso de conducir. Esto era independiente de la importancia de las preguntas, de la mayor o menor frecuencia de conducción y afectaba por igual a hombres y mujeres. Las mujeres obtienen mejores puntuaciones en señalización mientras que los hombres son mejores en las preguntas de seguridad vial. Los resultados también demostraban que los conductores profesionales y los de mayor nivel educativo sufren un menor deterioro. Tales resultados nos llevan a considerar la relación que estos datos puedan tener en los niveles de accidentalidad y la conveniencia de establecer pautas para la actualización del conocimiento de los conductores. Finalmente, se discute la relevancia que el examen que se utiliza para obtener el permiso de conducir tiene como indicador o predictor de una futura conducción segura.

Two thousand and five drivers, 1204 men and 801 women, a representative sample of the Spanish drivers, were re-examined using a questionnaire that faithfully reproduced a driving test conducted by the Directorate General of Traffic (DGT). Items were classified as "very important", "important" and "unimportant." 96.5% of drivers did not pass the test. The results were much worse the more time had elapsed since obtaining the driving license. These results were independent of the importance of the items, the greater or lesser frequency of driving and applied equally to men and women. Women perform better signalling while men are better at questions of road safety. Results also showed that the loss of knowledge was lower in those drivers who had higher education training and professional drivers. The results lead us to consider the relationship that these data may have on levels of accidents and the desirability of establishing guidelines for updating the knowledge of the drivers. Finally, the relevance of the test used to obtain a driver's license as an indicator or predictor of safe driving is discussed.

Directed forgetting: an ERP research on postgraduate / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To investigate neural correlates of directed forgetting. Methods ERP was recorded from 12 healthy postgraduates while they performed a directed forgetting task based on the item-cueing method. During the study phase, each word was followed by a cue indicated that it need to be remembered, to be forgotten or just to be viewed. During the test phase, subjects were asked to make an old/new recognition response. One-way ANOVA of repeated-measurement and paired comparisons were carried out for the cue factor. Results Both of the accuracy and reaction time of the TBR group were significantly superior to those of the other two groups. No significant behavioral effect was found between the TBF group and the TBV group. In the study phase, statistical parametric mapping of ERP suggested the cue effects were presented in the frontal poles ( 200～300 ms ) and the parietal regions (300～400 ms) ,the left fronto-parietal and the right occipital region (450～700 ms). The difference between the TBF and the TBV was significant in the left parietal area (500～525 ms) and has the significant trend in the right frontal area ( 350～600 ms). In the retrieval phase, the old/new effects of ERP occurred in the left fro-nto-temporal (300～450 ms) for the TBF cue. Conclusions The TBF cue and the TBV cue have the equivalent behavioral performance. During the study period, the activation of the right frontal lobe and the left parietal suggests the active inhibition evoked by the TBF cue. And the TBR cue can enhance the rehearsal function of left hemisphere and improve the memory performance of words. The retrieval of the items of TBF is based on more familiarity and less recollection.

Hipermnesia y rmminiscencia: dos fenómenos de rcuperación incremental de inforrmación de la memoria / Hypermnesia nd rreminiscence: two phenomena of incremental rcovery of inforrmation from memory

La hipermnesia se define por incrementos graduales en la recuperación de información de la memoria como resultado de ensayos múltiples de recuerdo y después de una sola fase de aprendizaje. La reminiscencia se define por la recuperación de elementos individuales de información no reportados en ensayos previos de recuerdo. El presente artículo proporciona una descripción del paradigma de estudio de estos fenómenos. Además, se mencionan los antecedentes históricos, las principales hipótesis propuestas para su explicación, las investigaciones actuales y sus posibles aplicaciones en el área del testimonio de testigos, la educación y la psicología clínica. Por ultimo, se señala la importancia del estudio de estos procesos de memoria y las nuevas tendencias de investigación.

Hypermnesia is defined as gradual increases in information recovery from memory as result of multiple recall trials and after a single learning phase. Reminiscence is defined by recovery of single information elements not reported in recall trials previously. The present article provides a description of study paradigm of this phenomenon. In addition, historical background, main proposed hypotheses for its explanations, current research and possible applications in the area of eyewitness testimony, education and clinical psychology are mentioned. Finally, it is point out the importance of the study of these processes of memory and the new tendencies in research.

Esquecimento organizacional e suas consequências no processo de aprendizagem organizacional / Organizational forgetting and its consequences for the process of organizational learning

Este artigo apresenta uma revisão da literatura sobre o tema "esquecimento organizacional" e suas consequências no processo de aprendizagem organizacional. O objetivo da revisão é mostrar a importância atribuída ao esquecimento organizacional, considerando que acreditamos que ele interfere no processo da aprendizagem. Na literatura, percebe-se haver grande interesse na aprendizagem como um diferencial competitivo na busca por resultados. Por outro lado, parecem ser subvalorizados o esquecimento organizacional e seus desdobramentos nos processos de aprendizagem organizacional.

The intentional forgetting to emotional words of PTSD children after Wenchuan earthquake 18 months / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To compare the ability of intentional forgetting to emotional words of post traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) children and normal children by item method after Wenchuan earthquake 18 months.Methods Twenty PTSD children who met with CCMD-3 and DSM-Ⅳ criteria and twenty control group children were investigated. Sixteen positive and sixteen negative words were adopted as materials. PTSD children accomplished the words learning, arithmetical operation and memory tests ( include free recall, words completion and words recognition) in orderly. Results ( 1 )The free recall accuracy of PTSD children to positive words was significant high than negative words( (0.32 ±0.11 ), (0.28 ±0.10), P＜0.05). The free recall accuracy of control group to positive words was significant high than negative words ( (0.37 ± 0.09 ), (0.34 ± 0.13 ), P＜ 0.05 ). ( 2 )The words completion accuracy of PTSD children to positive words was significant low than negative words( (0.38± 0.12 ), (0.49 ± 0.12 ), P ＜ 0.05 ). The words completion accuracy of control group to positive words was significant low than negative words ( (0.39 ± 0.15 ), (0.56 ± 0.14 ), P ＜ 0.01 ). ( 3 ) There was no difference of words recognition accuracy of PTSD children to positive and negative words ( ( 0.64 ± 0. 19 ), (0.63 ± 0. 16), P ＞0. 05). There was no difference of words recognition accuracy of control group to positive and negative words ((0.64 ± 0. 16), (0.65 ±0. 19), P ＞ 0. 05). Conclusion There is a significant intentional forgetting effect on emotional words in PTSD children and normal children, and this effect were influenced not only by selective rehearsal but also retrieval inhibition.

Performance of Verbal Memory Tasks in Patients with Schizophrenia / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: Memory deficits in patients with schizophrenia have been well established, but it is still unclear how memory performance changes during verbal learning tasks. This study was designed to assess the pattem of verbal learning and memory performance to test the inefficiency of encoding processes in learning of schizophrenia. METHOD: Subjects consisted of 26 patients with schizophrenia who were unmedicated for atleast seven days and 22 normal controls who were matched for age,sex,and education. Verbal memory and learning were evaluated with computerized tasks composed of three consecutive immediate recall trials, a yes/no recognition test, and a delayed recall trial of a word list. RESULTS: Thepatients with schizophrenia showed significant learning deficits characterized by impaired immediate recall performance and poor learning of a word list. However, both verbal recognition performance and forgetting were comparable in both groups. Word clustering correlated significantly with recall performance. Clustering of patients decreased significantly over immediate and delay recall tasks and showed poor increase during consecutive recall tasks. CONCLUSION: Thest findings indicate that verbal learning and mnemonic strategy are impaired but learned information appears to be preserved in patients with schizophrenia. The results are consistent with the notion that a learning deficit is closely related with impaired encoding precesses in schizophrenia.