Descarte de medicamentos e os impactos ambientais: uma revisão integrativa da literatura / Disposal of drugs and the ensuing environmental impacts: an integrative review of the literature

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é investigar as evidências nacionais e internacionais disponíveis sobre o descarte de medicamentos e os impactos em matrizes ambientais. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura realizada nas bases de dados PubMed, SciELO e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) e que incluiu artigos em inglês, espanhol e português publicados entre 2010 e 2020. Foram selecionados 26 artigos, que evidenciaram o descarte incorreto de medicamentos por profissionais e consumidores devido, principalmente, à falta de conhecimentos sobre os impactos ambientais que esses podem ocasionar. Estudos apontaram a contaminação de água, esgoto e sedimentos por fármacos descartados de forma incorreta. Além disso, observou-se que seres vivos aquáticos podem ser impactados pela presença de medicamentos em matrizes ambientais. O descarte de medicamentos incorreto ainda é uma realidade nas evidências avaliadas, que promove a contaminação de matrizes ambientais e muitas vezes não é removido por estações de tratamento de águas residuárias e interfere no equilíbrio da vida ambiental.

Abstract The scope of this article is to investigate the national and international evidence available on the forms of drug disposal and the presence of drugs in environmental matrices. It involved an integrative review of the literature conducted in the PubMed, SciELO and Virtual Health Library (VHL) databases, which included articles in English, Spanish and Portuguese published between 2010 and 2020. Twenty-six articles were selected, which revealed the incorrect disposal of medicines by professionals and consumers due mainly to the lack of knowledge about the environmental impacts that they may cause. Studies have highlighted the contamination of water, sewage and sediments by incorrectly discarded drugs. Furthermore, it was observed that aquatic living creatures can be impacted by the presence of drugs in environmental matrices. The incorrect disposal of drugs continues to be a reality in the evidence assessed, which leads to the contamination of environmental matrices and is often not removed by wastewater treatment plants and interferes with the equilibrium of environmental life.

Formulation and evaluation of Buccal mucoadhesive tablets of diclofenac sodium using 23 factorial designs

Buccal tablets

Diclofenac sodium

Drug release

Mucoadhesion

Mucoadhesive tablets

Release kinetics

Simultaneous determination of 6 kinds of N-nitrosamines genotoxic impurities in losartan potassium raw material and its formulations by GC-MS/MS / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To establish a method for simultaneous determination of the contents of 6 kinds of N-nitrosamines genotoxic impurities in losartan potassium raw material and its formulations. METHODS GC-MS/MS was adopted to determine 6 kinds of N-nitrosamines genotoxic impurities in losartan potassium raw material， Losartan potassium tablet， Losartan potassium capsule and Losartan potassium hydrochlorothiazide tablets， such as N-nitrosodimethylamine （NDMA）， N-nitrosodiethylamine （NDEA）， N-ethyl-N-nitroso-2-propanamine （NEiPA）， N-nitrosodiisopropylamine （NDiPA）， N-nitrosodipropylamine （NDPA） and N-nitrosodibutylamine （NDBA）. The separation was performed on SHIMADZU SH-L-17Sil MS capillary column by temperature- programmed GC， with injector temperature of 250 ℃ ， sample size of 1 μL， carrier gas of helium， and carrier flow rate of 1 mL/min. Electron ionization and multiple reaction monitoring （MRM） data acquisition mode were used， with an ion source temperature of 250 ℃ and solvent delay time of 3.1 min. RESULTS The separation among NDMA， NDEA， NEiPA， NDiPA， NDPA， NDBA and adjacent chromatographic peaks was good， and the separation rate was higher than 3.8； the linear ranges of them were 4.9-486.0， 4.9-488.5， 4.5-451.5， 6.8-683.5， 5.2-525.0 and 5.2-520.0 ng/mL（all r≥0.999 8）. The limits of quantitation were 4.86， 4.88， 4.52， 6.84， 5.25 and 5.20 ng/mL； the limits of detection were 0.97， 0.98， 0.90， 1.37， 1.05 and 1.04 ng/mL. RSDs of repeatability tests were 2.2%-5.6%（n＝6）， those of precision tests were 0.5%-1.4%（n＝6）， and those of stability tests were 1.5%-3.4%（n＝5）， respectively. Average recoveries of low-， medium- and high-concentration solution were 83.4%-103.0% （RSDs were 1.2%-6.3%， n＝3）， respectively. No one among the 6 kinds of N-nitrosamines genotoxic impurities was detected in both losartan potassium raw material and formulations. CONCLUSIONS The method is good in separation effect， highly accurate， sensitive and simple. It can be used in the determination of the 6 kinds of N-nitrosamines genotoxic impurities.

Caracterización fisicoquímica y evaluación in vitro de sistemas autoemulsionables de liberación de indometacina

Objetivo: incorporar la indometacina en sistemas autoemulsionables de liberación con la finalidad de aumentar su solubilidad en medio acuoso, la velocidad de disolución y permeación in vitro. Metodología: se llevaron a cabo ensayos de solubilidad al equilibrio para preparar formulaciones con los excipientes, en los cuales la indome-tacina presentó mayor incremento de solubilidad; los sistemas fueron caracterizados por medio del tiempo de autoemulsificación, estabilidad física, tamaño de partícula, potencial zeta, perfiles de disolución y permeación a través de membrana sintética. Resultados: el diseño experimental de los sistemas autoemulsionables de liberación permitió crear formulaciones que aumentaron la solubilidad de la indometacina en un orden de 105 veces con respecto a la solubilidad acuosa. Las formulaciones que resultaron viables presentaron tiempos de autoemulsificación menores que 60 segundos, además, las distribuciones de tamaño de partícula de las dispersiones fueron inferiores a los 300 nm, presentó índices de polidispersión inferiores a 0,3 y valores de potencial zeta menores de -25 mV. Los perfiles de disolución mostraron que las formulaciones cumplen con un valor de factor de similitud mayor que 50, además, la permeabilidad a través de membrana sintética es mayor para las formulaciones autoemulsionables que el producto de referencia. Conclusiones: la formulación de indometacina en sistemas autoemulsionables de liberación incrementa la solubilidad en medio acuoso, aumenta la disolución y liberación. Estos resultados sugieren que la administración oral de indometacina incorporada en sistemas autoe-mulsionables puede acelerar el inicio del efecto farmacológico.

SUMMARY Aim: To load indomethacin into self-emulsifying delivery systems in order to increase, water-solubility, rate dissolution and in vitro permeation. Methodology: Equilibrium solubility tests were carried out to prepare formulations with the excipients, in which indomethacin presented a greater increase in solubility; the systems were characterized by self-emulsification time, physical stability, particle size, zeta potential, dissolution profiles and permeation through synthetic membrane. Results: The experimental design of self-emulsifying delivery systems allowed to create formulations that increase the solubility of indomethacin in an order of 105 times with respect to the aqueous solubility. The feasible formulations presented autoemulsification times less than 60 seconds, in addition, the particle size distributions of the dispersions were less than 300 nm, with polydispersity index smaller than 0.3, and zeta potential values lower than -25 mV. The dissolution profiles showed that the formulations comply with a similarity factor value greater than 50, in addition, the permeability through a synthetic membrane is higher for the self-emulsifying formulations than the reference product. Conclusion: The formulation of indomethacin into self-emulsifying delivery systems enhances the solubility in aqueous medium, increases dissolution and accelerate release. These results suggest that the oral administration of indomethacin incorporated into self-emulsifying delivery systems can accelerate the onset of the pharmacological effect.

Objetivo: incorporar a indometacina em sistemas de liberação autoemulsificantes a fim de aumentar sua solubilidade em meio aquoso, a taxa de dissolução e permeação in vitro. Metodologia: foram realizados testes de solubilidade de equilíbrio para preparar formulações com os excipientes, nas quais a indometacina apresentou maior aumento na solubilidade; os sistemas foram caracterizados quanto ao tempo de autoemulsificação, estabilidade física, tamanho de partícula, potencial zeta, perfis de dissolução e permeação através de membrana sintética. Resultados: o desenho experimental dos sistemas de liberação autoemulsificantes permitiu a criação de formulações que aumentaram a solubilidade da indometacina na ordem de 105 vezes em relação à solubilidade aquosa. As formulações que se mostraram viáveis apresentaram tempos de autoemulsificação inferiores a 60 segundos, além disso, as distribuições granulométricas das dispersões foram inferiores a 300 nm, apresentaram índices de polidispersidade inferiores a 0,3 e valores de potencial zeta inferiores a -25 mV. Os perfis de dissolução mostraram que as formulações atendem a um valor de fator de similaridade maior que 50, além disso, a permeabilidade através da membrana sintética é maior para as formulações autoemulsionantes do que para o produto de referência. Conclusões: a formulação de indometacina em sistemas de liberação autoemulsificantes aumenta a solubilidade em meio aquoso, aumenta a dissolução e a liberação. Esses resultados sugerem que a administração oral de indometacina incorporada em sistemas autoemulsificantes pode acelerar o início do efeito farmacológico.

The gelling properties of Dillenia indica mucilage in benzyl benzoate emulgel formulations

Abstract The objective of the study was to evaluate the gelling properties of Dillenia indica mucilage in benzyl benzoate emulgel formulation. Mucilage was extracted from the fruits of Dillenia indica using established methods and characterized by rheology and swelling. Emulsion (F1) was prepared using the continental emulsification method. Gelling agents (2 %w /v) were prepared by dispersing in distilled water with constant stirring at a moderate speed using a magnetic stirrer. F1 was added to the gel (0-75 %w /w) to obtain emulgel formulations and evaluated using viscosity, globule size, pH, release profiles and kinetic modeling. Data were expressed as mean ± SD, and similarity factor (f2) was used to compare all formulations. Formulation viscosity was significantly higher with carbopol than with Dillenia; globule sizes increased with concentration of gelling agents, and pH reduced as the concentration of Dillenia increased. All formulations showed controlled release properties with t80 ranging between 114 and 660 min. The release was governed by Korsmeyer-Peppas model. Formulation F5 prepared with 50 % Dillenia showed highest similarity to F4 prepared with 75 %w /w carbopol. Dillenia indica demonstrated acceptable gelling properties comparable with that of carbopol and could be improved for use in emulgel formulations.

Development and evaluation of topical formulations that contain hydroethanolic extract from Schinus terebinthifolia against HSV-1 infection

Abstract The therapeutic drugs to treat Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections have toxic side effects and there has been an emergence of drug-resistant strains. Therefore, the search for new treatments for HSV infections is mounting. In the present study, semi-solid formulations containing a crude hydroethanolic extract (CHE) from Schinus terebinthifolia were developed. Skin irritation, cutaneous permeation, and in vivo therapeutic efficacy of the formulations were investigated. Treatment with the ointment formulations did not result in any signs of skin irritation while the emulsions increased the thickness of the epidermis in Swiss mice. The cutaneous permeation test indicated that the CHE incorporated in the formulations permeated through the skin layers and was present in the epidermis and dermis even 3 h after topical application. In vivo antiviral activity in BALB/c mice treated with the CHE ointments was better than those treated with the CHE emulsions and did not significantly differ from an acyclovir-treated group. Taken together, this suggests that the incorporation of CHE in the ointment may be a potential candidate for the alternative topical treatment of herpetic lesions.

Fighting type 2 diabetes: Formulation strategies for peptide-based therapeutics

Diabetes mellitus is a major health problem with increasing prevalence at a global level. The discovery of insulin in the early 1900s represented a major breakthrough in diabetes management, with further milestones being subsequently achieved with the identification of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and the introduction of GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) in clinical practice. Moreover, the subcutaneous delivery of biotherapeutics is a well-established route of administration generally preferred over the intravenous route due to better patient compliance and prolonged drug absorption. However, current subcutaneous formulations of GLP-1 RAs present pharmacokinetic problems that lead to adverse reactions and treatment discontinuation. In this review, we discuss the current challenges of subcutaneous administration of peptide-based therapeutics and provide an overview of the formulations available for the different routes of administration with improved bioavailability and reduced frequency of administration.

Why the "sugars" in traditional Unani formulations are a pivotal component: A viewpoint perspective / 中西医结合学报

Traditional medicine systems around the globe, like Unani, Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine, include a number of sugar-based formulations, which contain a large amount of saccharide-containing sweetener, such as honey, sucrose or jaggery. With pervasive lifestyle disorders throughout the world, there have been discussions to consider alternative sweetening agents. Here, from the perspective of Unani medicine, we discuss how the saccharide-based sweeteners may be an essential component of these traditional preparations, like electuaries, which may be deprived of their bioactivities without these saccharides. With contemporary researches, it is known that apart from their own therapeutic effects, saccharides also form deep eutectic solvents which help in enhancing the bioactivity of other ingredients present in crude drugs. In addition, they provide energy for fermentation which is essential for biotransformation of compounds. Interestingly, the sugars also increase the shelf-life of these compound drugs and act as natural preservatives. On the basis of this review, we strongly believe that saccharide-based sweeteners are an essential component of traditional medicines and not merely an excipient.

Advances in new benzimidazole formulations and their anti- Echinococcus activities / 中华地方病学杂志

Echinococcosis is a serious zoonosis parasitic disease caused by the parasitic larva of Echinococcus. Surgical treatment, as the preferred treatment of echinococcosis, has disadvantages such as small scope of application, difficulty in complete resection, high postoperative recurrence rate and heavy burden on patients. Drug therapy is not only a necessary supplement to the preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative treatment of echinococcosis patients, but also the first choice when surgical treatment is not applicable. This article reviews the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of benzimidazole drugs, and summarizes the anti- Echinococcus activities of different benzimidazole formulations, it will provide a reference for future exploration of echinococcosis treatment drugs.

Application of redox reactions for the determination of valganciclovir hydrochloride in pharmaceuticals

Two simple, selective and sensitive spectrophotometric methods were developed and validated for the determination of valganciclovir hydrochloride (VLGH) in pure drug and tablets. The first method was based on the reduction of iron(III) to iron(II) by VLGH and subsequent formation of iron(III)-ferricyanide complex (Prussian blue) in acid medium which was measured at 730 nm (method A). In the second method (method B), permanganate was reduced by VLGH to bluish green manganate in alkaline medium and the absorbance was measured at 610 nm. The absorbance measured in each case was related to VLGH concentration. The experimental conditions were carefully studied and optimized. Beer's law was obeyed over the concentration ranges of 2.5-20.0 and 2.0-40.0 µg mL-1 for method A and method B, respectively, with corresponding molar absorptivity values of 1.28×104 and 6.88×103 L mol-1 cm-1. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.11 and 0.33 µg mL-1 (method A) and 0.21 and 0.64 µg mL-1 (method B). Within-day and between-day relative standard deviations (%RSD) at three different concentrations levels were < 2.4%, and the respective relative errors (%RE) were ≤ 3%. The proposed methods were successfully applied to the determination of VLGH in tablets, and the results confirmed that the proposed methods were equally precise and accurate as the official method.

Studies on wound healing potential of topical herbal formulations- do we need to strengthen study protocol?

Healing of wound is a normal biological process that occurs naturally as long as it is not obstructed byinfection. Many monoherbal and polyherbal formulations have been reported to hasten/acceleratewound healing activity in freshly prepared incisional and excisional experimental wound models. In thepresent review, an attempt has been made to throw light on importance of microbial infection in theprocess of wound healing and antimicrobial activity of herbal formulations. Different herbal formulationshave been reported to hasten/accelerate the process of wound healing by enhancing epitheliazation,neovascularization, formation of granulation tissue, collagen synthesis, wound contraction, tensilestrength, etc. As these studies have been conducted in freshly prepared non-infected wounds, it isdifficult to ascertain the wound healing potential of these formulations in absence of microbial colonization/infection and results are not justifiable because the healing is limited to non-infected wounds. Itwould be more appropriate to ascertain the wound healing potential and not hastening/accelerating thewound healing property of newer herbal formulations on wound healing in experimental animals inpresence of colonization/infection. Hence, it is recommended to strengthen these study protocols furtherusing suitable controls to find out the antimicrobial activities of herbal formulations and their effect onwounds colonized/infected with pathogenic microbes in significant numbers to achieve moremeaningful and concrete conclusions.© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Institute of Transdisciplinary Health Sciencesand Technology and World Ayurveda Foundation. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-NDlicense (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Approaches for preparation methods of Murakkab, an Unani formulation

Murakkab drugs of Unani medicine have remained an important aspect of disease treatment since antiquity. Physicians prepared different formulations for various diseases. The formulations thus preparedhave always been of two categories. One category of Murakkab drugs was those which were formulatedempirically and remained in use without conceptual framework behind these formulations. These formulations were categorized as Mujarrab (tested) formulations. The other category of formulations wasprepared in consideration with theoretical framework of Mizaj (temperament) and Usoole ilaj (treatmentstrategy) and then tested by physicians. This category forms a large chunk of formulations in the formulary sections of the literature of Unani medicine. Present paper explores various approaches forformulating Murakkab drugs of the second category keeping in view the actions of the ingredients of thedrug formulation, and treatment strategy of the disease for which the formulation was prepared. Itelucidates the approaches of formulating compound drug formulations with the logic of includingvarious individual ingredients. The study exemplifies two compound formulations to illustrate the approaches used to formulate compound formulations of Unani medicine.© 2017 Transdisciplinary University, Bangalore and World Ayurveda Foundation. Publishing Services byElsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Análise comparativa de Ibuprofeno em diferentes formulações farmacêuticas através da espectroscopia Raman / Comparative analysis of Ibuprofen in different pharmaceutical formulations by Raman spectroscopy

Objetivo ­ Avaliar o uso da espectroscopia Raman como possível instrumento para a detecção do Ibuprofeno em diferentes formulações farmacêuticas a fim de se propor uma metodologia a ser utilizada em processos de controle de qualidade na produção destes medicamentos. Métodos ­ 05 amostras de cada grupo do medicamento (referência, genérico e similar) concentrado em 100 mg/dL, foram submetidas a espectroscopia Raman (espectrômetro dispersivo com 830 nm e 300 mW de excitação acoplado a um cabo de fibras ópticas Raman probe) e as aquisições foram replicadas 10 vezes de 3 segundos, com exposição total de 30 s para a coleta de cada espectro. Resultados ­ Ao se comparar o medicamento similar com o de referência, percebem-se picos mais elevados e largos no similar, principalmente nos deslocamentos de 510, 660 e 884 cm­1. Já os espectros dos medicamentos de referência e genérico mostraram-se mais semelhantes entre si. Conclusão ­ As três apresentações comerciais contêm o princípio ativo Ibuprofeno, porém os picos em diferentes intensidades sugerem diferentes concentrações nas formulações avaliadas.

Objective ­ To evaluate the use of Raman spectroscopy as a possible instrument for the detection of ibuprofen in different pharmaceutical formulations in order to propose a methodology to be used in quality control processes in the production of these drugs. Methods ­ 05 samples from each drug group (reference, 100 mg / dL, were subjected to Raman spectroscopy (830 nm dispersive spectrometer and 300 mW excitation coupled to a Raman probe fiber optic cable) and acquisitions replicated 10 times 3 seconds with exposure 30 s total for the collection of each spectrum. Results ­ When comparing the similar drug with the reference drug, higher and broader peaks in the similar one can be noticed, especially in the displacements of 510, 660 and 884 cm­1. Already the spectra of reference and generic drugs were more similar to each other. Conclusion ­ The three commercial presentations contain the active ingredient Ibuprofen, but the peaks at different intensities suggest different concentrations in the formulations evaluated.

Comparison of safety and toxicity of liposomal versus conventional Doxorubicin: an updated review

Cancer persists to be a major cause of hospitalization and death every year. With the passage of time, new formulations of anticancer drugs are being introduced to the market and are drawing the concern of healthcare professionals in terms of the superiority, toxicology, and cost-effectiveness of the new formulations in comparison to the conventional formulation of the same drugs. Doxorubicin, a highly potent chemotherapeutic agent, it comes with three formulations (pegylated liposomal, nonpegylated liposomal and non-liposomal conventional formulations). English-language literature of the three formulations of Doxorubicin has been reviewed to inform the healthcare professionals regarding the differences between these formulations. Liposomal Doxorubicin promotes better toxicology profile than non-liposomal conventional Doxorubicin with an increased cost. Due to very limited studies, the cost-effectiveness of liposomal Doxorubicin is not well defined. Apart from that, this review highlights the inter patient variability in regard to the clearance and volume of distribution following the administration of liposomal Doxorubicin. In conclusion, further studies regarding the superiority of liposomal formulation of Doxorubicin , efficacy and dose standardization of liposomal Doxorubicin should be sought in the near future in a more better way.

Status of Indian medicinal plants in the International Union for Conservation of Nature and the future of Ayurvedic drugs: Shouldn't think about Ayurvedic fundamentals? / 中西医结合学报

The present market for herbal drugs is estimated about ₹40 billion, which is expected to increase by 16% in next 3-4 years. The current production of many Ayurvedic herbs is less than their market demand, which incentivizes adulteration in the Ayurvedic drug supply chain. The present work aims to highlight the most used Ayurvedic plants that have been listed in the International Union for Conservation of Nature's "red list" of endangered or vulnerable plants. The future of Ayurvedic medicines from these listed plants is uncertain, as the collection of herbs from their natural habitat is prohibited and their cultivation does not meet market demands. Many of these plants, such as Taxus baccata and T. wallichiana, are endangered and are only grown in their natural habitats; their cultivation in other areas is impractical. This is the present state, and will worsen as demand continues to grow, with increasing populations and increasing adoption of this system of medicine. It is possible that in coming years most of the Ayurvedic drugs will be adulterated, and will cause only side effects rather than the therapeutic effects. The Ayurvedic fundamentals are under-explored areas where the Ayurvedic practitioners and research scientists can work together. The scientific work on the basic principles will unravel many unknown or little-known facts of this ancient science. Hence, the present review emphasizes the conservation of Ayurvedic herbs, minimization of the use of medicinal plants and the promotion of the research based on Ayurvedic fundamentals.

Estimation of boswellic acids in herbal formulations containing Boswellia serrata extract and comprehensive characterization of secondary metabolites using UPLC-Q-Tof-MSe / 药物分析学报

Boswellia serrata is a widely used herb in Indian systems of medicine and is well known for its potential medicinal properties. A chromatographic method was developed for the analysis and quantification of six boswellic acid marker compounds, i.e., keto boswellic acid (1), 3-O-Acetyl 11-keto β-boswellic acid (2), ɑ-Boswellic acid (3), β-Boswellic acid (4), 3-O-Acetyl-ɑ-boswellic acid (5) and 3-O-Acetyl-β-boswellic acid (6) in commercial herbal products containing B. serrata as an ingredient. Combining UPLC with Q-Tof-MS/MS makes the better identification of secondary metabolites and adulterants in the herbal formulations containing B. serrata in rapid time using fragmentation approach than the traditional approaches. In this study quantification of boswellic acids with UPLC-PDA method was performed as per the pharmacopeia guidelines. Furthermore, minor phytochemical constituents were identified and characterized with the help of LC-Q-Tof-MS/MS fragmentation data and various isoforms of boswellic acids and tirucallic acids in B. serrata oleo-gum-resin extract were identified.

The traditional Chinese medicine formulation Ruanjian Sanjie Decoction regulates the tumor matrix and improves the anti-tumor efficacy of TP-PEG-LPs

The Ruanjian Sanjie Decoction (RSD) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulation consisting of Spica Prunellae, Pseudobulbus Cremastrae Seu Pleiones, Concha Ostreae and Semen Coicis, and widely used as an adjuvant in anti-cancer therapy. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of RSD on the extracellular matrix (ECM) of tumors, and on the efficacy of anti-cancer nano-formulations in a tumor-bearing mouse model. The mice were treated with triptolide encapsulated in PEG-modified liposomes (TP-PEG-LPs), either alone or in combination with RSD. The combination treatment significantly retarded tumor growth relative to the untreated controls, indicating the potent adjuvant effect of RSD in targeted anti-cancer therapy. In addition, RSD also reduced the amount of total collagen and collagen I and increased that of collagen III in the tumor ECM, along with decreasing the expression of the pro-angiogenic VEGF. Finally, even high doses of RSD did not significantly affect the liver and kidney function or body weight, indicating low toxicity.

Antioxidant and photoprotective potential of Moringa oleifera Lam (Moringaceae) / Potencial antioxidante e fotoprotetor de Moringa oleifera Lam (Moringaceae)

Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) is a plant with several biological activities and therapeutic properties. However, the complete knowledge about its pharmacological, biological and ecological effects, and about the active components present in each vegetable part are not still completely elucidated. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and photoprotective activities of different extracts from leaves and flowers of M. oleifera. These activities were assessed through in vitro tests, DPPH radical scavenging method, iron ion chelating effect (FRAP), lipid peroxidation (TBARS), nitric oxide scavenging method and assessment of the activity against the lipid peroxidation through hemolytic method. The photoprotective activity was assessed through spectrophotometric analysis and through in vitro test with Labsphere. It was also determined the extract's phenolic content and total flavonoid through spectrophotometry and HPLC. The obtained results demonstrated that this species have components with antioxidant and photoprotective potential mainly in the extracts obtained from fresh leaves and flowers. Therefore, it was possible to verify that M. oleifera has potential to be used as source of antioxidant components with photoprotective activity mainly due to the presence of phenolic components and among these, the flavonoids.

Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) é uma planta com várias atividades biológicas e propriedades terapêuticas. No entanto, o conhecimento completo sobre seus efeitos farmacológicos, biológicos e ecológicos, e sobre os componentes ativos presentes em cada parte vegetal não são ainda completamente elucidados. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as atividades antioxidantes e fotoprotetoras de diferentes extratos de folhas e flores de M. oleifera. Estas atividades foram avaliadas através de testes in vitro, método de eliminação de radicais DPPH, efeito de quelação de íons de ferro (FRAP), peroxidação lipídica (TBARS), método de eliminação de óxido nítrico e avaliação da atividade contra a peroxidação lipídica através do método hemolítico. A atividade fotoprotetora foi avaliada através de análise espectrofotométrica e através de teste in vitro com Labsphere. Também foi determinado o conteúdo fenólico do extrato e o flavonoide total através de espectrofotometria e HPLC. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que esta espécie possui componentes com potencial antioxidante e fotoprotetor principalmente nos extratos obtidos a partir de folhas frescas e flores. Por conseguinte, foi possível verificar que a M. oleifera tem potencial para ser utilizado como fonte de componentes antioxidantes com atividade fotoprotetora principalmente devido à presença de componentes fenólicos e entre estes, os flavonoides.

Detecção de desvios de qualidade nos medicamentos manipulados: solução de ácido acético, xarope de cetoconazol e cápsulas de hormônio tireoidiano T4 / Detection of quality deviations in compounded formulation: acetic acid solution, ketoconazole syrup and T4 thyroid hormone capsules

Introdução: Doses incorretas do ativo nas preparações magistrais configuram erros comuns na manipulação, podendo ocasionar agravos à saúde do paciente, refletindo possível ausência das Boas Práticas de Manipulação (BPM). Objetivo: Relatar desvios de qualidade nos medicamentos solução de ácido acético, xarope de cetoconazol e cápsulas de T4. Método: Identificação por reações químicas e por CLAE, teor por titulação e CLAE, pH por potenciometria. Resultados: Identificação positiva, para ácido acético com teor de 98,20% compatível com ácido acético glacial, em desacordo com a prescrição de solução a 5%. O teor de cetoconazol de 16,20 mg/mL encontrado no xarope corresponde a 81,00% do declarado, com especificação mínima de 90,00%; pH 8,0; identificação positiva para tensoativo aniônico componente saponáceo, no xarope. Os resultados encontrados: cápsulas de T4 de 25 µg foi de 177,70 µg e as de 200 µg foi de 174,44 µg, correspondendo a 710,96% e 87,22% do teor declarado, respectivamente, em desacordo com a especificação de 90,00% a 110,00%. Conclusões: O trabalho ilustrou a detecção de desvios de qualidade em medicamentos manipulados de diferentes farmácias, decorrentes de erros farmacotécnicos, ausência de controle de qualidade e falta de implementação das BPM. A frequente fiscalização previne riscos sanitários à população.

Introduction: Incorrect doses of the active ingredient in compounding formulations make up common errors in the manipulation, which can cause harm to the patient's health,reflecting the possible absence of Good Handling Practices (GHP). Objective: To report quality deviations in the medicines acetic acid solution, ketoconazole syrup and T4 capsules. Method: Identification by chemical reactions and by HPLC, content by titration and HPLC, pH by potentiometry. Results: Positive identification for acetic acid with 98.20% content compatible with glacial acetic acid, in disagreement with the prescription of 5% solution. The ketoconazole content of 16.20 mg/mL found in the syrup corresponds to 81.00% of the declared, the minimum specification is 90.00%; pH 8.0; positive identification for anionic surfactant component in the syrup. The results found were: 25 µg T4 capsules were 177.70 µg and for the 200 µg capsules it was 174.44 µg, corresponding to 710.96% and 87.22% of the declared content, respectively, in disagreement with specification 90.00% and 110.00%. Conclusions: The study illustrated the detection of quality deviations in manipulated drugs from different pharmacies, due to pharmacotechnical misconceptions, lack of quality control and lack of GHP implementation. Frequent inspection prevents health risks to the population.

A Review On Herbo Mineral Formulations Containing Lauha (iron) W.s.r To Rasendra Sara Sanghraha

Rasendra Sara Sangraha is the oldest and most exhaustive treatise of Rasa Shastra, an important branch of Ayurveda, which revolutionised Ayurveda Pharmacopeia in the medieval period. It is one of classical works of 14th century period written by Sri Gopala Krishna Bhatt consists of 5 chapters with 2531 verses. Rasendra Sara Sangraha comprising the compilation of various times tested and therapeutically proved Rasayoga formulations. Lauha (iron) is a very essential element of the body system for treating many disease conditions as well as for physiological existence. Iron used as medicine from the Vedic period. Lauha preparations are extensively used from Acharya Charaka’s period in the form of Ayasruti and Navayasa loha. Rasendra Sara Sangraha has mentioned a total of 222 herbo mineral formulations having Lauha (iron). The present study deals with the chapter wise review of formulations of Rasendra Sara Sangraha containing Lauha as an ingredient mentioned in various disease conditions like Jwara, Arsas, krimi, Pandu, Soola, Pradara, Sodha and Gulma etc. These Lauha containing Herbo mineral Formulations has been elaborately compiled in 222 formulations.