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Based on the summary and reflection of the existing course construction content, this paper redesigns the course teaching to Brain Functional Imaging and forms a new curriculum construction scheme, including improving the professional teachers' ability of the teaching team by means of "internal training" + "external introduction", building an online and offline integrated teaching mode by combining online teaching resources such as course website with offline teaching (such as literature guidance, classroom discussion, comprehensive experimental design, etc.), and designing comprehensive experiments related to Electroencephalography (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), which is driven by scientific research projects, based on the scientific research experimental platform of the teaching and research department. This construction scheme is of great significance for improving the teaching quality of the course, stimulating the learning interest of graduate students, and cultivating the comprehensive application and practical innovation ability of graduate students' brain imaging technology. And it also provides the reference for the further construction of the course and teaching reform in the future.
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Conventional imaging techniques, digital rectal examination, and endoscopy previously used to predict the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemoradiation for treating rectal cancer are mainly based on the morphological information of tumors, but their treatment efficacy was not satisfying. In comparison, functional parameters are added into functional imaging and radiomics technologies such as diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE-MRI), and positron emission computed tomography (PET-CT) based on the morphological information of tumors. These technologies cover rich biological information of tumors and can reflect the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy of rectal cancer patients before the morphology of tumors changes. This paper reviews the progress made in predicting the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemoradiation for treating rectal cancer using functional imaging and radiomics technologies.
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Liver metastasis is not rare during the course of neuroendocrine neoplasms.The methods for treating neuroendocrine neoplasm with liver metastasis(NENLM)are diversifying,which exposes the limitations of the early therapeutic response assessment based on only morphological changes.The emerging imaging biomarkers can sensitively describe changes in response to treatment from the functional level,providing new ideas for the therapeutic response evaluation of NENLM.In this paper,we reviewed the status quo and the latest research progress of imaging assessment for early therapeutic response of NENLM,aiming to provide reference for assessing the response and further exploring the treatment-related biomarkers.
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Humans , Diagnostic Imaging , Liver Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Neoplasm Metastasis , Neuroendocrine Tumors/diagnostic imagingABSTRACT
Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is often used to evaluate the therapeutic effect of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Single conventional MRI can only evaluate the change of tumor size and cannot accurately predict the curative effect of tumors. Functional imaging technology can further supplement the information of curative effect prediction. However, single imaging evaluation has some limitations in the evaluation of tumor efficacy. The combination of functional imaging and biomarkers for the evaluation and prediction of curative effect may provide a new choice for the evaluation model of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. This paper reviews the progress of current status of therapeutic evaluation models for nasopharyngeal carcinoma, functional imaging technology and single or joint evaluation model of biomarkers, so as to provide ideas for the efficacy evaluation model for nasopharyngeal carcinoma which is accurate and easy to be promoted and applied.
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Primary aldosteronism(PA) is a common cause of secondary hypertension. Differentiation of unilateral from bilateral lesions is essential in the treatment options of PA. Although adrenal vein blood sample(AVS) has been recommended as a " gold standard" by the guidelines, there are limitations such as invasive and technical difficulty. Noninvasive functional imaging is an option. Compared with traditional iodine cholesterol imaging, 11C-MTO, 123I-IMTO, and 68Ga-pentixafor have higher specificity and more advantages in shortening the acquisition time, reducing radiation exposure to patients and improving image resolution. However, these new functional imaging agents still have limitations in identifying the sensitivity of adenomas less than 1 cm, which need further study. This article reviews the research progress of radionuclide functional imaging in PA diagnosis.
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Objective:To analyze imaging features of lymphoepithelial carcinoma (LEC) of salivary gland through conventional CT, MRI and functional MRI.Methods:From March 2010 to March 2020, a total of 75 patients with salivary gland LEC who were initially diagnosed and confirmed by postoperative pathology were retrospectively collected in the Ninth People′s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University Medical College. The preoperative CT and MRI findings were analyzed. Information including location, size, shape, boundary, density/signal intensity and enhancement degree of lesions were evaluated by conventional CT and MRI. The ADC value and time-intensity curve (TIC) pattern of lesions were measured from DWI and dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE)-MRI.Results:Among 75 cases of LEC in salivary gland, 56 cases had solitary lesions, 38 cases were round/oval or irregular, 34 cases were irregular morphology. Only 1 case exhibited calcification and 5 cases had necrotic regions. In 68 cases with CT images, 28 cases showed moderate enhancement and 30 cases showed intense enhancement. In 12 cases with MRI, 11 cases showed iso-intensity on T 1WI and 12 cases showed slightly hyperintensity on T 2WI. After contrast injection, 11 cases showed homogeneous enhancement and all of the 12 cases showed intense enhancement. The ADC value of LEC in salivary gland was (0.68±0.05)×10?3 mm 2/s and the TIC type of all the 12 cases was type Ⅱ (fast rising platform type). Conclusion:The LEC of salivary gland is single, has homogeneous texture, moderate enhancement and low ADC value. DCE-MRI shows type Ⅱ TIC curve. Morphological features combined with functional MRI features are helpful for accurate preoperative imaging diagnosis and differential diagnosis.
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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether data acquired from perfusion computed tomography (PCT) parameters can aid in the prediction of treatment outcome after palliative chemotherapy in patients with unresectable advanced gastric cancer (AGC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-one patients with unresectable AGCs, who underwent both PCT and palliative chemotherapy, were prospectively included. Treatment response was assessed according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1 (i.e., patients who achieved complete or partial response were classified as responders). The relationship between tumor response and PCT parameters was evaluated using the Mann-Whitney test and receiver operating characteristic analysis. One-year survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: After chemotherapy, six patients exhibited partial response and were allocated to the responder group while the remaining 15 patients were allocated to the non-responder group. Permeability surface (PS) value was shown to be significantly different between the responder and non-responder groups (51.0 mL/100 g/min vs. 23.4 mL/100 g/min, respectively; p = 0.002), whereas other PCT parameters did not demonstrate a significant difference. The area under the curve for prediction in responders was 0.911 (p = 0.004) for PS value, with a sensitivity of 100% (6/6) and specificity of 80% (12/15) at a cut-off value of 29.7 mL/100 g/min. One-year survival in nine patients with PS value > 29.7 mL/100 g/min was 66.7%, which was significantly higher than that in the 12 patients (33.3%) with PS value ≤ 29.7 mL/100 g/min (p = 0.019). CONCLUSION: Perfusion parameter data acquired from PCT demonstrated predictive value for treatment outcome after palliative chemotherapy, reflected by the significantly higher PS value in the responder group compared with the non-responder group.
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Humans , Drug Therapy , Methods , Perfusion , Permeability , Prospective Studies , Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors , ROC Curve , Sensitivity and Specificity , Stomach , Stomach Neoplasms , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
For locally advanced rectal cancer,neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy,followed by surgery and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy has become a standard treatment mode.Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy can induce the tumors to shrink to different extent.Partial patients can obtain complete remission validated by postoperative pathological examination,which contributes to increasing the probability of radical surgery for rectal cancer patients,reducing the recurrence rate and improving the long-term clinical prognosis.In recent years,the prediction and evaluation of the clinical efficacy of neoadjuvant therapy has captivated widespread attentions from clinicians.In terms of imaging methods,conventional morphological imaging techniques cannot accurately assess the clinical efficacy of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy,whereas DWI-MRI,DCE-MRI,PET-CT and other functional imaging techniques can not only reflect the degree of tumor shrinkage,but also reveal the changes in the functional metabolism of tumors before and after treatment and yield higher accuracy.In this article,recent application of imaging techniques in the evaluation of clinical efficacy of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer was reviewed.
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Assessment of liver function reserve has important clinical significance,which can be used to decide the safe range of liver resection,to identify the potential liver injury early,to evaluate the treatment effect and to predict the prognosis of middle/end-stage liver diseases.There are a number of methods to assess liver function reserve.The indocyanine green (ICG) elimination test is the most commonly used and widely acknowledged approach for this assessment.With the development of functional imaging,evaluation of liver function reserve can be non-or minimalinvasive,more convenient and accurate.The application of imaging in assessment of liver function reserve and the relationship with ICG elimination test were reviewed in this article.
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Amphetamines abuse is defined as a chronic recurrent encephalopathy, and it is a global public health problem which seriously threatens the health of human and the social stability. Long-term abuse and addiction of amphetamines leads to structural and functional changes of specific encephalic regions. Further researches on these encephalic regions, the network of brain and biological information may be helpful to understanding drug abuse mechanism and possible therapeutic measures. Recently, a series of functional imaging techniques, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional magnetic resonance imaging (f MRI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and positron emission tomography (PET), were used to detect different brain structural changes of the volume and density of encephalic regions, functional changes of cerebral blood flow and brain cognition. The results showed functional imaging techniques play significant roles to detect different structural and functional changes of the brain. Based on these results, the researchers aim to clarify the mechanisms of drug abuse. That is the main focus of this review.
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Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) has become an increasingly popular technology for biomedical applications, providing anatomical, functional, and molecular information. In this concise review, we first introduce the basic principles and typical system designs of PAM, including optical-resolution PAM and acoustic-resolution PAM. The major imaging characteristics of PAM, i.e. spatial resolutions, penetration depth, and scanning approach are discussed in detail. Then, we introduce the major biomedical applications of PAM, including anatomical imaging across scales from cellular level to organismal level, label-free functional imaging using endogenous biomolecules, and molecular imaging using exogenous contrast agents. Lastly, we discuss the technical and engineering challenges of PAM in the translation to potential clinical impacts.
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Contrast Media , Microscopy , Molecular Imaging , Weights and MeasuresABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the value of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) as a noninvasive tool to assess salivary gland function for follow-up of patients with radiation-induced xerostomia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 23 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma who had been treated with parotid-sparing radiotherapy (RT). Salivary function was assessed by DW-MRI pre-treatment and one week and one year post-RT, respectively. The maximum apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of parotid glands (pADCmax) and the time to peak ADC of parotid glands (pTmax) during stimulation were obtained. Multivariate analysis was used to analyze factors correlated with the severity of radiation-induced xerostomia. RESULTS: The ADCs of parotid and submandibular glands (1.26 ± 0.10 × 10−3 mm2/s and 1.32 ± 0.07 × 10−3 mm2/s pre-RT, respectively) both showed an increase in all patients at one week post-RT (1.75 ± 0.16 × 10−3 mm2/s, p < 0.001 and 1.70 ± 0.16 × 10−3 mm2/s, p < 0.001, respectively), followed by a decrease in parotid glands at one year post-RT(1.57 ± 0.15 × 10−3 mm2/s, p < 0.001) but not in submandibular glands (1.69 ± 0.18 × 10−3 mm2/s, p = 0.581). An improvement in xerostomia was found in 13 patients at one year post-RT. Multivariate analysis revealed 4 significant predictors for the improvement of xerostomia, including dose to parotid glands (p = 0.009, odds ratio [OR] = 0.639), the ADC of submandibular glands (p = 0.013, OR = 3.295), pADCmax (p = 0.024, OR = 0.474), and pTmax (p = 0.017, OR = 0.729) at one week post-RT. CONCLUSION: The ADC value is a sensitive indicator for salivary gland dysfunction. DW-MRI is potentially useful for noninvasively predicting the severity of radiation-induced xerostomia.
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Humans , Diffusion , Follow-Up Studies , Head and Neck Neoplasms , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Multivariate Analysis , Odds Ratio , Parotid Gland , Radiotherapy , Salivary Glands , Submandibular Gland , XerostomiaABSTRACT
Microcirculation is closely related to occurrence and development of disease, so it is of significance in noninvasive imaging of microcirculatory structure and function in vivo.Photoacoustic imaging is one of the main techniques in microcirculation imaging, which has the characteristics of high contrast, high detection depth and high sensitivity to tissue function.A review of the literature showed that photoacoustic technique can noninvasively image and quantitatively measure microcirculatory structure, vasoconstriction and vasodilation, concentration of hemoglobin, oxygen saturation, blood velocity and direction, oxygen metabolism level in a certain depth of living tissue in real time.Research progress in photoacoustic imaging of microcirculation in subcutis, cerebral cortex, tumor, eye and other tissues is reviewed in this paper.
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According to the sera aquaporin-4 antibody (AQP4), neuromyelitis optica (NMO) can be classified into two types as AQP4 antibody positive (AQP4+) and negative (AQP4-). However, the NMO patients with AQP4- are prone to delayed treatment, and may have a different pathogenesis compared to that in patients with AQP4+. Scientific researches and the clinical trials on NMO with AQP4- will deepen the understanding of NMO pathogenesis and help to make an early accurate diagnosis and rational therapy for NMO with AQP4-. This review aims to summarize the progress in clinic diagnosis for NMO patients with AQP4-.
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As a novel magnetic resonance functional imaging technique,diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) has been widely used in the diagnosis of diseases of central nervous system.Recent years,DWI application is getting more and more to evaluate the biological characteritics of human body,espercially in liver,pancreas,kidneys and pelvic cavity.While,research of DWI in intestinal disease is relatively few.This article aims to review the application advances of DWI in colorectal tumor and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
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El sistema vestibular, mediante sus órganos periféricos, nos permite procesar correctamente los cambios de aceleración angular de la cabeza y lineal del cuerpo y así permitirnos una correcta orientación en el espacio. Esta información sensorial es dirigida hacia los núcleos vestibulares y desde aquí se comunica con los núcleos óculo-motores y estructuras del tálamo a través de tractos ascendentes del tronco encefálico. Posteriormente la información se dirige hacia centros subcorticales y corticales de naturaleza eminentemente multisensorial. La naturaleza y función de estas estructuras es controversial. En esta revisión se abordan los principales conceptos y descubrimientos a nivel de investigación básica y clínica del procesamiento cortical generado por estimulación de tipo vestibular.
The vestibular system, thanks to its peripheral organs, allows us to properly process the angular head movements and linear acceleration in order to give us a proper orientation in space. The information from these sensory inputs is routed to the vestibular nuclei and thence ascending tracts of the brainstem, which communicate with the oculomotor nuclei of the thalamus and structures. Then the information goes to subcortical and cortical centers, which are eminently multisensory nature. The nature and function of these structures are controversial. In this review the main concepts and discoveries at the level of basic and clinical research generated cortical processing of vestibular stimulation are addressed.
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Humans , Cerebral Cortex/anatomy & histology , Cerebral Cortex/physiology , Vestibular Nerve/anatomy & histology , Vestibular Nerve/physiologyABSTRACT
Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a chronic progressive cerebrovascular disease with its reason remaining unclear; the disease has different morbidities among different races, with East Asia countries including China having higher incidence. The pathogenesis of MMD is still unclear and the clinical characteristics lack specificity, making it difficult for early diagnosis. Researches have shown that revascularization surgery can slow down the ischemic process, but no sufficient evidence indicates that revascularization surgery can be used for hemorrhagic MMD. Imaging approachs, including morphological and functional imaging, are the main diagnosis, evaluation and follow-up method for cerebrovascular diseases. This review aimed to summarize the application and research on multiple imaging methods for MMD.
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Objective To evaluate the effect of breast blood oxygen functional imaging combined with mammography on breast cancer screening in women aged over 40 years.Methods A total of 10 076 cases of women in our hospital underwent breast blood oxygen functional imaging and mammography X -ray examination.The breast imaging report and data system (BI -RADS)III level of women performed on the biopsy pathology were used as the gold standard.The effect of different inspection methods were compared and analyzed.Results Among 10 076 cases,235 cases were diagnosed as BI -RADS,which was diagnosed by blood oxygen functional imaging system and a molybdenum target X -ray diagnosis of III.Thirteen cases with early breast cancer were diagnosed by needle biopsy.And 222 cases were diagnosed benign lesions.The sensitivity of the blood oxygen functional imaging system was 69.23% (9 /13)and 85.58% (190 /222), respectively.The sensitivity of molybdenum target X -ray was 76.92% (10 /13),and the specificity was 82.88% (184 /222).The sensitivity of combined detection was 100.0% (13 /13)and the specificity was 82.88% (184 /222).The accuracy index of combined molybdenum target X -ray (0.829)was significantly higher than that of single detection (0.548 and 0.598)(U =2.117,2.501,P <0.05).Conclusion Breast blood oxygen functional imaging instrument combined with molybdenum target examination could effectively improve the accuracy of diagnosis in breast cancer screening among women over 40 years.
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Objective To quantitatively assess renal hemodynamic changes in hypertensive acute kidney injury in rabbits induced by L-NAME using 64-slice spiral CT functional imaging techniques,and to explore the application of these techniques in evaluation of early kidney functional changes.Methods Fourteen female New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into normal control group (n=6)and L-NAME group (n=8).The control group was injected NaCl solution and the L-NAME group was injected the same amount of L-NAME solution to make hypertensive acute kidney injury model.64-slice spiral CT and SPECT were scanned af-ter injection.Blood samples were collected before and after injecting NaCl and L-NAME solution to detect serum creatinine (Cr).Cr level and CT perfusion parameters of the two groups were analyzed and compared with the pathology results.GFRCT detected by con-trast-enhanced CT and GFRSPECT detected by SPECT were analyzed by the rank correlation test.Results Renal blood volume,blood flow,permeability surface,time to peak,and peak value had statistically significant differences between the control and L-NAME group (P <0.05).GFRCT and GFRSPECT had obvious correlation.GFRCT of L-NAME group was obviously lower than that of the con-trol group.The kidneys of L-NAME group showed obviously injured under both light microscope and microscope.Conclusion 64-slice spiral CT functional imaging techniques can dynamically observe and quantitatively assess early hypertensive kidney dysfunc-tion,especially unilateral renal blood flow abnormalities.It is an effective examination in quantitatively assessing kidney function.
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Purpose The study aimed to explore gender differences of brain activation in healthy volunteers under the stimulation of emotional pictures.Materials and Methods The cerebral functional imaging data of twenty healthy volunteers at Henan Medical College from Nov.2014 to Dec.2014 were prospectively studied (12 males and 8 females).Emotional pictures (30 positive,30 negative and 30 neutral pictures) from Chinese Affective Picture System (CAPS) were used randomly as visual stimuli for both males and females.Functional MRI was performed while each subject was stimulated by emotional pictures.The fMRI data were processed and the statistical analysis was performed to obtain the activated brain regions of males and females and to compare the gender differences.Results Under the stimuli of negative emotional pictures,bilateral temporal lobe,bilateral cuneus in men and bilateral cuneus in women were activated under the stimuli of positive emotional pictures (P＜0.05).Compared with men,increased activation of left amygdala,bilateral prefrontal gyrus,bilateral precuneus and right insula were observed in women under the stimuli of negative pictures.The differences were statistically significant (P＜0.05).Compared with women,no cerebral region was more activated in men under the stimuli of negative pictures.Under the stimuli of positive emotional pictures,the left prefrontal gyrus in women was more activated than that in men whilst the left temporal lobe in men was more activated than that in women.The differences were statistically significant (P＜0.05).Conclusion Gender differences of activated cerebral regions under stimuli of emotional pictures do exist in healthy volunteers.In particular,more cerebral regions and increased activation were observed in women compare to men,which demonstrates that women response stronger to negative emotion.