ABSTRACT
This paper briefly reviewed blood substitutes, focusing on the background, history of research and development(R&D), types, functions, characteristics, the indications that will be mainly targeted in clinical, and their special status and role in the future, especially in the rescue of war/trauma patients using hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers(HBOCs). Additionally, the authors put forward unique insights and suggestions on some key concepts and R&D bottlenecks in the development of HBOCs through combining the authors′ own R&D experience for decades with efforts and lessons given by many scholars in this field at home and abroad, hoping to provide some new inspirations and ideas for colleagues to innovate and develop blood substitutes to benefit the clinical as soon as possible.
ABSTRACT
In the current multimedia application of medical theory teaching there exist many problems such as infusion,relation estrangedness between teachers and students,the moral education marginalization,the abstract thinking ability attenuation and so on.Facing these problems,in the medical theory teaching,the multimedia application should take"help","reality","transfer"as the value pursue,and be located in the exaggeration atmosphere,the interest stimulation,induction inspiration,difficulty breakthrough,thought expansion and memory optimization,emotion cultivation and moral promotion.
ABSTRACT
The localization of human swallowing cortical area remains unclear,which prevents the understanding of pathophysiologic change of peripheral swallowing apparatus and the development of swallowing rehabilitation.Animal experiments have found that the non-human primates, premotor cortex,sensorimotor area,frontal,parietal and temple operculum,orbitofrontal cortex and cingulate cortex are associated with swallowing function.Recently,by using the advanced techniques such as functional MRI,position emission tomography and magnetoencephalography,it was found that a number of encephalic regions participated in the human swallowing,mostly concentrated in primary sensorimotor cortex,premotor cortex,cingule,insular lobe,and parietal-occipital area.However,the exact functions and roles of various encephalic regions and their correlations between various encephalic regions remain unclear.Further studies are needed to identify them.
ABSTRACT
@#The study of brain's functional localization is one of the fastest developing domain of the neuroscience. It brings a new prospect of cognition, thinking and diagnosis and treatment of various nervous disease. Now, it is used widespreadly in neurosurgery, cognation, rehabilitation and social psychology, and etc. The article is a review concerning on the progression of clinical application and related studies of brain's functional localization.