Acceso y adhesión a proceso de intervención psicosocial diferenciado para los servicios y sistemas de salud en varones gay adultos viviendo con el VIH, Paraguay, 2022 / Access and adherence to a differentiated psychosocial intervention process for health services and systems in adult gay men living with HIV, Paraguay, 2022

Introducción: el acceso a los servicios de salud en Paraguay, está determinado por varios tipos de barreras. Por ello, es preciso describir el impacto que tienen las políticas públicas y sus implicancias en la mitigación de las mismas. Objetivo: describir el acompañamiento diferenciado y su contribución al apoyo socio emocional, adhesión al tratamiento y acceso a servicios de salud en el área de atención a personas varones que viven con el VIH. Metodología: estudio de carácter cualitativo, descriptivo, con entrevistas semi estructuradas y muestra no probabilística, dirigida e intencional; Resultados: este estudio cualitativo exploró las experiencias de personas viviendo con VIH que recibieron acompañamiento psicosocial diferenciado en un servicio de atención integral. Los participantes destacaron la importancia del acompañamiento para afrontar la crisis posterior al diagnóstico. La orientación presencial, escucha empática y seguimiento facilitaron la vinculación y adherencia al servicio de salud y al tratamiento antirretroviral. El apoyo psicosocial fue clave para desmitificar ideas erróneas sobre el VIH/SIDA, empoderarse sobre su estado serológico y mejorar la calidad de vida. Se enfatizó el rol de los grupos de pares para brindar contención. Algunos participantes reportaron experiencias previas de revelación no consentida y vulneración de confidencialidad. El acompañamiento psicosocial diferenciado resultó fundamental para facilitar la inserción y permanencia de las personas con VIH en los servicios de atención integral (adhesión al tratamiento). Conclusiones: el acompañamiento psicosocial diferenciado resultó clave para facilitar la vinculación y adherencia en personas con VIH. La atención integral requiere identificar situaciones particulares, establecer relaciones de confianza y comunicación efectiva. El apoyo inicial es fundamental brindando contención ante el impacto emocional del diagnóstico. El seguimiento continuo es esencial dada la doble discriminación. La confidencialidad y capacidad de generar vínculos empáticos son elementos centrales. Los factores mencionados favorecen la adhesión al tratamiento. Los resultados sugieren que estas prácticas psicosociales pueden optimizar modelos de atención integral a personas con VIH.

Introduction: access to healthcare services in Paraguay is influenced by various barriers. Thus, it is essential to describe the impact of public policies and their implications in mitigating these barriers. Objective: to describe the differentiated support and its contribution to socio-emotional support, therapeutic adherence, and access to healthcare services in the area of care for males living with HIV. Methodology: a qualitative, descriptive study with semi-structured interviews and a non-probabilistic, directed, and intentional sample. Results: this qualitative study explored the experiences of individuals living with HIV who received differentiated psychosocial support in an integrated care service. Participants emphasized the importance of support in coping with the post-diagnosis crisis. In-person guidance, empathetic listening, and follow-up facilitated engagement and adherence to healthcare services and antiretroviral treatment. Psychosocial support played a critical role in debunking misconceptions about HIV/AIDS, empowering individuals regarding their serostatus, and improving their quality of life. The role of peer groups in providing emotional support was emphasized. Some participants reported previous experiences of non-consensual disclosure and confidentiality breaches. Differentiated psychosocial support was essential in promoting the integration and retention of people with HIV in integrated care services (therapeutic adherence). Conclusions: differentiated psychosocial support was crucial in facilitating the engagement and adherence of individuals with HIV. Comprehensive care necessitates identifying specific situations, establishing trust-based relationships, and effective communication. Initial support is vital for providing emotional support in the face of the diagnostic impact. Ongoing follow-up is essential due to the dual discrimination faced. Confidentiality and the ability to build empathetic relationships are central elements. The aforementioned factors favor adherence to treatment. The results suggest that these psychosocial practices can enhance models of comprehensive care for people with HIV.

Violencia de parejas gays y en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres: una revisión sistemática exploratoria / Violence between Gay Couples and Men who have Sex with other Men: a Systematic Exploratory Review / Violência entre casais gays e em homens que fazem sexo com home revisão sistemática exploratória

Resumen La violencia en parejas de gays y hombres que tienen sexo con otros hombres es un problema grave que ha ido captando la atención de la comunidad científica internacional, por ello esta revisión sistemática explora las conceptualizaciones de la violencia en estas parejas, así como la prevalencia de los tipos de violencia y factores asociados en diversos estudios. Siguiendo un protocolo PRISMA se realizó una búsqueda en bases de datos como Scopus, Clarivate, EBSCO, Science Direct, Scielo y La Referencia. Del total de 292 referencias iniciales, se analizaron, mediante un proceso de depuración dividida en cuatro fases, 19 artículos que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión (publicaciones realizadas entre 2000 y 2019, con acceso abierto y texto completo). Entre los principales resultados destacó la falta de homogeneidad en la definición de la violencia, así como sus subtipos, la mayor representación de muestras estadounidenses, que la violencia psicológica fue la más estudiada y que el análisis y detección de factores protectores fue prácticamente inexistente. Se discuten los resultados e implicaciones priorizando la necesidad de mayores estudios en la región latinoamericana.

Abstract Violence between gay couples and men who have sex with other men is a serious problem that has captured the international scientific community's attention. For this reason, this systematic exploratory review explores these couples' conceptualization of violence, as well as the prevalence of types of violence and associated factors in various studies. Databases, such as Scopus, Clarivate, EBSCO, Science Direct, Scielo and La Referencia, were searched following a PRISMA protocol. Of 292 total initial references, 19 articles, which complied with inclusion criteria (publications between 2000 and 2019 with open access and full text), were analyzed by means of a debugging process divided into four phases. Among the main results, the lack of homogeneity in definitions of violence, as well as their subtypes, higher representation of samples from the United States, the fact that psychological violence was studied most, and that protective factor analysis and detection were practically nonexistent stood out. The results and implications are discussed, prioritizing the need for more studies in Latin America.

Resumo A violência entre casais gays e homens que fazem sexo com homens é um problema grave que vem chamando a atenção da comunidade científica internacional, portanto, esta revisão sistemática explora as conceituações da violência nesses casais, bem como a prevalência de tipos de violência e fatores associados em vários estudos. Seguindo um protocolo PRISMA, foi realizada uma busca em bases de dados como Scopus, Clarivate, EBSCO, Science Direct, Scielo e La Referencia. Do total de 292 referências iniciais foram analisados19 artigos que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão (publicações realizadas entre 2000 e 2019, com acesso aberto e texto completo), após um processo de depuração dividida em quatro fases. Dentre os principais resultados, destacou-se a falta de homogeneidade na definicão da violência e seus subtipos, a maior representatividade de amostras americanas, a violência psicológica como o tipo mais estudado e a inexistência de análise e detecção de fatores de proteção. Os resultados, e implicações são discutidos, priorizando a necessidade de novos estudos na região da América Latina.

Motivaciones, significados y riesgos en los encuentros sexuales de hombres gays de La Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires en el contexto del covid-19 / Motivations, meanings and risk in gay men sexual encounters in the Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires in the context of covid-19 / Motivações, significados e riscos nos encontros sexuais de homens gays na Cidade Autônoma de Buenos Aires no contexto do covid-19

Resumen Se buscó identificar las motivaciones que llevan a los hombres gay del AMBA (Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires) a romper el Aislamiento Preventivo Social Obligatorio (APSO) con fines de encuentro sexual en el contexto de la pandemia de covid-19. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo-exploratorio, con veinte entrevistas semiestructuradas a igual número de personas. La muestra fue intencional no representativa, el contacto se estableció mediante la aplicación de GRINDR y TINDER pactando las entrevistas de manera telefónica o presencial. Se encontró que los entrevistados habían roto la cuarentena motivados principalmente por "la calentura", la dificultad para mantener "la abstinencia sexual" y por las "ganas de tener sexo", en el contexto de una alta valoración personal de la libertad y de familiaridad con la clandestinidad. Algunos realizan medidas de disminución del riesgo de covid-19, como el uso de cubrebocas y alcohol en gel, otros consideran que no son población en riesgo.

Abstract We aimed to identify the motivations of gay men on the AMBA to break the governmental policy of Obligatory Preventive Social Isolation (APSO) with the purpose of sexual encounter. We designed a qualitative-exploratory study, where twenty semi-structured interviews were applied to equal number of gay men. The sample was intentional and not representative, the contact was established through the application of GRINDER and TINDER arranging the interviews by telephone or in person. We found that interviewees have broken quarantine mainly motivated by "the fever", the difficulty of keeping the "abstinence", and the "desire to have sex", in the context or a highly personal value of freedom and the familiarity with clandestine behavior. Some took measures to lower the risk of covid-19, by using covered mouths and alcohol-based gel, others mentioned that they are not part of a risk group.

Resumo Buscou-se identificar as motivações que levam homens gays da AMBA (Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires) a romper o Isolamento Social Preventivo Obrigatório (APSO) para fins de encontros sexuais no contexto da pandemia covid-19. Realizou-se um estudo qualitativo-exploratório, com vinte entrevistas semi estruturadas com o mesmo número de pessoas. A amostra foi intencional não representativa, o contato foi estabelecido por meio dos aplicativos GRINDR e TINDER, agendando as entrevistas por telefone ou pessoalmente. Constatou-se que os entrevistados romperam a quarentena motivados principalmente pelo «tesão¼, pela dificuldade de manter a «abstinência sexual¼ e pelo «desejo de fazer sexo¼, no contexto de uma alta valorização pessoal da liberdade e de familiaridade com a clandestinidade. Alguns relataram medidas para reduzir o risco de COVID 19, como o uso de máscaras e álcool em gel, outros consideram que não são população de risco.

Do corpo do sodomita à resistência pública do prazer: um itinerário para o estudo da pegação masculina nas cidades / From the body of the sodomite to the public resistance of pleasure: an itinerary for the study of cruising gay men in cities / Del cuerpo de la sodomita a la resistencia pública del placer: un itinerário para el estudio de la práctica del cruising en las ciudades

A pegação masculina em espaços públicos da cidade é um fenômeno plural, rico em experiências instauradoras de práticas e modos de ocupar o mundo dissidentes da heteronorma. Não por acaso, foi submetido a muitos registros de infâmia. Dos antigos crimes jurídico-religiosos de sodomia forjados na Europa, que colonizaram, inclusive, os prazeres nas Américas, até sua inscrição patológico-criminal apoiada pela ciência do século XIX, a pegação tornou-se um atentado ao pudor, uma afronta à moral pública. Contudo, as figuras anônimas homoeróticas que circulam oscilantes pela urbe, instauradoras de territórios de prazer em meio ao espaço público, nos ajudam a entender, através de seus rastros, muitas vezes captados pelos aparelhos de poder, justamente suas histórias de repressão.

The cruising gay men in public spaces of the city is a plural phenomenon, rich in experiences instituting dissident practices and lifestyle of the heteronormativity. It is not by chance that this phenomenon was subjected to many registers of infamy. From the ancient juridical religious sodomy crimes established in Europe that even colonized the pleasures in the Americas to their pathological criminal inscription supported by nineteenth-century science, the cruising gay men became an indecent assault, an affront to the public moral principles. However, the anonymous homoerotic figures that circulate around the city, establishing pleasure territories in the midst of public space, help us to understand through their traces often captured by the power apparatus, precisely their stories of repression.

La práctica del cruising en los espacios públicos de la ciudad es un fenómeno plural, rico en experiencias que establecen prácticas y formas de ocupar el mundo disidentes de la heteronorma. No por casualidad, el fenómeno fue sometido a muchos registros de infamia. Desde los antiguos crimenes jurídico-religiosos de sodomía, establecidos en Europa y que incluso colonizaron los placeres en las Américas, hasta la inscripción criminal patológica apoyada por la ciencia del siglo XIX, la práctica del cruising se convirtió en un atentado contra el pudor, una afrenta a la moral pública. Sin embargo, las figuras anónimas homoeróticas que circulan alrededor de la ciudad, estableciendo territorios de placer en el espacio público, nos ayudan a comprender, a través de sus rastros, a menudo capturadas por los aparatos del poder, precisamente sus historias de represión.

Pensando a Homoparentalidade: Um Estudo Qualitativo com Jovens Adultos Portugueses sem Filhos / Considering Same-Sex Parenting: A Qualitative Study with Portuguese Childless Young Adults

Resumo: O momento atual caracteriza-se por importantes mudanças sociais e legais, com potenciais repercussões na vida de pessoas lésbicas e gays. O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar perceções de jovens adultos portugueses sem filhos relativamente ao eventual projeto de parentalidade. Foram realizadas entrevistas a sete pessoas que se autoidentificaram como lésbicas, gays e bissexuais e que se voluntariaram para participar no estudo. As transcrições das entrevistas foram submetidas a Análise Interpretativa Fenomenológica. Os temas emergentes revelaram que o desejo e a intenção de ter filhos se associavam à ponderação de desafios ligados ao heterossexismo, mas também à reflexão sobre condições e recursos a mobilizar para o enfrentar. São apresentadas implicações com vista à otimização das experiências individuais a este nível.

Abstract: The present period is characterized by important social and legal changes with potential repercussions in the lives of lesbian and gay people. This study aimed to identify perceptions of Portuguese childless young adults regarding the possible parenthood project. Interviews were conducted with seven people who self-identified as lesbian, gay and bisexual and who volunteered to participate in the study. Interview transcripts were subjected to Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Emerging themes revealed that desire and intention to have children arose associated with the consideration of challenges related to heterosexism, but also associated with reflection on the conditions and resources to be mobilized to tackle it. Implications for the optimization of individual experience at this level are presented.

A case-control study on dating violence among gay men in Guangzhou / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective: To understand the prevalence of dating violence experienced by gay men in Guangzhou. Methods: A self-report surveys were collected and analyzed from 510 gay men and 510 heterosexual males. Respondents were assessed with the self-made social demographic information questionnaire, Dating Violence Questionnaire (DVQ). DVQ included three parts which were five types of violence (controlling, emotional, security threatening, physical and sexual violence), whether they were threatened of disclosure of their sexual orientation to the public ("outing") and whether they had seek for help from other individuals or organizations after the violence as stated above. Results: The rate of reported at least one type of dating violence in gay men was 34.5％. Controlling for age, education, place of household registration etc., in logistic regression models, gay men were 5.08 times (95％ CI: 3.54——7.29) more likely to report any type of dating violence comparing to male heterosexual males. And 12.6％ gay men experienced the threat of being outed. Among those gay men who experienced dating violence, 85.2％ of them did not seek any help from anyone or any organization. Conclusion: Overall, the prevalence of dating violence among gay men is higher than that of heterosexual males. It is necessary to have targeted interventions for dating violence among gay men.

Violencia de pareja en hombres gay y mujeres lesbianas chilenas: Un estudio exploratorio / Intimate partner violence in chilean gay men and lesbian women: An exploratory study

La violencia en las relaciones de pareja del mismo sexo es un tema poco explorado. Históricamente, esta problemática ha sido estudiada en el marco de relaciones heterosexuales ubicando a las mujeres como víctimas y a los hombres como principales agresores. El propósito de este estudio fue describir las experiencias de violencia de pareja (VP) en una muestra de 268 hombres gay y 199 mujeres lesbianas. Se utilizó un muestreo tipo bola de nieve para reclutar la muestra en cuatro ciudades chilenas (Antofagasta, Valparaíso, Santiago y Concepción). Para la recolección de datos se aplicó un cuestionario especialmente diseñado para este estudio. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y Chi-cuadrado para indagar posibles relaciones por sexo y características sociodemográficas. Entre los principales resultados se puede señalar que del total de la muestra (N = 467) sólo 80 personas (17.25%) reportaron haber sido receptoras de algún tipo de VP. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el reporte de violencia psicológica entre hombres gay y mujeres lesbianas [χ²(1) = 6.37, p = .01, w =.64]. Los hombres gay reportaron mayor frecuencia de violencia psicológica (87.5%) en comparación con las mujeres lesbianas (65.8%). También se encontró una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre experiencias de VP y nivel educativo [χ²(3) = 10.53, p = .01, w = .51]. Las personas con mayor nivel educativo reportan frecuencias menores de VP. Finalmente, se encontró una relación estadísticamente significativa entre haber sido víctima de VP y haber sido perpetrador de VP. Los resultados son discutidos y se plantean implicaciones para futuras investigaciones.

The recognition of same-sex relationships has increased, but same-sex intimate partner violence has been less studied. Historically, this problem had been studied in heterosexual relationships, women being victims and men main aggressors. This heteronormative approach to intimate partner violence (IPV) often neglects same-sex relationships (Finneran, Chard, Sineath, Sullivan, & Stephenson, 2012; Russell, 2015). For this study, IPV is defined as every act causing psychological, physical or sexual damage, within the context of intimate relationships (Harvey et al., 2007) perceived as such. To our knowledge, there are no studies about IPV in same-sex relationships in Chile. Data about this topic is scarce in the Latin American context (Ferreira et al., 2015). Therefore, it is necessary to provide contextualized knowledge about IPV in same-sex relationships to face this psychosocial problem. The aim of this study was to describe IPV in same-sex relationships in gay men and lesbian women and its sociodemographic characteristics. In addition, results are compared to detect possible differences between groups. LGBT populations are considered a difficult-to-reach or hidden population (Paz-Bailey et al., 2013). For this reason, a snowball sampling procedure was used. The sample consists of 467 participants who identify themselves as gay men (57.4%) or lesbian women (42.6%), aging from 18 to 67 years (M = 27.9; SD = 7.9). The sample was recruited in four Chilean cities (Antofagasta, Valparaíso, Santiago, and Concepción). A specially designed questionnaire was administered to collect data for this study. Results were obtained through descriptive and comparative analyses with a Chi-square Test. Analyses indicate that 80 subjects (17.2%) had experienced some form of IPV (psychological, physical, or sexual); 87.7% of them reported psychological violence; and about half of them (47.5%) physical violence. Likewise, 19.3% respondents reported that there had been an IPV perpetrator. For group analysis, 20.1% of lesbian women and 19.3% of gay men reported some IPV experience. Statistically significant differences between gay men and lesbian women respondents were detected for psychology violence perpetrated [x²(1) = 6.37, p = .01, w = .64]. Gay men reported a higher percentage perpetrating psychological violence in their relationship (87.5%), as compared to the group of lesbian women (65.8%). Also, a statistically significant relation was found between IPV experiences and educational levels [x²(3) = 10.53, p = .01, w = .51]. Subjects with higher educational levels report less IPV frequency. Finally, a statistically significant relation was found between IPV victims and IPV perpetrators. This study represents the first approach to describe and characterize IPV in gay men and lesbian women, thus creating a baseline for making comparisons with future findings on LGBT issues in Chile and Latin America. Results support evidence concerning greater prevalence of psychological violence in both gay men and lesbian women, as compared to other types of violence such as physical and sexual (Barrett & St. Pierre, 2013; Finneran y Stephenson, 2013; Hellemans et al., 2015; Messinger, 2011). In addition, this resultis similar to those of previous studies on general population (Russell, 2015). An important result is IPV mutuality in the sample, namely, IPV occurs in two directions: persons experiencing partner violence concurrently perpetrate violence against their partners. Findings support the view that, in general, violence in same-sex relationships takes place gradually from relation al dynamics marked by violence (Barrientos, Rodríguez-Caballería, Escartín & Longares, in press). In this context, although data from this study are exploratory-descriptive, they make up a good approach to the problem since they include gay men and lesbian women from different Chilean areas of varied sociodemographic characteristics. If similar findings are reported in other studies, they could help direct psychosocial interventions, public policies, and future research. In any case, results must be carefully considered since they are non-representative samples and, in theory, not comparable with each other. Limitations and implications for future IPV research in same-sex relationships are discussed.

Health and life satisfaction for Chinese gay men in Guangzhou, China / 中南大学学报(医学版)

Objective:To understand Chinese gay men's health and life satisfaction in Guanzhou,and to analyze the main factors for life satisfaction.Methods:Male gay participants were recruited through respondent-driven sampling and faceto-face investigations with self-administered questionnaires,including a general demographic questionnaire,a suicide questionnaire,the Depression-Anxiety Stress Scale,the Self-Stigma Scale,the Perceived Social Support Scale,the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale,and the Satisfaction with Life Scale.Results:Surveys were successfully conducted for 420 gay men.High levels of depression,anxiety,and stress were observed among the respondents.A total of 29.3％ had suicidal tendency in the past year,36.5％ experienced dating violence,39.2％ had homosexual sex without protection in the past 6 months,and 14.0％ were infected with at least one type of infection of sexually transmitted diseases.Multiple linear regression analysis showed that gay men who felt highly satisfied with life exhibited low levels of self-stigma,high self-esteem,and low levels of depression.Moreover,they did not suffer dating violence and playing passive sex roles.Conclusion:The survey confirmed that gay men in Guangzhou,China,have poor health and lower life satisfaction levels.Self-stigma,self-esteem,sex roles,depression,and dating violence are the main factors that influence the life satisfaction of them.

Homens gays e a erótica do envelhecimento / Gay men and aging erotic / Hombres gays y la erótica del envejecimiento

O acompanhamento dos encontros de um grupo de homens gays mais velhos e as inserções pontuais em uma sauna/videolocadora, que promove a aproximação entre homens gays mais velhos e uma diversidade de parceiros na cidade de Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, entre 2009 e 2012, fornecem elementos para discutir questões na conexão envelhecimento e erotismo. Por erótica do envelhecimento, entendemos um conjunto de estratégias de que lançam mão os homens gays mais velhos, no sentido de manter em aberto possibilidades de vida amorosa e sexual.

This paper presents two data sources: the systematic monitoring by the researchers of the meetings of a group of older gay men in the city of Porto Alegre and the occasional insertions in a sauna / video store that promotes the approach among older gay men and other partners over the years 2009 to 2012. With this data, we discuss some issues in connection aging and eroticism. For aging erotica, we understand a set of strategies adopted by older gay men in order to keep open possibilities for love and sex life.

El seguimiento de los encuentros de un grupo de hombres gays más viejos y las inserciones puntuales en una sauna / videolocadora, que promueve el acercamiento entre hombres gays más viejos y una diversidad de socios en la ciudad de Porto Alegre entre 2009 y 2012, elementos para discutir cuestiones en la conexión envejecimiento y erotismo. Por erótica del envejecimiento, entendemos un conjunto de estrategias que arrojan a los hombres gays más viejos en el sentido de mantener en abierto posibilidades de vida amorosa y sexual.

Discrimination and victimization against gay men and lesbians in Chile: Two patterns or just one?

La marcha por el Orgullo Lésbico, Gay, Bisexual y Transgénero se realiza cada año en Santiago de Chile y aglutina a minorías sexuales, pero también a heterosexuales que asisten para apoyar a dicha población en la reinvindación de sus derechos. Específicamente, el propósito del estudio realizado fue describir a gay y lesbianas participantes en la Marcha del Orgullo desde el punto de vista de la discriminación y la victimización. Se centró solo en dicha población ya que mayoritariamente es la que asiste a la marcha y porque no existen estudios previos que comparen en el país a ambos grupos. Además, tuvo como objetivo mostrar que los hombres gay sufren más discriminación y victimización que las lesbianas. La muestra consistió en 203 gay y lesbianas mayores de 18 años. Con respecto a los resultados, la proporción de gay que reportaron haber percibido eventos de discriminación fue igual al 72.7% y 79.6% en las lesbianas. Asimismo, el 81.8% del total de los gay reportaron eventos de victimización y un 75.3% del total de las lesbianas. Se observan diferencias significativas entre gay y lesbianas, afectando solo a las últimas, en la prohibición de entrada o permanencia en lugares de entretención, discriminación ejercida por agentes de seguridad y discriminación laboral. Entre los eventos de victimización, gay informaron más burlas que las lesbianas. Se concluye que hay similaridades en los eventos de discriminación y victimización percibidos por gay y lesbianas, pero también algunas diferencias. La existencia de un patrón diferenciado entre gay y lesbianas deberá ser confirmada en futuros estudios.

The Lesbian, Gay men, Bisexual and Trans -gender (LGBT) Pride Parade takes place in Santiago (Chile) every year. It gathers sexual minorities and also heterosexuals who attend to support LGBT population rights vindication. Specifically, the objective of the study was to describe gay men and lesbians who participate in the LGBT Pride Parade, from the viewpoint of discrimination and victimization. In this sense, this study is innovating because it is based on questionnaires administered in the context of LGBT Pride Parades. In Chile, data on this issue are scarce. There are few previous studies on the topic, revealing that many LGBT people report discrimination and victimization in different situations and contexts. Nevertheless, these studies have not clearly stated the existing differences in the patterns of discrimination and victimization events that affect the different groups (for example, those that affect gay men and lesbians). So, the study focused only on this population for two reasons: first, mainly LGBT subjects attend the parade and secondly, there were no previous studies to compare both groups in the country. Second, the study also aimed at showing that gay men suffer greater discrimination and victimization than lesbians. A non-probabilistic sample of 343 participants was collected. From this sample, 140 subjects were excluded as they did not identify themselves as gay men or lesbians, thus totaling a sample of 203 participants. There were a total of 110 gay men (54.2%) and 93 lesbians (45.8%), aging from 18 to 53 years (M = 24.62 and SD = 6.62). Concerning results, 72.7% of gay men reported discrimination events perceived, as compared to 79.6% of lesbians. In addition, 81.8% of gay men reported victimization events, while lesbians reported 75.3 %. Significant differences are observed between gay men and lesbians, affecting only the latter in: prohibition to enter or stay in entertainment venues, discrimination by security guards, and discrimination at work. Among victimization events, gays reported more mockery than lesbians. This study has various implications. One of them is the fact that an important place where gay men and particularly lesbians are discriminated is their workplace. Future studies will have to focus on investigating the impact of discrimination due to sexual orientation in a work context. In addition, future studies should further examine whether verbal mockery-type victimization and its impact on the gay men population is a common pattern of victimization toward the country's LGBT population. Likewise, it would be necessary to study whether other relevant dimensions in the country, such as social class and religion, contribute to experiencing this type of victimization. Also, there are therapists in Chile who consider homosexuality as an illness and apply reconversive therapies, thus contributing to stigmatization and violence toward sexual minorities. Therefore, this study may contribute to the training of future therapists and health personnel assisting gay men and lesbians since sexual minorities have reported that they face various barriers that prevent them from having equal access to health services, a fact that could have a great impact on their quality of life. Finally, considering the differences in discrimination and victimization found between gay men and lesbians in Chile: Do gay men experience more discrimination and victimization events than lesbians? Are there two different patterns of discrimination and victimization or, instead, a general one that affects both gay men and lesbians in Chile? Data are not conclusive. They indicate that there are many similarities in the discrimination and victimization events perceived by gay men and lesbians, but they also reveal two different patterns. Therefore, the existence of a differentiated pattern of discrimination and victimization between gay men and lesbians should be confirmed by future studies.

Homoparentalidade no masculino: uma revisão da literatura / Padres gays y sus hijos: una revisión de literatura / Gay fathers and their children: a literature review

Pesquisas têm identificado semelhanças entre a heteroparentalidade e a homoparentalidade, tanto no que diz respeito às práticas parentais, como no que se relaciona com o desenvolvimento psicossocial das crianças e jovens. Contudo, comparativamente com o volume de investigação com mães lésbicas, os estudos com famílias homoparentais masculinas são ainda minoritários. O objetivo deste trabalho foi, assim, o de efetuar uma revisão crítica da literatura sobre homoparentalidade no masculino. Em primeiro lugar, refletimos acerca dos preconceitos particulares contra a parentalidade gay. Em segundo lugar, revimos os principais estudos com famílias homoparentais masculinas, publicados entre 1979 e 2011. Os resultados das referidas pesquisas foram organizados em torno de cinco temáticas: atitudes face à parentalidade, identidade sexual, relação com o contexto, competência parental e qualidade/dinâmica das relações familiares, e desenvolvimento psicossocial das crianças e jovens. Por último, destacámos algumas limitações e implicações para o futuro da investigação revista.

Investigaciones han identificado similitudes entre heteroparentalidad y la homoparentalidad, tanto en lo referente a prácticas parentales, como al desarrollo psicosocial de los niños y jóvenes. Sin embargo, en comparación con el volumen de investigación sobre madres lesbianas, los estudios con familias homoparentales masculinas siguen siendo la minoría. El objetivo de este trabajo fue hacer una revisión crítica de la literatura sobre la homoparentalidad masculina. En primer lugar, se reflexiona sobre los prejuicios particulares contra la paternidad gay. En segundo, se revisaron los principales estudios con familias homoparentales formadas por gays, publicados entre 1979 y 2011. Los resultados se organizan en torno a cinco temas: las actitudes hacia la parentalidad, la identidad sexual, la relación con el contexto, la competencia parental y la calidad/dinámica de las relaciones familiares y el desarrollo psicosocial de los niños y jóvenes. Por último, destacamos algunas limitaciones e implicaciones para el futuro de la investigación revista.

Research has mainly identified similarities between lesbian/gay parenting and heterosexual parenting, namely in what concerns parental practices and the psychosocial development of children. However, comparatively with the bulk of research with lesbian mothers, studies with gay fathers are still residual. The purpose of this work was to critically revise the psychological literature about gay fathers and their children. Firstly, we reflected about specific prejudices against gay parenting. Secondly, we revised the most important scientific studies with gay male parents, published between 1979 and 2011. Results of this body of research were organized around five themes: attitudes towards parenthood, sexual identity, relation with the contexts, parental competence and family dynamics/relationship quality, and psychosocial development of children and youngsters. Finally, we highlighted some limitations of the revised research and we drew implications for the future.

A adoção de crianças por gays / Adoption of children by gay people

Investigou-se, utilizando uma entrevista semi estruturada, a experiência de três homens que se assumem como gays¹ e têm filhos adotivos. Todos possuem nível superior de escolaridade. As entrevistas foram transcritas literalmente e submetidas à Análise de Conteúdo, resultando em três temas: desejo de se tornar pai; construção do sentimento de paternidade; segredos e revelações. Os resultados mostram que desejar ter um filho, ser capaz de amá-lo e se responsabilizar por ele não estão sujeitos a nenhuma orientação sexual, nem se restringem a um desejo de normalização. A construção do sentimento de paternidade tanto pode acontecer no contato diário com a criança, quanto desde o primeiro momento em que a veem. O relacionamento com o filho sofre influência da relação que eles possuem com a própria sexualidade, omitindo sua orientação sexual ou revelando-a.

The experience of three highly educated men who have adoptive children and identify themselves as gays was investigated using semi-structured interviews, which were literally transcribed and submitted to content analysis, resulting in three themes: the wish to become a parent; the construction of a parenthood feeling; secrets and revelations. Results show that wishing to have a child, being able to love it and taking responsibility over it is not related to sexual orientation, nor is restricted to normalization desire; the construction of a parenthood feeling may happen in the daily interaction with the child or since the first moment in which they see it; the relationship with the infant is influenced by the relation with their own sexuality, whether omitting or revealing their sexual orientation.

A confirmatory factor analysis of the Spanish language version of the Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men Scale (ATLG) / Análisis factorial confirmatorio de la versión en español del Cuestionario de Actitudes hacia Lesbianas y Hombres Gais (ATLG)

This paper intends to validate the Attitudes toward Lesbians and Gay Men Scale (Herek, 1988). The starting point is the five dimensions reported in previous studies (Cárdenas & Barrientos, 2008). No research has confirmed the hypothesized ATLG factor structure with a Spanish-language sample. This study tested three factor structures, results indicating that the two-factor second-order model provides the best description of ATLG items. Additionally, psychometric properties were examined using a sample of 518 college students. ATLG proved reliable (a = 0.93) and valid for Chilean population.

Este artículo busca validar la Escala de Actitudes hacia Lesbianas y Hombres Gais ([ATLG], Herek, 1988). El punto de partida son las cinco dimensiones reportadas en estudios anteriores (Cárdenas & Barrientos, 2008). Ninguna investigación ha confirmado la estructura factorial hipotética de la ATLG con una muestra de hispanoparlantes. El estudio examinó tres estructuras factoriales, y los resultados indican que el modelo de dos factores proporciona la mejor descripción de los ítems de la ATLG. Además, se examinaron las propiedades psicométricas con una muestra de 518 estudiantes universitarios. La ATLG se mostró confiable (a = 0.93) y válida para una población chilena.

Sexualidade e trabalho: estudo sobre a discriminação de homossexuais masculinos no setor bancário / Sexuality and work: study on discrimination against gay men in the banking sector

Este artigo analisa as possíveis formas de discriminação no local de trabalho direcionadas a funcionários homossexuais masculinos de bancos públicos e privados. Inicialmente são discutidos os conceitos básicos relativos aos estudos sobre discriminação de forma geral e as relações desses conceitos com a discriminação de homossexuais. Com respeito aos aspectos metodológicos, a pesquisa é qualitativa, utilizando um roteiro de entrevista semiestruturado para coleta de dados. Foram entrevistados 10 bancários, trabalhadores de dois bancos públicos federais e de um banco privado com capital inteiramente nacional. Para a análise de dados utilizou-se a análise de discurso desenvolvida por Michel Foucault. Conclui-se que os entrevistados são alvo de discriminação direta e indireta em razão de sua sexualidade. A discriminação direta manifesta-se na deficiência dos normativos dos bancos públicos estudados em garantir e esclarecer os reais direitos dos trabalhadores homossexuais que têm casamentos homoafetivos, bem como na completa falta de regras que estabeleçam direitos aos homossexuais no banco privado analisado. Contudo, o que mais causa incômodo aos entrevistados são as expressões de discriminação indireta manifestadas no local de trabalho.

This article analyzes the possible forms of discrimination against gay employees of public and private banks. Initially we discuss the basic concepts related to studies on discrimination in general and the relationship of these concepts with the discrimination of homosexuals. In regard to the type of research methodology is qualitative, using a script of semi-structured interview for data collection. We interviewed ten works, employees of two federal public banks and a private bank with capital entirely national. For the analysis of data was used the analysis of discourse developed by Michel Foucault. It is concluded that the respondents are targets of direct and indirect discrimination on grounds of their sexuality. Discrimination manifests itself directly in the deficiency of normative public banks studied to ensure and clarify the real rights of workers who have homosexual marriages homoafetivos as well as the complete lack of rules that establish rights for homosexuals in private bank. However, the question that most interviewees are uncomfortable is the indirect discrimination expressed in the workplace.