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Objective To study the effect and mechanism of the thapsigargin combined with gefitinib on the proliferation of human lung adenocarcinoma gefitinib resistance cell line PC9/GR. Methods The cell viability of PC9/GR treated with gefitinib alone or gefitinib combined with thapsigargin was evaluated by CCK8 assay. The flow cytometry was used to analyze the PC9/GR cell apoptosis indued by the two group drugs. The ATF-6 and IRE1α protein expression of PC9/GR cells treated with the two group drugs were detected by Western blotting. Results The group of drug combination exhibited enhanced ability to inhibit cell proliferation, promote cell apoptosis and upregulate the ATF-6 and IRE1α protein expression of the PC9/GR compared with the group gefitinib used alone. Conclusion The sensitivity of PC9/GR to gefitinib was increased when the cells were treated by thapsigargin, which may be related with the state of endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS) induced by thapsigargin.
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A 68-year-old male patient with malignant left lung tumor was treated with gefitinib(250 mg,po,qd)for 29 days.Liver function test results showed AST 310 U·L-1,ALT 493 U·L-1,AKP 100 U·L-1,TBil 18 μmol·L-1,GGT 60 U·L-1,INR 1.81.Several liver function indicators of the patient showed abnormal,which was consistent with the clinical manifestations of moderate liver injury.The liver function index of the patient improved after the doctor adopted the suggestion of clinical pharmacists to protect the liver.Clinical pharmacists made a comprehensive and dynamic assessment of the patient's condition,analyzed the correlation between the patient's liver injury and gefitinib,and judged that the patient's liver injury was likely caused by gefitinib.Clinical pharmacists analyzed the drug use of a blind trial patient,proposed the follow-up treatment plan,and discussed the blind trial drugs,which provided references for clinical safe and rational drug use and had important reference significance.
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OBJECTIVE To investigate the synergistic effect of triptolide (TPL) combined with epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) gefitinib on EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells and its potential mechanism. METHODS Human NSCLC cell lines H1975 (EGFR T790M/L858R mutated drug-resistant cell lines) and H1299 (EGFR wild-type non-drug-resistant cell lines) were cultured in vitro. MTT method was used to detect cell activity, and the effect of combined medication was evaluated by the combination index (CI). The H1975 cells were divided into blank group, low- concentration and high-concentration groups of TPL (5 nmol/L or 15 nmol/L), gefitinib group (2 μmol/L), low-concentration and high-concentration groups of TPL+gefitinib (5 nmol/L TPL+2 μmol/L gefitinib, 15 nmol/L TPL+2 μmol/L gefitinib). Flow cytometry was used to detect the apoptosis of H1975 cells and the distribution of the cell cycle. Molecular docking studies were used to predict the binding ability of TPL to EGFR. The expressions of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and autophagy-related proteins [microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3α (MAP1LC3A), MAP1LC3B] in H1975 cells were detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS TPL had a strong inhibitory effect on the proliferation of H1975 and H1299 cells in a time-dependent and dose-dependent manner. Forty-eight hours treatment of 5 or 15 nmol/L TPL combined with gefitinib had a synergistic inhibitory effect on the proliferation of H1975 cells (CI<1), while there was no synergistic inhibitory effect on H1299 cells (CI>1). Compared with the blank group, the apoptosis rate and the proportion of H1975 cells at G0/G1 phase were increased significantly in administration groups, while the proportions of cells at S phase and G2/M phase (except for several TPL groups) were decreased significantly, and the combination group had better effects (P<0.05). Molecular docking studies showed that the hydroxyl radical of TPL could form hydrogen bonds with the Thr854 residue of the product encoded by EGFR T790M/L858R mutation. Compared with the blank group, the expressions of pathway-related proteins were down-regulated significantly in administration groups, while those of autophagy-related proteins were up-regulated significantly, and the combination group had better effects (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS TPL combined with gefitinib can synergically inhibit the proliferation activity of EGFR-mutated NSCLC cells, the mechanism of which may be related to the down-regulation of PI3K/Akt/ mTOR pathway and induction of autophagy.
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Objective: To screen the key genes involved in gefitinib resistance of lung adenocarcinoma PC9/GR cells which harbored 19 exon mutation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene, and discuss the effect and mechanism of downregulation of solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) on the gefitinib resistance of PC9/GR cells. Methods: RNA microarray was conducted to detect the gene expressions in PC9 and PC9/GR cells. The differently expressed genes were screened by using limma package of R language and analyzed by Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis. Western blotting was performed to determine the expression of SLC7A11 protein in PC9 and PC9/GR cells. PC9/GR cells were infected with lentivirus plasmid containing short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting SLC7A11 or negative control shRNA (sh-NC), respectively. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed to evaluate the efficacy of shRNA on the expression of SLC7A11 mRNA. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was conducted to determine the suppressing effect of gefitinib on PC9/GR cells. Mito-Tracker Red CMXRos probe and malondialdehyde (MDA) assay kit were used to evaluate gefitinib-induced ferroptosis in PC9/GR cells. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was conducted to detect the expression of SLC7A11 protein in the tumor tissues of advanced stage lung adenocarcinoma patients harboring 19 exon mutation of EGFR gene. Thirty-six advanced stage lung adenocarcinoma patients who received EGFR-tyrosihe kinase inhibitor(TKI) as first-line treatment in Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical Unviersity were enrolled. Kaplan-Meier survival curve was drawn to analyze the correlation between SLC7A11 expression and progression-free survival (PFS) of the patients. Results: RNA array demonstrated that 2 888 genes were differently expressed between PC9 and PC9/GR cells. KEGG analysis showed that ferroptosis-related gene was one of the most enriched region of the differently expressed genes between PC9 and PC9/GR cells. These ferroptosis-related gene cohort contained 13 genes, among which SLC7A11 exhibited the most significant difference. Western blotting showed that the expression of SLC7A11 protein in PC9/GR cells was significantly higher than that in PC9 cells (0.76±0.03 vs. 0.19±0.02, P<0.001). The 50% inhibiting concentration (IC(50)) of gefitinib was 35.08 μmol/L and 64.01 μmol/L for sh-SLC7A11 and sh-NC group PC9/GR cells, respectively. PC9/GR cells in sh-SLC7A11 group exhibited significantly lower density of mitochondria fluorescence after gefitinib treatment, compared to the sh-NC group (213.77±26.50 vs. 47.88±4.55, P<0.001). In addition, PC9/GR cells in sh-SLC7A11 group exhibited significantly higher MDA after gefitinib treatment, compared to the sh-NC group [(15.43±1.60) μmol/mg vs. (82.18±7.77) μmol/mg, P<0.001]. The PFS of the patients with low expression of SLC7A11 (n=18) was significantly longer than the patients with high expression of SLC7A11 (n=18, 16.77 months vs. 9.14 months, P<0.001). Conclusion: Downregulation of SLC7A11 could increase the sensitivity of PC9/GR cells to gefitinib by promoting ferroptosis.
Subject(s)
Humans , Gefitinib/therapeutic use , Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , Lung Neoplasms/pathology , Down-Regulation , Quinazolines/therapeutic use , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics , ErbB Receptors/metabolism , Adenocarcinoma of Lung , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , RNA, Small Interfering/genetics , Cell Line, Tumor , Amino Acid Transport System y+/metabolismABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo compare and observe the effect of Reduning injection (mainly clearing heat), Shenfu injection (mainly warming Yang) combined with gefitinib on the proliferation, apoptosis, stemness characteristics and metabolism of lung cancer cells. MethodDifferent non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines were selected and intervened with gefitinib (5, 10, 20 μmol·L-1), Reduning injection (0.6%, 0.9%), Shenfu injection (0.6%, 0.9%), gefitinib combined with Reduning injection, and gefitinib combined with Shenfu injection. Cell proliferation in each group was detected by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, and cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. The mRNA and protein expressions of lung cancer stem cell markers sex determining region Y-box 2 (Sox2) and aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1 member A1 (ALDH1A1) were determind by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Real-time PCR) and Western blot, respectively. The redox ratio of lung cancer cells was observed by femtosecond label-free imaging (FLI) and energy metabolism instrument was used to determine the glycolysis level in cells. ResultCompared with the blank group, Reduning injection reduced the survival rate of lung cancer cells (P<0.05), increased the apoptosis rate (P<0.05), down-regulated the mRNA and protein expressions of Sox2 and ALDH1A1 (P<0.05), and up-regulated the redox ratio of cells (P<0.05), while Shenfu injection exerted no remarkable effect on the above indexes. In addition, compared with gefitinib alone, Reduning injection combined with gefitinib inhibited the survival rate of lung cancer cells (P<0.05), promoted the cell apoptosis (P<0.05), down-regulated the mRNA and protein expressions of Sox2 and ALDH1A1 (P<0.05), up-regulated the redox ratio of cells (P<0.05), and lowered the proton efflux rate of glycolysis (P<0.05), while Shenfu injection combined with gefitinib failed to affect these indexes of lung cancer cells significantly. ConclusionReduning injection may inhibit stemness characteristics of tumor cells by regulating their metabolism to enhance the proliferation-inhibiting and pro-apoptotic effects of gefitinib on lung cancer cells, while Shenfu injection had no significant enhancing effect on gefitinib. This indicates that epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) should be used in combination with heat-clearing Chinese medicines.
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Abstract This study aimed to perform a meta-analysis comparing the efficacy and safety of gefitinib in combination with chemotherapy versus gefitinib alone in patients with advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). We searched databases for clinical studies that reported the efficacy or safety of gefitinib plus chemotherapy in comparison with gefitinib alone. Raw data from included studies were extracted and pooled to calculate the Odds Ratio (OR) for Objective Response Rate (ORR) and Disease Control Rate (DCR), the Hazard Ratio (HR) for Progression-Free Survival (PFS) and Overall Survival (OS), and OR for complication ≥ Grade 3. A total of 10 studies containing 1,528 patients with NSCLC were identified and included in the analysis. Gefitinib plus chemotherapy showed significantly better efficacy in improving ORR (OR = 1.54; 95% CI [Confidence Interval], 1.13‒2.1; p = 0.006), DCR (OR = 1.62; 95% CI 1.14‒2.29; p = 0.007), PFS (HR=1.67; 95% CI 1.45‒1.94; p < 0.001) and OS (HR = 1.49; 95% CI 1.2‒1.87; p < 0.001) as compared with gefitinib alone. Consistent results were observed in the sub-population with positive EGFR mutation. The combination of gefitinib with chemotherapy had a significantly higher risk of complication (≥ Grade 3) with an OR of 3.29 (95% CI 2.57‒4.21; p < 0.001). The findings in the present study suggest that the combination of gefitinib with chemotherapy can provide better disease response and survival outcomes for patients with advanced NSCLC.
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Mesilato de osimertinibe, gefitinibe, erlotinibe, quimioterapia padrão. Indicação: Câncer de pulmão de células não pequenas com mutação do receptor do fator de crescimento epidérmico (EGFR). Pergunta: Mesilato de osimertinibe é mais eficaz e seguro que gefitinibe, erlotinibe ou quimioterapia para os desfechos de sobrevida global, sobrevida livre de progressão e de segurança no tratamento de carcinoma pulmonar de células não pequenas com mutação do EGFR? Métodos: Levantamento bibliográfico foi realizado na base de dados PUBMED e EPISTEMONIKOS, seguindo estratégias de buscas predefinidas. Foi feita avaliação da qualidade metodológica das revisões sistemáticas com a ferramenta AMSTAR-2 (Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews Version 2). Resultados: Foram selecionadas duas revisões sistemáticas que atenderam aos critérios de elegibilidade. Conclusão: Mesilato de osimertinibe é mais eficaz do que gefitinibe ou erlotinibe na melhora da sobrevida global e da sobrevida livre de progressão em pacientes virgens de tratamento. Em pacientes previamente tratados, o mesilato de osimertinibe não é superior à quimioterapia padrão à base de platina no prolongamento da sobrevida global, mas é mais eficaz no aumento da sobrevida livre de progressão. Para câncer avançado, mesilato de osimertinibe não é mais eficaz do que a quimioterapia com ou sem pemetrexede para prolongar a sobrevida global, mas é mais eficaz em melhorar a sobrevida livre de progressão. Gefitinibe combinado com quimioterapia à base de pemetrexede foi superior à quimioterapia com ou sem pemetrexede na melhora da sobrevida global e da sobrevida livre de progressão
Osimertinib mesylate, gefitinib, erlotinib, standard chemotherapy. Indication: Non-small cell lung cancer with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation. Question: Is osimertinib mesylate more effective and safer than gefitinib, erlotinib or chemotherapy for overall survival, progression-free survival and safety outcomes in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer with EGFR mutation? Methods: A bibliographic search was done in the PUBMED and EPISTEMONIKOS database, following predefined search strategies. The methodological quality of systematic reviews was evaluated using the Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews Version 2 tool. Results: Two systematic reviews were selected because they met the eligibility criteria. Conclusion: Osimertinib mesylate is more effective than gefitinib or erlotinib in improving overall survival and progression-free survival in treatment-naive patients. In previously treated patients, osimertinib mesylate is not superior to standard platinum-based chemotherapy in prolonging overall survival, but it is more effective in increasing progression-free survival. For advanced cancer, osimertinib mesylate is not more effective than chemotherapy with or without pemetrexed in prolonging overall survival, but it is more effective in improving progression-free survival. Gefitinib combined with pemetrexed-based chemotherapy was superior to chemotherapy with or without pemetrexed in improving overall survival and progression-free survival
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy , Erlotinib Hydrochloride/therapeutic use , Gefitinib/therapeutic use , Inhibitors, Tyrosine Kinase/therapeutic use , Pemetrexed/therapeutic use , Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosageABSTRACT
Objective: To screen the key genes involved in gefitinib resistance of lung adenocarcinoma PC9/GR cells which harbored 19 exon mutation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene, and discuss the effect and mechanism of downregulation of solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) on the gefitinib resistance of PC9/GR cells. Methods: RNA microarray was conducted to detect the gene expressions in PC9 and PC9/GR cells. The differently expressed genes were screened by using limma package of R language and analyzed by Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis. Western blotting was performed to determine the expression of SLC7A11 protein in PC9 and PC9/GR cells. PC9/GR cells were infected with lentivirus plasmid containing short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting SLC7A11 or negative control shRNA (sh-NC), respectively. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed to evaluate the efficacy of shRNA on the expression of SLC7A11 mRNA. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was conducted to determine the suppressing effect of gefitinib on PC9/GR cells. Mito-Tracker Red CMXRos probe and malondialdehyde (MDA) assay kit were used to evaluate gefitinib-induced ferroptosis in PC9/GR cells. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was conducted to detect the expression of SLC7A11 protein in the tumor tissues of advanced stage lung adenocarcinoma patients harboring 19 exon mutation of EGFR gene. Thirty-six advanced stage lung adenocarcinoma patients who received EGFR-tyrosihe kinase inhibitor(TKI) as first-line treatment in Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical Unviersity were enrolled. Kaplan-Meier survival curve was drawn to analyze the correlation between SLC7A11 expression and progression-free survival (PFS) of the patients. Results: RNA array demonstrated that 2 888 genes were differently expressed between PC9 and PC9/GR cells. KEGG analysis showed that ferroptosis-related gene was one of the most enriched region of the differently expressed genes between PC9 and PC9/GR cells. These ferroptosis-related gene cohort contained 13 genes, among which SLC7A11 exhibited the most significant difference. Western blotting showed that the expression of SLC7A11 protein in PC9/GR cells was significantly higher than that in PC9 cells (0.76±0.03 vs. 0.19±0.02, P<0.001). The 50% inhibiting concentration (IC(50)) of gefitinib was 35.08 μmol/L and 64.01 μmol/L for sh-SLC7A11 and sh-NC group PC9/GR cells, respectively. PC9/GR cells in sh-SLC7A11 group exhibited significantly lower density of mitochondria fluorescence after gefitinib treatment, compared to the sh-NC group (213.77±26.50 vs. 47.88±4.55, P<0.001). In addition, PC9/GR cells in sh-SLC7A11 group exhibited significantly higher MDA after gefitinib treatment, compared to the sh-NC group [(15.43±1.60) μmol/mg vs. (82.18±7.77) μmol/mg, P<0.001]. The PFS of the patients with low expression of SLC7A11 (n=18) was significantly longer than the patients with high expression of SLC7A11 (n=18, 16.77 months vs. 9.14 months, P<0.001). Conclusion: Downregulation of SLC7A11 could increase the sensitivity of PC9/GR cells to gefitinib by promoting ferroptosis.
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Humans , Gefitinib/therapeutic use , Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , Lung Neoplasms/pathology , Down-Regulation , Quinazolines/therapeutic use , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics , ErbB Receptors/metabolism , Adenocarcinoma of Lung , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , RNA, Small Interfering/genetics , Cell Line, Tumor , Amino Acid Transport System y+/metabolismABSTRACT
BACKGROUND@#Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutations are the most common driver mutations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). To prolong the survival of the patients, EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) resistance in NSCLC is a major challenge that needs to be addressed urgently, and this study focuses on investigating the mechanism of cigarette smoke (CS) induced Gefitinib resistance in NSCLC.@*METHODS@#PC-9 and A549 cells were cultured in vitro and treated with 1 µmol/L Gefitinib for 4 h and 10% cigarette smoke extract (CSE) for 48 h. Western blot was used to detect Sirtuin 3 (Sirt3) and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) protein expressions; DCFH-DA probe was used to detect intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS); CCK-8 kit was used to detect cell activity, and EdU was used to detect cell proliferation ability. Sirt3 overexpression plasmid (OV-Sirt3) was transfected in PC-9 and A549 cells and treated with 1 µmol/L Gefitinib for 4 h and 10% CSE for 48 h after N-acetylcysteine (NAC) action. The expressions of Sirt3 and SOD2 were detected by Western blot; the ROS level in the cells was detected by DCFH-DA probe, and the cell activity was detected by CCK-8.@*RESULTS@#CSE induced an increase in the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of both PC-9 and A549 cells to Gefitinib (P<0.01) and enhanced the proliferation of PC-9 and A549 cells, suggesting that CS induced Gefitinib resistance in NSCLC. ROS was involved in CSE-induced Gefitinib resistance (P<0.05). CSE induced low expressions of Sirt3 and SOD2 (P<0.01), and Sirt3/SOD2 was associated with poor prognosis in lung cancer patients (P<0.05). OV-Sirt3 in PC-9 and A549 cells reversed CSE-induced Gefitinib resistance (P<0.05) and significantly reduced ROS production. NAC reversed CSE-induced Gefitinib resistance in PC-9 and A549 cells (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The ROS/Sirt3/SOD2 pathway is involved in CS-induced Gefitinib resistance in NSCLC.
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Humans , Gefitinib/therapeutic use , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism , Sirtuin 3/therapeutic use , Lung Neoplasms/metabolism , Reactive Oxygen Species/therapeutic use , Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , Cigarette Smoking , Sincalide/therapeutic use , ErbB Receptors/metabolism , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics , Cell Line, TumorABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy and safety of icotinib and gefitinib in the treatment of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutated advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS The data of 146 patients with EGFR- mutant advanced NSCLC of our Hospital from December 2015 to September 2021 were retrospectively analyzed and divided into the gefitinib group (73 cases) and the icotinib group (73 cases) according to the drug use. Patients in the gefitinib group were given 0.25 g of gefitinib tablets once a day orally by single drug or combined with conventional chemotherapy, while patients in the icotinib group were given 125 mg of icotinib hydrochloride tablets three times a day orally by single drug or combined with conventional chemotherapy. Short-term efficacy, progression-free survival (PFS) were observed; Cox regression model was used to analyze the factors affecting the prognosis of patients; the occurrence of ADR were observed in the two groups. RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference in the objective remission rate, disease control rate, and the incidence of grade 1-2 and grade 3-4 adverse drug reactions between the two groups (P>0.05); median PFS was significantly better in the icotinib group than in the gefitinib group (P=0.048). Results of subgroup analysis based on patients basic information showed that compared with the gefitinib group, PFS of female [HR=0.57,95%CI(0.34,0.96),P=0.031] and non-brain metastatic patients [HR=0.58,95%CI(0.36,0.91),P=0.017] in icotinib group were prolonged significantly. Results of regression model analysis showed that EGFR19 exon Del mutation [HR=0.50, 95%CI(0.25,1.00), P=0.049], EGFR21 exon L858R mutation [HR=0.44, 95%CI(0.21,0.89), P=0.022] and icotinib treatment [HR=0.65, 95%CI (0.44,0.96), P=0.030] were influential factors for prognosis. CONCLUSIONS The short-term efficacy and safety of icotinib and gefitinib in the treatment of EGFR- mutant advanced NSCLC are comparable, but icotinib can significantly prolong the patients’ PFS; EGFR19 exon Del, EGFR21 exon L858R mutations and icotinib treatment are factors affecting patients’ prognosis.
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Background: Cisplatin based Concurrent chemo-radiation (CTRT) is the corner stone for treatment of locally advanced head and neck carcinoma. Epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR) expression by squamous cell carcinoma which is associated with cancer development and progression,leads to emergence of anti-EGFR agents as a therapeutic option. In this study we compare cisplatin based CTRT against gefitinib based CTRT in terms of disease control and acute toxicity profile. Material and Methods: Stage III and IV squamous cell carcinoma of Head and neck region (excluding nasopharynx) were randomised into two groups. Control group received conventionally fractionated radiotherapy of 66Gy in 33fractions, over six and half weeks with concurrent weekly cisplatin. Study group received same dose of radiation with concurrent daily oral Gefitinib. All patients were followed up weekly during the treatment and then 6-8 weeks after completion of treatment and thereafter 3 monthly. Results: Overall response rate (complete response + partial response) was comparable for both arms (75% vs 76.2%, p value-0.881). Radiation with cisplatin was associated with significantly higher skin (28.6% vs 15%,p value-0.037) and mucosal (23.8% vs 5%,p-value-0.047) toxicities. Gefitinib containing arm showed significantly higher grade 3 diarrhoea (10% vs 0%, p-value-0.01) and skin rash (6% vs 0%, p -value-<0.001).With a median follow-up of 12.5 months Disease free survival (DFS) was not significantly different between the arms(12 vs 13 months). Conclusion: Gefitinib based CTRT is non-inferior to cisplatin based CTRT for the treatment of locally advanced head and neck carcinoma with acceptable toxicity profile.
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Objective:To investigate the clinical characteristics of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with different epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutations and the comparison of therapeutic effects.Methods:The clinical data of 324 patients with NSCLC admitted to the 904th Hospital of the Joint Service Support Force of PLA from April 2018 to June 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Gene sequencing method was used to detect EGFR gene and mutations of exons 19 and 21. NSCLC patients with EGFR gene mutations were divided into group A (mutation of exon 19 of EGFR gene) and group B (mutation of exon 21 of EGFR gene). Both groups were treated with gefitinib combined with TP (paclitaxel + cisplatin) regimen for 3 months. The clinical features, efficacy and adverse reactions of the two groups were compared.Results:Among 234 NSCLC patients, 107 cases (45.73%) had EGFR gene mutations. Among them, there were 49 cases in group A (including delE746-A750 mutation in 32 cases, delL747-P753insS 3 mutation in 8 cases, delL747-A750 1 mutation in 6 cases, delL747-T751 1 mutation in 3 cases), and there were 58 cases in group B (all L858R mutations), and no double mutations in exons 19 and 21 were found in both groups. There were no significant differences in gender, TNM staging, pathological type, smoking history, age, degree of differentiation, tumor location, tumor diameter, and lymph node metastasis in the two groups (all P > 0.05). The difference in the clinical control rates of group A and group B was not statistically significant [91.8% (45/49) vs. 89.7% (52/58), χ2=0.15, P = 0.699]. The incidence of grade Ⅲ-Ⅳ adverse reactions in the two groups during treatment had no statistically significant differences (all P > 0.05). Conclusions:EGFR mutation rate in NSCLC patients is relatively high, most of which are EGFR exons 19 and 21 mutations. Gefitinib combined with TP regimen in the treatment of EGFR exons 19 and 21 mutations in NSCLC patients has good curative effects and high safety.
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Objective:To explore the relationship between ABCB1 or ABCG2 gene polymorphisms and therapeutic effects of gefitinib in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, and establish a prediction model of efficacy.Methods:A total of 176 NSCLC patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) -sensitive mutation treated with gefitinib admitted to Department of Pulmonary Disease of Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine of Hebei Province from December 2018 to December 2020 were employed as subjects, and all patients were detected ABCB1 and ABCG2 gene polymorphisms. Patients were divided into remission group and non-remission group according to curative effect after 3 months of gefitinib treatment. The clinical data, ABCB1 and ABCG2 gene polymorphisms, levels of serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125) were compared between the two groups. The related factors of failure to remission after treatment were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Combined with ABCB1 and ABCG2 gene polymorphisms, the prediction model for gefitinib efficacy was constructed and the nomogram was drawn.Results:During the follow-up period, 5 patients were lost to follow-up and 7 patients withdrew from the trial due to intolerable adverse effects, finally 108 patients were employed as remission group, and 56 patients were employed as non-remission group. The numbers of GG, GT and TT at ABCB1 rs2032582 in the remission group were 49, 50 and 9, and those in the non-remission group were 12, 35 and 9, with a statistically significant difference ( χ2=9.56, P=0.008). The numbers of GG, GA and AA at ABCG2 rs2231137 in the remission group were 13, 72 and 23, and those in the non-remission group were 11, 42 and 3, with a statistically significant difference ( χ2=7.74, P=0.021). Before treatment, the levels of serum CEA in the remission group and the non-remission group were (34.28±5.11) ng/ml and (37.88±7.05) ng/ml, with a statistically significant difference ( t=3.74, P<0.001). The levels of CA125 of the two groups were (27.24±6.50) U/ml and (33.31±6.09) U/ml, with a statistically significant difference ( t=-5.79, P<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that TT at rs2032582 of ABCB1 gene ( OR=12.99, 95% CI: 3.17-53.23, P<0.001), GG at rs2231137 of ABCG2 gene ( OR=7.75, 95% CI: 1.36-44.07, P=0.021) and GA ( OR=6.94, 95% CI: 1.47-32.84, P=0.015), CA125 ( OR=1.18, 95% CI: 1.10-1.28, P<0.001) were independent risk factors of failure to remission in NSCLC patients with EGFR sensitive mutation after treatment. The consistency index (C-index) of nomogram for predicting failure to remission was 0.92 (95% CI: 0.86-0.94) . Conclusion:ABCB1 rs2032582 and ABCG2 rs2231137 polymorphisms are related to therapeutic effects of gefitinib in the NSCLC patients, the nomogram based on the two genes combined with serum CA125 can predict efficacy of gefitinib.
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EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI)-targeted therapy has been playing an important role in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, unavoidable therapeutic resistance significantly limits the clinical efficacy of TKI. As an important member of the PAK family of serine/threonine kinases, p21-activated protein kinase 2 (PAK2) plays a critical role in tumorigenesis and tumor development. The aim of this work is to investigate the effect and molecular mechanism of inhibition of PAK2 on the reversal of gefitinib resistance in NSCLC. Firstly, Western blotting was used to detect the expression and phosphorylation level of PAK2 in gefitinib-resistant HCC827/GR cells. The results showed that the phosphorylation level of PAK2 was significantly increased in HCC827/GR cells compared with HCC827 cells (P < 0. 01), while the total protein level of PAK2 did not change. Then, HCC827/GR cells were treated with PAK2 inhibitors FRAX597 or G5555. The MTS assay and clone formation assay results showed that FRAX597 or G5555 significantly increased the sensitivity of HCC827/GR cells to gefitinib (P < 0. 01). Flow cytometry analysis showed that treatment of FRAX597 could induce cell cycle arrest in G
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Objective:To explore the treatment effect of gefitinib on epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-positive advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).Methods:Sixty patients with EGFR-positive advanced NSCLC who were admitted to the 904th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese PLA from March 2016 to January 2020 were selected. They were divided into gefitinib treatment group (30 cases, treated with gefitinib) and combined treatment group (30 cases, treated with pemetrexed combined with cisplatin) by random number table. The anti-tumor efficacy, levels of tumor markers [serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cytokeratin 19 fragment antigen (CYFRA21-1) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE)] before and after treatment, adverse reactions and 6-month overall survival (OS) rate were compared between the two groups.Results:The clinical control rate of gefitinib treatment group was higher than that of combined treatment group [76.7% (23/30) vs. 50.0% (15/30), χ2 = 4.593, P = 0.032]. There was no significant difference in the levels of CEA, CYFRA21-1 and NSE between the two groups before treatment (all P > 0.05). The levels of CEA, CYFRA21-1 and NSE after treatment in gefitinib treatment group were (902±41) μg/L, (3.1±0.4) ng/ml and (17.7±2.3) ng/ml. The levels of CEA, CYFRA21-1 and NSE after treatment in combined treatment group were (999±51) μg/L, (4.0±0.5) ng/ml and (19.4±3.1) ng/ml. The levels of CEA, CYFRA21-1 and NSE after treatment in gefitinib treatment group were lower than those in combined treatment group ( t = 7.441, P < 0.01; t = 7.459, P < 0.01; t = 2.486, P = 0.016).The levels of CEA, CYFRA21-1 and NSE after treatment in the two groups were all lower than those before treatment, and the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of rash, thrombocytopenia, digestive tract reaction, and proteinuria between the two groups [26.7% (8/30) vs. 23.3% (7/30), χ2 = 0.089, P = 0.766; 16.7% (5/30) vs. 13.3% (4/30), χ2 = 0.131, P = 0.718); 30.0% (9/30) vs. 26.7% (8/30), χ2 = 0.082, P = 0.774; 10.0% (3/30) vs. 13.3% (4/30), χ2 = 0.162, P = 0.688]. After 6 months of treatment, the OS rate in gefitinib treatment group was 93.3%, and that in combined treatment group was 83.3%, and there was no statistical difference between the two groups ( χ2 = 1.456, χ2 = 0.228). Conclusion:Gefitinib treatment for EGFR-positive advanced NSCLC patients can enhance the anti-tumor efficacy, reduce the content of tumor markers, and has good safety.
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BACKGROUND@#Lung cancer is the malignant tumor with the highest incidence and mortality in China, among which non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for about 80%. Epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) targeted therapy has been playing an important role in treatment of NSCLC. However, unavoidable therapeutic resistance significantly limits the clinical efficacy of EGFR-TKI. As a key member of the forkhead box protein family, FOXC1 is aberrantly expressed in NSCLC and involved in NSCLC progression. The aim of this work is to investigate the effect and potential mechanism of FOXC1 on gefitinib resistance in NSCLC.@*METHODS@#Western blot was performed to assess the expression of FOXC1 protein in HCC827/GR cells. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays were performed in human NSCLC tissues with gefitinib resistance. HCC827/GR cells were transfected with shRNA specifically targeting FOXC1 mRNA and stable cell lines were established. The effects of FOXC1 on cell viability and apoptosis were analyzed using a new methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay (MTS assay) and flow cytometry. Self-renewal ability was determined by mammosphere-formation analysis. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot were employed to detect the expression of SOX2, Nanog, OCT4 and CD133. Flow cytometry analysis were further used to detect the level of CD133. IHC assays were used to detect the levels of SOX2 and CD133 in NSCLC tissues with genfitiinb resistance. Correlations of the expressions of FOXC1, CD133 and SOX2 with each other in lung adenocarcinoma samples were analyzed based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database.@*RESULTS@#The expression of FOXC1 is significantly increased in HCC827/GR cells compared with HCC827 cells (P<0.05). IHC results showed FOXC1 was highly expressed in NSCLC tissues with gefitinib resisitance. Knockdown of FOXC1 significantly increased the sensitivity of HCC827/GR cells to gefitinib. The cell viability was decreased and the apoptosis was promoted (P<0.05). Moreover, FOXC1 knockdown apparently inhibited the expression of SOX2 and CD133, and decreased the mammosphere-formation capacity in HCC827/GR cells. In NSCLC tissues with gefitinib resistance, the expressions of SOX2 and CD133 were significantly higher compared with gefitinib-sensitive tissues (P<0.01). Meanwhile, the expressions of FOXC1, CD133 and SOX2 with each other were positively correlated (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#FOXC1 could increase gefitinib resitance in NSCLC, by which mechanism is related to the regulation of cancer stem cell properties.
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Objective:To explore the mechanism of a novel BMX splicing variant induced epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) gefitinib resistance in lung cancer.Methods:Stable transgenic cell line PC9-BMXΔN and HCC827-BMXΔN were constructed by lentivirus infection of PC9 and HCC827 cells carrying EGFR mutation. The cells were divided into PC9-Vec group (PC9 cells transfected with empty vector), PC9-BMX group (PC9 cells stably expressing BMX), PC9-BMXΔN group (PC9 cells stably expressing BMXΔN) and HCC827-Vec group (HCC827 cells transfected with empty vector), HCC827-BMXΔN group (HCC827 cells stably expressing BMXΔN). Quantitative real-time PCR was used to detect the expression levels of mRNA. The protein expression levels in each group were detected by Western blotting. The cells in the PC9-Vec group and PC9-BMXΔN group were treated with 0, 0.01, 2.00, 50.00, 100.00, 200.00 nmol/L and 2.00, 4.00 μmol/L gefitinib. The cells in the HCC827-Vec group and HCC827-BMXΔN group were treated with 0, 0.01, 1.00, 10.00, 100.00 nmol/L and 1.00 μmol/L gefitinib. MTT method was used to detect cell viabilities.Results:The PC9-BMXΔN cells were scattered and showed a fibroblast-like morphology. Compared with the PC9-Vec cells, the relative expression levels of fibronectin, N-cadherin, vimentin, Snail, Slug and TWIST 2 mRNA in PC9-BMXΔN cells were up-regulated. Compared with the PC9-Vec cells and PC9-BMX cells, the expression levels of fibronectin and vimentin protein in PC9-BMXΔN cells were up-regulated; while the expression level of E-cadherin protein in PC9-BMXΔN cells was significantly down-regulated. Compared with the PC9-Vec cells, the cell viabilities of PC9-BMXΔN cells treated with 0.01 nmol/L [(99.11±2.16)% vs. (91.29±1.91)%, t=-4.701, P=0.011], 2.00 nmol/L [(80.41±1.48)% vs. (63.36±2.14)%, t=-11.324, P<0.001], 50.00 nmol/L [(80.83±5.38)% vs. (60.22±3.61)%, t=-5.507, P=0.005], 100.00 nmol/L [(75.54±3.46)% vs. (59.93±1.91)%, t=-6.836, P=0.002], 200.00 nmol/L [(77.57±6.53)% vs. (56.70±2.88)%, t=-5.064, P=0.007], 2.00 μmol/L [(70.22±3.45)% vs. (53.14±0.89)%, t=-8.309, P=0.001], 4.00 μmol/L [(68.66±4.67)% vs. (52.30±2.59)%, t=-4.882, P=0.008] gefitinib were significantly increased, with statistically significant differences. Similarly, compared with the HCC827-Vec cells, the cell viabilities of HCC827-BMXΔN cells treated with 1.00 nmol/L [(64.36±2.49 )% vs. (47.13±4.21)%, t=-7.067, P=0.019], 10.00 nmol/L [(63.25±5.87)% vs. (43.28±2.95)%, t=-5.267, P=0.006], 100.00 nmol/L [(49.47±5.74)% vs. (37.12±4.92)%, t=-2.830, P=0.047], 1.00 μmol/L [(49.05±3.34)% vs. (32.06±4.73)%, t=-5.073, P=0.007] gefitinib were significantly increased, with statistically significant differences. Gefitinib treatment could significantly inhibit the expression levels of p-EGFR and p-ERK1/2 both in PC9-Vec cells, PC9-BMX cells and PC9-BMXΔN cells. Compared with the PC9-Vec cells and PC9-BMX cells, the expression level of p-EGFR in PC9-BMXΔN cells was significantly increased after gefitinib treatment for 8 h (0.91±0.04 vs. 0.81±0.04 vs. 0.80±0.05, all P<0.05); the expression levels of p-ERK1/2 in PC9-BMXΔN cells were significantly increased after gefitinib treatment for 2 h (0.64±0.06 vs. 0.38±0.12 vs. 0.37±0.14), 4 h (1.28±0.06 vs. 1.08±0.06 vs. 1.11±0.07), and 8 h (0.75±0.04 vs. 0.55±0.05 vs. 0.60±0.07), with statistically significant differences (all P<0.05). Conclusion:BMXΔN is involved in EGFR-TKI gefitinib resistance in lung cancer, which may be achieved by inducing cells to undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition and activating the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway.
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Objective:To investigate the expression differences of miR-200c, miR-19a and miR-155 in gefitinib sensitive and resistant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, and to analyze the effects of miR-200c, miR-19a and miR-155 expression differences on the prognosis of patients.Methods:From August 1, 2015 to August 1, 2019, 80 patients with stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ NSCLC who were treated with gefitinib in the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University were selected as the research objects. Among them, 36 cases were sensitive to gefitinib as the sensitive group, and 44 cases were resistant to gefitinib as the drug-resistant group. The general data, serum levels of miR-200c, miR-19a and miR-155 were compared between the two groups, and the sensitive factors of gefitinib in NSCLC patients and the correlations between serum miR-200c, miR-19a, miR-155 and clinicopathological characteristics of NSCLC patients were explored. The survival of the patients was analyzed.Results:Compared with the drug-resistant group, the number of smoking cases in the sensitive group was less ( χ2=5.541, P=0.019), the number of clinical stage Ⅲ cases was more ( χ2=8.984, P=0.003), the number of well-differentiated cases was more ( χ2=8.673, P=0.003), the number of patients with lymph node metastasis was less ( χ2=6.082, P=0.014), and the levels of serum miR-200c, miR-19a and miR-155 were higher ( t=7.249, P<0.001; t=8.222, P<0.001; t=10.467, P<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that smoking ( OR=0.355, 95% CI: 0.149-0.845, P<0.001), clinical stage ( OR=0.494, 95% CI: 0.274-0.892, P=0.021), degree of differentiation ( OR=6.062, 95% CI: 3.258-11.279, P=0.013), lymph node metastasis ( OR=0.422, 95% CI: 0.245-0.726, P=0.019), the levels of serum miR-200c ( OR=5.521, 95% CI: 3.126-9.752, P<0.001), miR-19a ( OR=5.384, 95% CI: 2.947-9.836, P<0.001) and miR-155 ( OR=5.325, 95% CI: 3.058-9.274, P<0.001) were all influencing factors of gefitinib sensitivity in NSCLC patients. The levels of serum miR-200c, miR-19a and miR-155 were significantly correlated with clinical stage ( t=3.230, P=0.002, r=-0.578; t=3.188, P=0.002, r=-0.612; t=3.123, P=0.003, r=-0.594), degree of differentiation ( t=2.586, P=0.012, r=0.610; t=4.009, P<0.001, r=0.632; t=4.773, P<0.001, r=0.594) and lymph node metastasis ( t=2.902, P=0.005, r=-0.587; t=3.721, P<0.001, r=-0.629; t=3.391, P=0.001, r=-0.614) of NSCLC patients. Compared with the patients with low levels of serum miR-200c, miR-19a and miR-155, the 1-year survival rates of the patients with high levels of serum miR-200c (63.19% vs. 4.37%, χ2=32.562, P<0.001), miR-19a (61.01% vs. 4.75%, χ2=37.807, P<0.001) and miR-155 (57.82% vs. 0, χ2=44.454, P<0.001) were higher, with statistically significant differences. Conclusion:The levels of serum miR-200c, miR-19a and miR-155 are significantly increased in gefitinib-sensitive NSCLC patients, which are important influencing factors of gefitinib sensitivity, and are closely related to clinicopathological characteristics such as clinical stage, differentiation degree and lymph node metastasis of NSCLC patients, and the prognosis is better in patients with high serum levels.
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Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of kanglaite (KLT) injection combined with gefitinib versus gefitinib alone in the treatment of nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: The randomized controlled trials involving NSCLC treatment with KLT injection combined with gefitinib versus gefitinib alone were searched on seven medical databases up to October 2016. Two reviewers independently assessed the methodological quality of the included studies. The RevMan 5.3 software was employed for data analysis. Results: Seven randomized trials involving 554 patients met our criteria. Compared with gefitinib alone, KLT injection combined with gefitinib showed significant effects in increasing objective response rate (relative risk [RR] =1.38; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09–1.75), improving the performance status (RR = 1.80; 95% CI: 1.34–2.42), raising the percentages of CD4+ cells (weighted mean difference [WMD] = 4.45; 95% CI: 2.61–6.28), natural killer cells (WMD = 4.43; 95% CI: 3.85–5.01), and ratio of CD4+/CD8+ (WMD = 0.08; 95% CI: 0.02–0.14), whereas the difference was not significant in gefitinib toxicity including rash (RR 0.90; 95% CI: 0.58–1.40, P = 0.65), diarrhea (RR 1.04; 95% CI: 0.66–1.64, P = 0.88), and liver injury (RR 1.00; 95% CI: 0.58–1.73, P = 1.00), CD3+ cells (WMD = 1.16; 95% CI: -2.64–4.97) and CD8+ cells (WMD = 6.78; 95% CI: -1.68–15.23). Conclusion: Co-use of KLT injection and gefitinib may benefit the patients with NSCLC through enhancing the therapeutic effectiveness compared with gefitinib alone. To confirm these results, further rigorously designed trials are warranted
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@#[Abstract] Objective:ToinvestigatetheroleofmiR-125a-5pininducingthegefitinib(Gef)-resistance of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cells and its possible mechanism. Methods: Human NSCLC drug-resistant cell line A549/GR and NSCLC cell line A549 were chosen for this study. miR-125a-5p mimic, miR-125a-5p inhibitor, pcDNA3.1-APAF1 and empty vector pcDNA3.1 were transfected into A549/GR cells. The expression level of miR-125a-5p in cell lines was detected by qPCR. MTT, Transwell and Flow cytometry were used to detect the effects of Gef on proliferation, migration and apoptosis of cell lines, respectively. The targeting relationship between miR-125a-5p and APAF1 (apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1) was verified by Dual-luciferase reporter gene system. In addition, the expression of APAF1 protein in A549/GR cells was detected by Western blotting. The expression levels of caspase-3 and caspase-9 were assessed by colorimetry. Results: Expression level of miR-125a-5p was upregulated significantly in Gefresistant A549/GR cells (P<0.01). AndtheinfluencesofGefonA549/GRcellswereenhancedby knockdown of miR-125a-5p, including inhibiting cell proliferation and migration (all P<0.05) and inducing apoptosis (P<0.01). Dual luciferase reporter gene assay confirmed that miR-125a-5p targeted APAF1 and negatively regulated its expression. Furthermore, by targetedly downregulating APAF1, miR-125a-5p alleviated the inhibition of proliferation and migration (all P<0.05) and promotion of apoptosis (P<0.05) of A549/GR cells caused by Gef, and attenuated Gef-induced upregulation of apoptosis-related proteins caspase-3 and caspase-9 (all P<0.05). Conclusion: miR-125a-5p promotes Gef-resistance of A549/GR cells, and the underlying mechanisms are promotion of proliferation, migration and inhibition of apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer cells by targetingAPAF1.