Social skills training as a strategy to combat prejudice against sexual and gender diversity / Treinamento de habilidades sociais como estratégia de combate ao preconceito contra a diversidade sexual e de gênero

The aim of this study was to verify the effectiveness of a social skills training program to reduce prejudice against sexual diversity. Method A total of 22 adolescents aged between 14 and 17 years who were 9th grade public school students, participated. The assessment instruments were the Social Skills Inventory for adolescents and the Scale of Prejudice Against Sexual and Gender Diversity. Both instruments were applied before and after training. Results The results indicated a significant reduction in the levels of prejudice against sexual and gender diversity, an increase in the frequency of the issuance of skills related to assertiveness, an affective approach and social resourcefulness and a decrease in the difficulties related to civility. Conclusion The social skills training program proved to be effective, indicating that this is a viable tool for greater acceptance of sexual and gender diversity.

Verificar a efetividade de um programa de treinamento de habilidades sociais na redução do preconceito contra a diversidade sexual. Método: Participaram 22 adolescentes com idades entre 14 e 17 anos, estudantes do 9º ano de escola pública. Os instrumentos de avaliação foram o Inventário de Habilidades Sociais para adolescentes e a Escala de Preconceito contra a Diversidade Sexual e de Gênero. Ambas aplicadas antes e após o treinamento. Resultados: Os resultados indicaram a redução significativa nos níveis de preconceito contra a diversidade sexual e de gênero, aumento da frequência da emissão de habilidades relacionadas à assertividade, abordagem afetiva e desenvoltura social e diminuição das dificuldades alusivas à civilidade. Conclusão: O programa de treinamento de habilidades sociais se mostrou eficaz indicando que esta é uma ferramenta viável para uma maior aceitação da diversidade sexual e de gênero.

Gender of the baby and its impact on the health-related quality of life of postpartum women

Introduction: Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is a multidimensional concept and is relatively neglected in both research and practice. Gender equality is a crucial measure of human rights for millions of women and girls around the world. Most postpartum researches have focused on physical complications. This study was conducted to analyze the impact of gender of the baby on the HRQoL of postpartum women at 6 weeks. Material and Methods: The study was conducted in a resettlement colony, Kalyanpuri, located in Delhi, India, with a sample size of 330 postpartum women. The data were collected in the 6th week of postpartum period using the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 Health Survey for HRQoL. Results: The findings showed that the birth of a male baby led to a significantly (P < 0.05) better mean HRQoL score than the birth of a female baby. The mean scores of general health, vitality, social functioning, and mental health domains were significantly less in the case of a female newborn child. Conclusion: The male dominance in the Indian society which leads to financial supremacy and coercion for continuation of family lineage was an important predictor of lower HRQoL of the women in the postpartum period. This demonstrates the need for risk factor for gender equity to and achieve universal health coverage.

Preconceitos que se cruzam: a relação entre o racismo, sexismo e valores / Prejudices that cross: therelationship between racism, sexism and values / Preconceptos que se cruzan: la relación entre el racismo, el sexismo y los valores

Essa pesquisa objetivou analisar a relação entre o Racismo Moderno e o Sexismo Ambivalente utilizando os Valores Humanos como terceira variável que pudesse explicar essa relação, tendo em vista seu poder de predição de fenômenos sociais. A amostra foi composta por 200 participantes distribuídos quase igualmente quanto ao sexo, sendo 101(50,5%) do sexo feminino e 99 (49,5%) do sexo masculino. A média de idade dos respondentes foi de 23 anos (DP = 5,41). Observou-se que o Sexismo Ambivalente e o Racismo Moderno estão correlacionados positivamente como também se relacionam com as subfunções Realização, Interativa e Normativa dos Valores Humanos explicando parcialmente a relação entre o racismo e o sexismo. Concluiu-se que as expressões modernas de racismo e sexismo estão interligadas e que os valores normativos, que visam manter a estabilidade social e tradição, podem desempenhar um papel importante na explicação parcial dessa ligação. (AU)

This study aimed to analyze the relationship between Modern Racism and Ambivalent Sexism using Human Values as a third variable that could explain this relationship, given its predictive power against social phenomena. The sample consisted of 200 participants distributed almost equally regarding gender, including 101 (50.5%) women and 99 (49.5%) men. The mean age of the respondents was 23 years (SD = 5.41). It was observed that Ambivalent Sexism and Modern Racism are positively correlated as they are also related to the Realization, Interactive, and Normative subfunctions of Human Values, partially explaining the relationship between racism and sexism. It was concluded that modern expressions of racism and sexism are interconnected and that normative values, which aim to maintain social stability and tradition, may play an important role in partially explaining this connection. (AU)

Esta investigación objetivó analizar la relación entre el Racismo Moderno y el Sexismo Ambivalente utilizando los Valores Humanos como la tercera variable que pudiera explicar esa relación, considerando su poder de predicción de fenómenos sociales. La muestra fue compuesta por 200 participantes distribuidos casi por igual cuanto al sexo, siendo 101 (50, 5%) mujeres y 99 (49,5%) hombres. La edad media de los encuestados fue de 23 años (DS = 5,41). Se observó que el Sexismo Ambivalente y el Racismo Moderno se correlacionaron positivamente, dado que también se relacionaron con las subfunciones Realización, Interactiva y Normativa de los Valores Humanos, explicando parcialmente la conexión entre el racismo y el sexismo. Se concluyó que las expresiones modernas de racismo y sexismo están interconectadas y que los valores normativos, que apuntan a mantener la estabilidad social y la tradición, pueden ejecutar un papel importante en la explicación parcial de esta conexión. (AU)

Prevalência de discriminação percebida por orientação sexual nos serviços de saúde do Brasil: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2013 / Prevalence of discrimination perceived by sexual orientation in Brazilian health services: National Health Survey, 2013

Resumo Introdução A associação entre discriminação por orientação sexual e desfechos negativos em saúde é cada vez mais estabelecida na literatura. Entretanto, poucos estudos exploram a discriminação por orientação sexual nos serviços de saúde em amostras representativas da população geral. Objetivo Estimar a prevalência de discriminação percebida por orientação sexual nos serviços de saúde do Brasil. Método Este estudo transversal utilizou dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013. A prevalência de discriminação percebida por orientação sexual nos serviços de saúde foi estimada de forma global, e sua associação com características sociodemográficas e de uso de serviços de saúde foi investigada por meio de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta que calculou razões de prevalências. Resultados A prevalência global do fenômeno sob investigação foi igual a 0,18%. Embora estatisticamente significativa, a magnitude das associações observadas foi tão pequena, que nenhuma das características sociodemográficas e de uso de serviços de saúde investigadas pareceu ser capaz de, pragmaticamente, influenciar o risco de uma pessoa sofrer discriminação por orientação sexual nos serviços de saúde do Brasil. Conclusão O estudo reforça a importância de instaurar ações de promoção do respeito à diversidade sexual nos serviços de saúde do Brasil.

Abstract Background The association between discrimination based on sexual orientation and adverse health outcomes is increasingly observed in the literature. However, few studies explore discrimination based on sexual orientation in health services in representative samples of the overall population. Objective To estimate the prevalence of discrimination perceived by sexual orientation in Brazilian health servicesl. Method This cross-sectional study used data from the 2013 National Health Survey. The prevalence of discrimination perceived by sexual orientation in health services was globally estimated and its association with sociodemographic characteristics and those regarding health services was investigated using Poisson regression producing robust variance that calculated prevalence ratios. Results The global prevalence of the phenomenon investigated was equal to 0.18%. Although statistically significant, the magnitude of the observed associations was so small that none of the sociodemographic characteristics and the use of health services investigated seemed to be able to pragmatically influence the risk of a person being discrimined due to his/her sexual orientation in Brazilian health servicesl. Conclusion The study stresses the importance of establishing actions to promote respect for sexual diversity in Brazilian health services.

Egalitarian men: stereotypes and discrimination / Hombres igualitarios: estereotipos y discriminación en el mercado laboral

Abstract This article aimed to analyze the stereotypes attributed to "egalitarian men", understood here as men who support gender equality in relation to domestic and family responsibilities as well as inclusion in the workforce. To do so, two studies were carried out. The first study investigated the attribution of stereotypes to egalitarian men through a single open question. A total of 250 university students participated in this study, of which 51.1% were male, and their average age was 21.5 years (SD = 4.39). The second study analyzed the attribution of stereotypes to egalitarian or traditional men and women in a work context considered masculine. Participants included 221 university students with a mean age of 21.9 years (SD = 4.19), the majority (54.3%) being male. Taken together, the results of the two studies indicate that the egalitarian man is perceived as fragile and possibly homosexual. On the other hand, he is also seen as being more competent than traditional men.

Resumen El presente estudio tuvo por objetivo analizar los estereotipos atribuidos a los "hombres igualitarios", aquí entendidos como hombres que defienden la igualdad de género en lo que refiere a las responsabilidades domésticas y familiares, así como en la inserción laboral. Para ello, se realizaron dos estudios: el primero para investigar la atribución de estereotipos sobre los hombres igualitarios por medio de una única pregunta abierta, en el que participaron 250 estudiantes universitarios con edad media de 21.5 años (DE = 4.39), de los cuales el 51.1 % era del sexo masculino; y el segundo para analizar la atribución de estereotipos a hombres y mujeres igualitarios o tradicionales en un contexto laboral considerado masculino, que contó con la participación de 221 universitarios con edad media de 21.9 años (DE = 4.19), siendo la mayoría (54.3 %) del sexo masculino. En conjunto, los resultados de los dos estudios indican que el hombre igualitario es percibido como frágil y posiblemente homosexual; aunque, por otro lado, también es visto como más competente que los hombres tradicionales

Psychosocial Processes of Discrimination Against Women in the Workplace / Procesos Psicosociales de Discriminación contra la Mujer en el Lugar de Trabajo

Abstract This work aimed to analyze the influence of stereotypes on discrimination against women. Specifically, it investigated the effects of the candidate gender (man vs. woman), the status regarding parental leave (exercising the right vs. waiving the right), and the stereotypes of competence, sociability, and morality regarding this discrimination. Consistent with previous studies, the candidate gender and the parental leave status interact and together influence discrimination against women (Study 1, F(I, 229)=22.45, p<.001). In turn, the triple interaction of candidate gender, parental leave status, and the three dimensions of stereotypes (Study 2, F(4, 587)=2.73, p=.030, η2=.018) revealed that the woman who took parental leave received more positive evaluations in the three stereotypical dimensions, in comparison with to the woman who waived her right to the leave, and, at the same time, she was poorly assessed in the competence dimension, compared to the man who exercises the same right (Study 2, N=312).

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la influencia de los estereotipos en la discriminación contra la mujer. Específicamente, se investigó los efectos del género candidato (hombre frente a mujer); el estado con respecto al permiso parental (ejercicio del derecho frente a la renuncia al derecho) y los estereotipos de competencia, sociabilidad y moralidad sobre esta discriminación. De acuerdo con estudios anteriores, el género de los candidatos y el estado de licencia parental interactúan e influyen juntos en la discriminación contra las mujeres (Estudio 1, F(I, 229) =22.45, p<.001). A su vez, la triple interacción del género candidato, el estado de licencia parental y las tres dimensiones de los estereotipos (Estudio 2, F(4, 587)=2.73, p=.030, η2=.018) revelaron que la mujer que tomó la licencia de paternidad se evaluó de manera más positiva en las tres dimensiones estereotipadas, en comparación con la mujer que renunció a su derecho a la licencia quien, al mismo tiempo, se evaluó de manera más pobre en la dimensión de competencia en comparación con el hombre que ejerce el mismo derecho (Estudio 2, N=312).

Nutritional Status of Rural Govt. Primary School Children in Khammam District, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Background: Rural school children are more vulnerable victims of undernutrition and its consequences. On that ground, rural govt. primary school children were examined on the basis of height, weight and few background variables to find real picture of nutritional status. Objective: To assess nutritional status of govt. rural primary school children in Khammam district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study adopting a multistage random sampling technique was conducted among 600 govt. primary school children of rural communities of Khammam district, Andhra Pradesh. Anthropometric measurement like weight for age and height for age was recorded to assess nutritional status. Data were collected by interview and physical examination and were analyzed with SPSS10.0 Results: Among 600 children, 36.0% were in Grade I malnutrition, 37.7% in Grade II malnutrition, 6.3% in Grade III and 19.0% of children were stunted and 4.0% were severely stunted. Girls (20.1%) were more stunted than boys (17.9%). Conclusions: The study concluded that despite adoption of several measures to curb the malnutrition, still high prevalence of undernutrition was observed in govt. rural primary school children in India and to be addressed properly immediately.

Igualdad de género en las instituciones educativas de la primera infancia brasileña / Gender equality in brazilian early childhood educational institutions / A igualdade de gênero nas instituições de educação infantil brasileiras

En el presente artículo propongo un debate sobre las políticas de igualdad y el contexto de la formación docente para actuar en la educación infantil, analizando cómo el género está presente en las políticas públicas y en la formación de docentes que actúan en la primera etapa de la educación básica brasileña, en las guarderías y en los jardines de infancia. Un enfoque sobre el campo de la educación infantil y género apunta a los desafíos de la aplicación práctica de los principios de igualdad de género y ciudadanía que aseguren el reconocimiento de nuevos valores relacionados con la masculinidad y la feminidad, señalados por las políticas públicas nacionales e internacionales.

This article discusses gender equality policies and teacher training within the context of early childhood education, examining how gender is present in public policy and professional development in Brazilian kindergartens and preschools. This approach to early childhood education and gender highlights challenges in the practical application of gender equality and citizenship principles to ensure the recognition of new values related to masculinity and femininity as specified in national and international public policy.

Este artigo problematiza as políticas para igualdade de gênero e o contexto da formação docente para atuar na educação infantil, analisando como gênero está presente nas políticas públicas e na formação para docentes que atuam na primeira etapa da Educação Básica brasileira, em creches e pré-escolas. O olhar sobre o campo da educação infantil e gênero aponta para desafios da aplicação prática dos princípios de igualdade de gênero e cidadania que assegurem o reconhecimento de novos valores ligados à masculinidade e feminilidade, apontados pelas políticas públicas nacionais e internacionais.

Sex-specific Trends in Under-five Mortality in Rural Ballabgarh.

Objectives: To assess sex-specific differentials in child survival from 1992-2011. Methods: We analyzed data from the electronic database of Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) site in Ballabgarh in North India. Results: Sex ratio at birth was adverse for girls throughout the study period (821 to 866 girls per 1,000 boys) and was lowest in the period 2004-2006 at 821 girls per 1,000 boys. Overall, under-five mortality rates during the period 1992-2011 remained stagnant due to increasing neonatal mortality rate (9.2 to 27.7 P< 0.001). Mortality rates among girls were consistently and significantly higher than boys during the post-neonatal period (160% to 200% higher) as well as in childhood (160% to 230% higher). Conclusions: Strategies to address the neonatal mortality and gender differences are required for further reductions in child mortality in India.

Women's Rights Equal Women's Lives: The Case of Pakistan / 国際保健医療

<b><big>Objectives</big></b><br>The Constitution of Pakistan offer guarantees regarding women s rights, but unfortunately some laws and also customs violate the above commitments seriously affecting the health of women and even endangering their lives. The purpose of the study is to describe various aspects of women s health in Pakistan vis- -vis human rights.<br><b><big>Methods</big></b><br>Review of available literature was undertaken. The scientific electronic database (such as PubMed, Science-Direct & Pakistani database) was searched for women health issues in Pakistan, covering a period from 1980s to present. Published government reports have also been included as sources of information for this paper.<br><b><big>Results</big></b><br>In Asia, Pakistan s, maternal mortality ratio is among the highest; more than half of the women are anemic. Access to health services is deprived whether be it economic, geographical or social. Majority of women are illiterate. Pakistan is among the countries with low gender indices and where female life span is less then men, and men outnumber women. Government spending on health and particularly women health is low compared to other countries.<br><b><big>Conclusion</big></b><br>Women s disproportionate poverty, low social status, gender imbalances, and inadequate maternal services at the community level play a significant role in contributing to maternal deaths. In view of the fact that given accessible, quality health services, many maternal deaths can be avoided, demonstrates maternal mortality is clearly an issue of human rights.<br>There is a strong need that health sector spending is increased, role of women health care providers in rural areas be expanded (such as LHW) and involvement of private and NGO sector to fill gaps in service delivery, be ensured. In order to meet the targets of MDGs, the gender dimensions of demographic and social change need to be stressed further in all policies and development plans, which may result in narrowing of gender disparities and improving women lives.