Determinants Of Maternal Mortality: An Empirical Study of Indian States Based on The Random Effect Model Analysis

Background: Healthcare for mothers and children is a significant indicator of a country's well-being. In-dia is one of the nations that were experiencing a rather slow improvement in maternal and child health. Aims: The objective of this study is to analyse the changes in health infrastructure, government health expenditure, antenatal care, postnatal care, institutional delivery, Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) and the determinants of MMR in India. Methodology: The study is based on secondary data. It employs an Average Increasing Rate (AIR) and Average Reduction Rate (ARR), as well as a panel data random effect model. Results: Empirical results say MMR has a statistically significant inverse relationship with female litera-cy, Per capita Net State Domestic Product (PNSDP), and institutional delivery. The study concludes that after the introduction of NRHM and its constituent elements like JSY and JSSK, government expenditure on health, health infrastructure, the percentage of antenatal care, post-natal care, and institutional deliv-ery increased in most of the Indian states, thus helping to increase the pace of the reduction of MMR. However, state performance varies greatly. Conclusions: Policy alone will not provide the desired results; it is also critical to focus on education, particularly female literacy, and economic empowerment.

Government Health Expenditure and Economic Growth: Analysis Based on Endogenous Growth Model / 中国卫生经济

Objective:To analyze the economic growth effect of government health expenditure and discuss the optimal decision about the proportion of govemment health expenditure.Methods:Based on the endogenous growth model with family and government,the optimal control method was used to deduce and analyze the theoretical model.Results:The government health expenditure has a nonlinear relationship of the impact on economic growth,the critical value of the optimal proportion depended on the output share of healthy,the output share of productive capital and the contribution share of government health expenditure to healthy.Conclusion:The government should determine the reasonable proportion of health expenditure according to the stage of economic development.

Comparative analysis of the structural characteristics of total health expenditure financing and the per capita disposable income in China / 中国卫生政策研究

Based on the basic data of China's total health expenditure from 2003 to 2015, this paper compares and analyze the structural characteristics of total health expenditure financing and the per capita disposable income before and after the new health care reform, in order to understand the overall level of total health expenditure financing before and after the new health care reform, whether the financing structural changes is reasonable and the overall trend is sustainability, and the relationship of the changes between per capita disposable income and health expenditure.The study found that, 1) although the growth rate of total health expenditure in China has declined after the new health care reform, the growth rate of personal health expenditure is still on the rise;2) the growth rate of government health insurance expenditure is limited to the substitution of personal health expenditure, and the growth rate of per capita personal health expenditure is still higher than the growth rate of urban and rural residents' per capita income;3) the problem of residents' serious burden of medical treatment is still very prominent.Based on the above problems, this paper accordingly proposes to speed up the reform of public hospitals, strengthen the construction of medical insurance fund specialization, and improve the ability of medical insurance fund to control costs, etc.

Research of Threshold Effect of Government Health Expenditure on Residents' Health / 中国医院管理

Objective To study the threshold effect of government health expenditure on residents' health.Methods Using threshold panel data model to perform the empirical research.Results There is threshold effect of government health expenditure on residents' health.There are two threshold values.As the increase of the proportion of the government health expenditure to the total fiscal expenditure,it has two changes of the impact on the health of residents.Conclusion The government should increase the health expenditure,and increase the proportion of the government health expenditure to the total fiscal expenditure,but the government should not blindly pursue the high input of health expenditure,focus on the efficiency of health expenditure,and avoid of resource waste.

Study on regional equity of government health expenditure in China / 中国卫生政策研究

Objective:This article is to calculate and analyze the equalization of government health expenditure inof different provinces and areas in the past decade. Methods: To calculate the Gini Coefficient and Theil Index in of different provinces and areas for government health expenditure in the past decade , and to explore potential reasons .. Results:The Gini Coefficient declined substantially in the past years ,which decreased from 0.31 in 2003 to 0.11 in 2013.The Theil Index declined substantially in the past years , which decreased from 0.0270 in 2003 to 0.0004 in 2013 .Eastern provinces were in advantaged positions in the past decade but the degree of advantage was declining , central provinces were in disadvantaged positions in the past decade but the degree of disadvantage was declining , while western provinces were in relatively disadvantaged positions before 2006 but became advantaged since 2009 . Conclusions:The regional equity of government health expenditure for different provinces and areas has been im -proved in the past decade especially for implementing the equalization of public health policy .Recommendations:The central government of China should increase transfer payment into some provinces with of large population like Hebei, Shandong , Guangdong , Hunan and Henan to increase the regional equity of government health expenditure .

Reprioritizing government spending on health: pushing an elephant up the stairs.

Countries vary widely with respect to the share of government spending on health, a metric that can serve as a proxy for the extent to which health is prioritized by governments. World Health Organization (WHO) data estimate that, in 2011, health’s share of aggregate government expenditure averaged 12% in the 170 countries for which data were available. However, country differences were striking: ranging from a low of 1% in Myanmar to a high of 28% in Costa Rica. Some of the observed differences in health’s share of government spending across countries are unsurprisingly related to differences in national income. However, significant variations exist in health’s share of government spending even after controlling for national income. This paper provides a global overview of health’s share of government spending and summarizes some of the key theoretical and empirical perspectives on allocation of public resources to health vis-à-vis other sectors from the perspective of reprioritization, one of the modalities for realizing fiscal space for health. The paper argues that theory and cross-country empirical analyses do not provide clear-cut explanations for the observed variations in government prioritization of health. Standard economic theory arguments that are often used to justify public financing for health are equally applicable to many other sectors including defence, education and infrastructure. To date, empirical work on prioritization has been sparse: available cross-country econometric analyses suggest that factors such as democratization, lower levels of corruption, ethnolinguistic homogeneity and more women in public office are correlated with higher shares of public spending on health; however, these findings are not robust and are sensitive to model specification. Evidence from case studies suggests that country-specific political economy considerations are key, and that results-focused reform efforts – in particular efforts to explicitly expand the breadth and depth of health coverage as opposed to efforts focused only on government budgetary benchmarking targets – are more likely to result in sustained and politically feasible prioritization of health from a fiscal space perspective.

Comparative analysis of changes in provincial health expenditure since China health system re-form in 2009 / 中国卫生政策研究

Objective:To analyze the characteristics of health financing at the provincial level according to the total health expenditure since China health system reform began in 2009 and provide evidence for improving health fi-nancing policy. Methods:20 provinces were chosen and vertical and horizontal Comparative approach was used to an-alyze the data. Results:Total health expenditure increased for all regions, of which the biggest rate was Anhui prov-ince, about 82. 97%, while the largest increasing for government health care expenditure was Ningxia province, a-bout 108 . 71%. In 2012 , the provinces with social health expenditure share of total above 40% were allocated in the east region, and the number of provinces with out-of pocket payment share of total above 40% reduces to 5. Conclu-sion:Total health expenditure grew in all regions, but there were differences in the degree that this spending matched the economic level;The financing structure was optimized, but the characteristic of regional financing was different. Some provinces were under huge pressure to reduce out-of pocket payments. Suggestions: Under the premise of im-proving the funding level, financing structure adjustment must be focused, and public funding should play a bigger role and out-of pocket payments should be reduced.

Estimation on the Relationship between Personal Health Expenditure and Economic Growth in China Based on the Logistic Smooth Transition Regression Model / 中国卫生经济

Objective: To describe the non-linear relationship between out-of-pocket ( OOP ) payment and economic growth . Methods: Using logistic smooth transition regression model to analyze the impact of government health expenditure on the non-liner relationship between OOP payment and economic growth. Results:The impact of economic growth on OOP health expenditure is divided into 3 stages:from 1978 to 1996, the influence of economic growth on out-of-pocket payment approaches to highly-efficient mechanism operation;from 1997 to 2008 belongs to the transition period, it stays as low-efficient mechanism operation since 2009. Conclusion: To continue deepening the medical and health system reform and reduce the burden of personal health expenditure.

Convergence Study of Government Health Care Expenditure Based on the Provincial Panel Data / 中国卫生经济

Objective: To analyze the convergence trend of the government health care expenditure, propose political advices to improve the balanced collocation of the inter-area government health care expenditure. Methods: The data of 31 provinces of China in 10 years period between 2000 and 2010 are adopted, the fixed panel model are used to analyze the convergence trend. Results:Government health care expenditure per capita in China exists σ-convergence, while the absolute β-convergence does not exist. Conclusion:The provincial government health expenditure in China has a trend of convergence.

Empirical Analysis on the Optimal Scale of Government Health Expenditure in China / 中国卫生经济

Based on the panel data of 31 provinces from 2000 to 2011 in China, using empirical analysis on whether there is an optimal scale of government health expenditure in China. The result shows that there is an optimal scale of government health expenditure to achieve the maximum of economic growth in China, which is 4.74%. Further analysis shows that there is also an optimal scale of government health expenditure in each province and city of China , which is much smaller than the optimal scale.