Chemical Constituents of Agricultural Residues Producing from 4 Kinds of Gramineous Crops and Their Pharmacological Effects / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Gramineous crops occupy a remarkable proportion of grain crops in the word,and wheat,rice and corn account for more than 80%of the world's food crops. Agricultural residues bring tremendous pressure on the environment,and inefficient development of resources has caused huge waste of resources. At present,the research on agricultural residues mainly focuses on energy,fertilizer,feed and materialization. However, there are still a lot of resources that have not been rationally utilized. The author has found that in recent years,the medicinal research on gramineous crop waste has focused on four varieties-rice,corn,wheat and sugar cane,and their waste rice bran,rice husk,rice straw,corn stigma,corn bract,wheat bran,sugar cane leaf,sugar cane skin. The compounds isolated and identified from agricultural residues include phenylpropanoids,flavonoids,steroids and their glycosides,organic acids and their esters,volatile oil and saccharides. Studies have shown that agricultural residues from gramineous crops have pharmacological activities, such as anti-oxidation,hypolipidemia,hypoglycemia,anti-inflammation,anti-tumor,anti-cardiovascular disease,anti-liver and kidney damage. This paper is a systematic review of the chemical composition and pharmacological effects of agricultural residues from the major gramineous crops,so as to provide useful information for further research and development of agricultural residues.

Studies on identification of Phragmitis Rhizoma and its counterfeits / 中国中药杂志

The study aims to explore the main differential characteristics of Phragmites Rhizoma and its counterfeits (rhizomes of Arundo donax, Triarrhena lutarioriparia and Miscanthus sinensis) and provide experimental basis for the reasonable applications of gramineous plants through system research and comparison of plant morphogenesis, character, transverse organization characteristics and powder microscopic characteristics.

Composição florística e chave de identificação das Poaceae ocorrentes nas savanas costeiras amazônicas, Brasil / Floristic composition and identification keys for Poaceae from the Amazonian coastal savannas, Brazil

The savannas of the coastal region of the Amazon basin are located at the contact between the forest and the Atlantic coast. In these formations, the Poaceae are one of the most important plant groups. This work aimed to survey Family Poaceae in Amazonian coastal savannas. In addition, it was given illustrations and key for identification of taxon corroborated. A total of four subfamilies, 29 genera and 58 species were recorded. All specimens are deposited in the herbaria MG (Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi) and HAMAB (Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Estado do Amapá). The flora of Poaceae inventoried in the Amazonian costal savannas presents wide distribution species, low endemism and few exotic species, with a clear floristic influence of the Guaianas savannas and Brazilian Cerrado.

As savanas da região costeira da bacia amazônica estão situadas no complexo contato entre a floresta e a costa atlântica. Nestas formações as Poaceae se destacam como um dos grupos vegetais mais importantes. O presente trabalho objetivou o levantamento da Família Poaceae nas savanas costeiras amazônicas, a elaboração de uma lista de espécies acrescida de ilustrações e chave para a identificação dos táxons confirmados. Foram registradas quatro subfamílias, 58 espécies, distribuídas em 29 gêneros, sendo Axonopus e Paspalum os mais ricos. As amostras encontram-se depositadas nos herbários do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MG) e do Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Estado do Amapá (HAMAB). As savanas costeiras amazônicas apresentam espécies de Poaceae de ampla distribuição, baixo endemismo e reduzido número de espécies exóticas, com influência florística das savanas das Guianas e do Bioma Cerrado.

Biologia de Mahanarva fimbriolata em gramíneas forrageiras / Biology of Mahanarva fimbriolata on forage grasses

Estudou-se a biologia de Mahanarva fimbriolata nas gramíneas Setaria anceps cv. 'Kazungula', Brachiaria brizantha cv. 'Marandu', ecótipos BB 33, BB 39, seleções IAC-BBS 5 e IAC-BBS 8, e cana-de-açúcar. 'SP-80-1842' (testemunha) em laboratório, visando a avaliar a resistência desses genótipos a essa praga. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: mortalidade e duração da fase de ninfa, razão sexual, período de pré-oviposição, número de ovos por fêmea, longevidade, duração e viabilidade da fase embrionária. Constatou-se maior mortalidade e prolongamento na fase de ninfa em IAC-BBS 8, B. brizantha cv. 'Marandu' e S. anceps cv. 'Kazungula'. Os menores valores de longevidade e fecundidade foram verificados em IAC-BBS 8 e IAC-BBS 5 e os maiores em cana-de-açúcar. A menor viabilidade da fase embrionária foi obtida em IAC-BBS 5 e a maior em IAC-BBS 8. Segundo os resultados da tabela de vida, a taxa líquida de reprodução (Ro) e a taxa finita de crescimento (λ) foram menores em IAC-BBS 8. Concluiu-se que IAC-BBS 8 é o genótipo mais resistente a M. fimbriolata, sendo a resistência do tipo antibiose e/ou não-preferência para alimentação.

Under controlled conditions, six forage grasses (Setaria anceps cv. 'Kazungula' and Brachiaria brizantha cv. 'Marandu'; and codified genotypes BB33, BB39; BBS 5 and BBS8), along with a control check (sugarcane cv. 'SP80-1842') were evaluated as to Mahanarva fimbriolata resistance. The following parameters have been evaluated: nymphal phase duration and mortality, sex ratio, pre-oviposition period, number of eggs per female, longevity, viability and embryonic period. The highest mortalities and longer nymphal periods occurred on BBS 8, cv. 'Marandu' and cv. 'Kazungula'. BBS5 also caused high nymph mortality, however with the shortest nymphal period. The lowest longevity and fecundity values were detected for BBS5 and BBS8, whereas the sugarcane control check revealed the highest one. As to embryonic phase viability, BBS 8 originated the highest values and BBS 5, the lowest ones. Among the tested plants, BBS 8 along with the cv. 'Marandu', proved to be the most resistant genetic material, both through antibiosis and/or nonpreference for feeding mechanism.

Phenolic compounds from roots of Imperata cylindrica var. major / 中草药·英文版

Objective: To study the chemical constituents from the roots of Imperata cylindrica var. major. Methods: The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by combination of silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, polyamide, and ODS column chromatography. The structures of the isolated compounds were identified by means of spectral data and physicochemical property. Results: Twelve phenolic compounds were isolated from I. cylindrica var. major and identified as 4,7-dimethoxy-5-methylcoumarin (1), 7-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-methylcoumarin (2), 7- O-β- D-glucopyranosyl-4-methoxy-5-methylcoumarin (3), 6-hydroxy-5-methoxyflavone (4), 5-methoxyflavone (5), 5,7-dihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone (6), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (7), 4-hydroxy-cinnamic acid (8), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid (9), 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl- O-β- L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1β6)-β- D-glucopyranoside (10), impecyloside (11), and graminone A (12). Conclusion Compounds 2β4, 6, and 10 are obtained from this plant for the first time. © 2013 Tianjin Press of Chinese Herbal Medicines.

Anther and pollen development in some species of Poaceae (Poales) / Desenvolvimento da antera e do grão de pólen em espécies de Poaceae (Poales)

Anther and pollen development were studied in Olyra humilis Nees, Sucrea monophylla Soderstr, (Bambusoideae), Axonopus aureus P. Beauv., Paspalum polyphyllum Nees ex Trin. (Panicoideae), Eragrostis solida Nees, and Chloris elata Desv. (Chloridoideae). The objective of this study was to characterise, embryologically, these species of subfamilies which are considered basal, intermediate and derivate, respectively. The species are similar to each other and to other Poaceae. They present the following characters: tetrasporangiate anthers; monocotyledonous-type anther wall development, endothecium showing annular thickenings, secretory tapetum; successive microsporogenesis; isobilateral tetrads; spheroidal, tricellular, monoporate pollen grains with annulus and operculum. Nevertheless, the exine patterns of the species studied are distinct. Olyra humilis and Sucrea monophylla (Bambusoideae) show a granulose pattern, whereas in the other species, it is insular. In addition, Axonopus aureus and Paspalum polyphyllum (Panicoideae) have a compactly insular spinule pattern, while Chloris elata and Eragrostis solida (Chloridoideae) show a sparsely insular spinule pattern. The exine ornamentation may be considered an important feature at the infrafamiliar level.

O desenvolvimento da antera e do grão de pólen de Olyra humilis Nees, Sucrea monophylla Soderstr. (Bambusoideae), Axonopus aureus P. Beauv., Paspalum polyphyllum Nees ex Trin. (Panicoideae), Eragrostis solida Nees and Chloris elata Desv. (Chloridoideae) foi estudado visando caracterizar embriologicamente essas espécies de subfamílias consideradas basal, intermediária e derivada, respectivamente. As espécies são similares entre si e entre as demais Poaceae. Apresentam os seguintes caracteres: anteras tetrasporangiadas; desenvolvimento da parede da antera do tipo monocotiledôneo, endotécio com espessamento de parede anelar, tapete secretor; microsporogênese sucessiva; tétrades isobilaterais; grãos de pólen esféricos, tricelulares, monoporados, com anel e opérculo. Por outro lado, o padrão de ornamentação da exina do grão de pólen é distinto. Olyra humilis e Sucrea monophylla (Bambusoideae) apresentam padrão granuloso e as demais espécies padrão insular. Axonopus aureus e Paspalum polyphyllum (Panicoideae) apresentam espínulos densamente agrupados, enquanto Chloris elata e Eragrostis solida (Chloridoideae) espínulos esparsamente agrupados. A ornamentação da exina dos grãos de pólen pode ser considerada caráter importante a nível infrafamiliar.

Intoxicação espontânea e experimental por Brachiaria radicans (tanner-grass) em bovinos / Natural and experimental poisoning by Brachiaria radicans (tanner grass) in cattle

Brachiaria radicans (tanner-grass,) cresce bem em solos úmidos. Em Santa Catarina é encontrada principalmente nas regiões dos vales dos rios Tubarão e Itajaí. Quando ingerida em grandes quantidades pelos bovinos induz anemia hemolítica, hemoglobinúria, diarreia e pode evoluir para a morte. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os dados epidemiológicos e clínico-patológicos causados por B. radicans em bovinos. A planta foi administrada a 12 bovinos em doses de 50-100 por cento da dieta. Os animais que receberam uma dieta que consistia de 100 por cento da planta, originária de solos turfosos, mostraram hemoglobinúria, diarreia, mucosas vermelho-escuras e recuperação após suspensão da ingestão da planta. Exames de sangue e urina revelaram anemia, hemoglobinúria e proteinúria. A histopatologia de material coletado de bovinos que morreram pela doença espontânea, revelou necrose hepática coagulativa e paracentral e nefrose hemoglobinúrica. B. radicans mostrou ser tóxica para bovinos somente quando cresce em solos férteis e se consistir de 100 por cento da dieta.

Brachiaria radicans is a grass that grows well on humid soils. In Santa Catarina, it is found mainly in the valleys of the Tubarão and Itajaí rivers. When eaten by cattle in large amounts induces hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinuria, diarrhea and even death. The objective of this study was to evaluate epidemiologic, clinical and pathological data of the intoxication caused by B. radicans in cattle. The plant was administered to 12 cattle in doses of 50-100 percent of the diet. The animals that received 100 percent of B. radicans, grown on peaty soils, showed hemoglobinuria, diarrhea and dark red mucous membranes; they recovered when ingestion of the grass was discontinued. Blood and urine tests revealed anemia, hemoglobinuria and proteinuria. Histopathology of organs collected from cattle that died from spontaneous poisoning revealed hepatic centrolobular and paracentralr coagulative necrosis and hemoglobinuric nephrosis. B. radicans proved toxic for cattle only when it grows on fertile soils and is ingested as 100 percent of the diet.

NOMENCLATURAL AND CRITICAL NOTES ON SOME BRAZILIAN SPECIES OF Paspalum (POACEAE: PANICEAE)

A critical analysis of the type collections of 39 species names of Paspalum L. (Poaceae: Paniceae) from Brazil described by Swallen is presented along with comments based on more recent gatherings of the species. Eighteen new synonyms are proposed.

Apresenta-se uma análise crítica da nomenclatura de 39 nomes de espécies de Paspalum L. (Poaceae: Paniceae) do Brasil, descritas por Swallen. A análise baseia-se no exame das coleções típicas e de coletas mais recentes das espécies investigadas. Como resultado desses estudos, 18 novos sinônimos são propostos.

Nitrogen assimilation in opaque and normal sorghum during grain development.

Activity of key nitrogen assimilating enzymes was studied in developing grains of high-lysine opaque sorghum P-721 and normal sorghum CSV-5. The higher percentage of protein in opaque sorghum was mainly due to lower starch content since protein per grain was less than in CSV-5. During grain development, albufn and globulin decreased while prolafne and glutelin increased. Prolafne content in CSV-5 was higher than in opaque sorghum. Average nitrate reductase activity in flag and long leaf were similar in both the varieties. The nitrate reductase activity decreased during grain development. Glutamate dehydrogenase activity was higher during early development and lower at later stages in opaque sorghum than in CSV-5. Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase activity was higher and glutamine synthetase lower in opaque sorghum than in CSV-5 grains during development. Glutamate synthase activity was higher in opaque sorghum up to day 20 and lower thereafter than in CSV-5. It is suggested that reduced activities of glutamine synthetase as well as glutamate synthase in opaque sorghum as compared to CSV-5 during later stages of development may restrict protein accumulation in the former.

Purification and characterization of proteolytic enzymes from normal and opaque-2 Zea mays L. developing endosperms.

Purification and characterization of proteases from developing normal maize endosperm and high lysine opaque-2 maize endosperm have been carried out with a view to understand their role in storage protein modification. At day 15, normal maize endosperm had two types of proteolytic enzymes, namely, protease I and protease II, while at day 25 protease II disappeared and in place protease III appeared. However, in opaque-2 maize endosperm at both the stages only one type of enzyme (protease I) was present. These proteases had many properties in common—optimum pH and temperature were respectively, 5·7and 40°C; their activity was inhibited to the extent of 75 –93 % by p-chloromercuribenzoate; trypsin inhibitor inhibited the activity more at early stages of endosperm development; all proteases cleaved synthetic substrates p-tosyl-L-arginine methylesler and N-benzoyl-Ltyrosine ethyl ester and poly-L-glutamic acid. The Km values of day 15 and 25 normal maize endosperm proteases ranged from 2·73–3·30, while for opaque-2 maize endosperm protease I it was 3·33 mg azocasein per ml assay medium. These enzymes, however, differed with respect to proteolytic activity towards poly-L-lysine. Only normal maize endosperm protease III at day 25 followed by protease II at day 15 showed high activity towards this homopolypeptide suggesting thereby their role in determining the quality of normal maize endosperm protein.