Mortality of the cotton boll weevil in drip and sprinkler irrigated cotton crops / Mortalidade do bicudo-do-algodoeiro em lavouras de algodão irrigadas por gotejamento e aspersão

Abstract The cotton boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a key cotton crop pest in Brazil. Adverse climatic factors, such as high temperatures and low soil moisture, dehydrate oviposited cotton squares (bud flowers) on the ground and cause high mortality of its offspring within these plant structures. The objective of this research was to evaluate the mortality of the cotton boll weevil in drip and sprinkler irrigated cotton crops. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with two treatments: drip (T1) and sprinkler (T2, control) irrigated cotton crops with sixteen replications. Each parcel had one emergence cage, installed between two cotton rows per irrigation system, with 37 cotton squares with opened oviposition punctures and yellowish bracts, to capture adult cotton boll weevils. The average number of boll weevils that emerged from the cotton squares and the causes of mortality at different development stages were determined per treatment. Third-generation life tables of the boll weevil were prepared using the natural mortality data in drip and sprinkler irrigation treatments and plus actual, apparent and indispensable mortality rates and the lethality of each mortality cause. We conclude that the application of water directly to the root zone of the plants in a targeted manner, using the drip irrigation system, can cause high mortality of the cotton boll weevil immature stages inside cotton squares fallen on the ground. This is because the cotton squares fallen on the drier and hotter soil between the rows of drip-irrigated cotton dehydrates causing the boll weevils to die. This is important because it can reduce its population density of the pest and, consequently, the number of applications of chemical insecticides for its control. Thus, contributing to increase the viability of cotton production, mainly in areas of the Brazilian semiarid region where the cotton is cultivated in organic system.

Resumo O bicudo-do-algodoeiro, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), é uma praga-chave da cultura do algodão no Brasil. Fatores climáticos adversos, como altas temperaturas e baixa umidade do solo, desidratam os botões florais de algodão ovipositados caídos ao solo e causam alta mortalidade de seus descendentes dentro dessas estruturas vegetais.O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a mortalidade do bicudo-do-algodoeiro em lavouras de algodão irrigadas por gotejamento e aspersão. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com dois tratamentos: cultivo de algodão irrigado por gotejamento (T1) e aspersão (T2, testemunha) com dezesseis repetições. Cada parcela possuía uma gaiola de emergência, instalada entre duas fileiras de algodão por sistema de irrigação, com 37 botões florais de algodão com orifícios de oviposição, brácteas abertas e amarelecidas, para captura do bicudo adulto. O número médio de bicudos que emergiu dos botões florais de algodão e as causas de mortalidade, em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento, foram determinados por tratamento. As tabelas de vida de terceira geração do bicudo-do-algodoeiro foram preparadas usando os dados de mortalidade natural em tratamentos de irrigação por gotejamento e aspersão e as taxas de mortalidade reais, aparentes e indispensáveis e a letalidade de cada causa de mortalidade. Concluímos que a aplicação de água diretamente na zona radicular das plantas de forma direcionada, utilizando o sistema de irrigação por gotejamento, pode causar altas mortalidade dos estágios imaturos do bicudo-do-algodoeiro nos botões florais de algodão caídos no solo. Isso ocorre porque os botões florais de algodão caídos no solo mais seco e mais quente entre as fileiras do algodão irrigado por gotejamento desidratam, causando a morte dos bicudos. Isso é importante por poder reduzir a densidade populacional desse inseto e, consequentemente, o número de aplicações de inseticidas químicos para seu controle. Assim, contribuindo para aumentar a viabilidade da produção de algodão, principalmente em áreas do semiárido brasileiro em sistema orgânico.

Mortality of the cotton boll weevil in drip and sprinkler irrigated cotton crops / Mortalidade do bicudo-do-algodoeiro em lavouras de algodão irrigadas por gotejamento e aspersão

The cotton boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a key cotton crop pest in Brazil. Adverse climatic factors, such as high temperatures and low soil moisture, dehydrate oviposited cotton squares (bud flowers) on the ground and cause high mortality of its offspring within these plant structures. The objective of this research was to evaluate the mortality of the cotton boll weevil in drip and sprinkler irrigated cotton crops. The experimental was in included randomized blocks with two treatments: drip (T1) and sprinkler (T2, control) irrigated cotton crops with sixteen replications. Each parcel had one emergence cage, installed between two cotton rows per irrigation system, with 37 cotton squares with opened oviposition punctures and yellowish bracts, to capture adult cotton boll weevils. The average number of boll weevils that emerged from the cotton squares and the causes of mortality at different development stages were determined per treatment. Third-generation life tables of the boll weevil were prepared using the natural mortality data in drip and sprinkler irrigation treatments and plus actual, apparent and indispensable mortality rates and the lethality of each mortality cause. We conclude that the application of water directly to the root zone of the plants in a targeted manner, using the drip irrigation system, can cause high mortality of the cotton boll weevil immature stages inside cotton squares fallen on the ground. This is because the cotton squares fallen on the drier and hotter soil between the rows of drip-irrigated cotton dehydrates causing the boll weevils to die. This is important because it can reduce its population density of the pest and, consequently, the number of applications of chemical insecticides for its control. Thus, contributing to increase the viability of cotton production, mainly in areas of the Brazilian semiarid region where the cotton is cultivated in organic system.

O bicudo-do-algodoeiro, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), é uma praga-chave da cultura do algodão no Brasil. Fatores climáticos adversos, como altas temperaturas e baixa umidade do solo, desidratam os botões florais de algodão ovipositados caídos ao solo e causam alta mortalidade de seus descendentes dentro dessas estruturas vegetais. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a mortalidade do bicudo-do-algodoeiro em lavouras de algodão irrigadas por gotejamento e aspersão. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com dois tratamentos: cultivo de algodão irrigado por gotejamento (T1) e aspersão (T2, testemunha) com dezesseis repetições. Cada parcela possuía uma gaiola de emergência, instalada entre duas fileiras de algodão por sistema de irrigação, com 37 botões florais de algodão com orifícios de oviposição, brácteas abertas e amarelecidas, para captura do bicudo adulto. O número médio de bicudos que emergiu dos botões florais de algodão e as causas de mortalidade, em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento, foram determinados por tratamento. As tabelas de vida de terceira geração do bicudo-do-algodoeiro foram preparadas usando os dados de mortalidade natural em tratamentos de irrigação por gotejamento e aspersão e as taxas de mortalidade reais, aparentes e indispensáveis e a letalidade de cada causa de mortalidade. Concluímos que a aplicação de água diretamente na zona radicular das plantas de forma direcionada, utilizando o sistema de irrigação por gotejamento, pode causar altas mortalidade dos estágios imaturos do bicudo-do-algodoeiro nos botões florais de algodão caídos no solo. Isso ocorre porque os botões florais de algodão caídos no solo mais seco e mais quente entre as fileiras do algodão irrigado por gotejamento desidratam, causando a morte dos bicudos. Isso é importante por poder reduzir a densidade populacional desse inseto e, consequentemente, o número [...].

Mortality of the cotton boll weevil in drip and sprinkler irrigated cotton crops

Abstract The cotton boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a key cotton crop pest in Brazil. Adverse climatic factors, such as high temperatures and low soil moisture, dehydrate oviposited cotton squares (bud flowers) on the ground and cause high mortality of its offspring within these plant structures. The objective of this research was to evaluate the mortality of the cotton boll weevil in drip and sprinkler irrigated cotton crops. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with two treatments: drip (T1) and sprinkler (T2, control) irrigated cotton crops with sixteen replications. Each parcel had one emergence cage, installed between two cotton rows per irrigation system, with 37 cotton squares with opened oviposition punctures and yellowish bracts, to capture adult cotton boll weevils. The average number of boll weevils that emerged from the cotton squares and the causes of mortality at different development stages were determined per treatment. Third-generation life tables of the boll weevil were prepared using the natural mortality data in drip and sprinkler irrigation treatments and plus actual, apparent and indispensable mortality rates and the lethality of each mortality cause. We conclude that the application of water directly to the root zone of the plants in a targeted manner, using the drip irrigation system, can cause high mortality of the cotton boll weevil immature stages inside cotton squares fallen on the ground. This is because the cotton squares fallen on the drier and hotter soil between the rows of drip-irrigated cotton dehydrates causing the boll weevils to die. This is important because it can reduce its population density of the pest and, consequently, the number of applications of chemical insecticides for its control. Thus, contributing to increase the viability of cotton production, mainly in areas of the Brazilian semiarid region where the cotton is cultivated in organic system.

Resumo O bicudo-do-algodoeiro, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), é uma praga-chave da cultura do algodão no Brasil. Fatores climáticos adversos, como altas temperaturas e baixa umidade do solo, desidratam os botões florais de algodão ovipositados caídos ao solo e causam alta mortalidade de seus descendentes dentro dessas estruturas vegetais.O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a mortalidade do bicudo-do-algodoeiro em lavouras de algodão irrigadas por gotejamento e aspersão. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com dois tratamentos: cultivo de algodão irrigado por gotejamento (T1) e aspersão (T2, testemunha) com dezesseis repetições. Cada parcela possuía uma gaiola de emergência, instalada entre duas fileiras de algodão por sistema de irrigação, com 37 botões florais de algodão com orifícios de oviposição, brácteas abertas e amarelecidas, para captura do bicudo adulto. O número médio de bicudos que emergiu dos botões florais de algodão e as causas de mortalidade, em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento, foram determinados por tratamento. As tabelas de vida de terceira geração do bicudo-do-algodoeiro foram preparadas usando os dados de mortalidade natural em tratamentos de irrigação por gotejamento e aspersão e as taxas de mortalidade reais, aparentes e indispensáveis e a letalidade de cada causa de mortalidade. Concluímos que a aplicação de água diretamente na zona radicular das plantas de forma direcionada, utilizando o sistema de irrigação por gotejamento, pode causar altas mortalidade dos estágios imaturos do bicudo-do-algodoeiro nos botões florais de algodão caídos no solo. Isso ocorre porque os botões florais de algodão caídos no solo mais seco e mais quente entre as fileiras do algodão irrigado por gotejamento desidratam, causando a morte dos bicudos. Isso é importante por poder reduzir a densidade populacional desse inseto e, consequentemente, o número de aplicações de inseticidas químicos para seu controle. Assim, contribuindo para aumentar a viabilidade da produção de algodão, principalmente em áreas do semiárido brasileiro em sistema orgânico.

Analysis of quality difference of different specifications and different origins of Citri Grandis Exocarpium / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To study the quality difference of different specifications of Citri Grandis Exocarpium from different origins，and to provide reference for the orderly development of Citri Grandis Exocarpium industry. METHODS Different specifications [ Citrus grandis ‘Tomentos’young fruit ，Citrus grandis （L.）Osbeck young fruits ，exocarp] of 93 batches of Citri Grandis Exocarpium medicinal materials （decoction pieces ）from different origins [ Citrus grandis ‘Tomentosa’or Citrus grandis （L.）Osbeck] were taken as samples. The contents of naringin and rhoifolin in samples were determined by HPLC. Through pheatmap parameters of R language ，heatmap was drawn for the contents of naringin and rhoifolin according to origins and specifications （young fruit and exocarp ）. RESULTS Of 93 batches of samples ，the contents of naringin and rhoifolin were 16.52-214.64 and 1.03-10.96 mg/g，respectively. Among different specifications ，the contents of naringin and rhoifolin in the young fruit were the highest （their average contents were 108.96 and 6.30 mg/g respectively ）. Heatmap analysis of R language content showed that the contents of naringin and rhoifolin in Citri Grandis Exocarpium from origin of C. grandis ‘Tomentosa’were generally higher than those from origin of C. grandis （L.）Osbeck. Of different specifications of Citri Grandis Exocarpium from origins，the contents of naringin and rhoifolin were higher in KTP young fruit relatively. CONCLUSIONS The quality of Citri Grandis Exocarpium from origin of C. grandis ‘Tomentosa’with the young fruit as specification is the best.

Protective Effect of Water Extract of Citri Grandis Exocarpium on Alcohol-induced Acute Liver Injury / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo explore the pharmacodynamic effect of the water extract of Citri Grandis exocarpium （WEC） on mice with alcohol-induced acute liver injury and provide data support for the development of this medicinal for anti-alcoholism and liver protection. MethodThe main components of WEC were determined by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. Sixty Balb/c mice were randomized into 6 groups： control group （equal volume of 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose sodium solution）， model group （equal volume of 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose sodium solution）， low-， medium-， and high-dose WEC groups （0.5， 1.0， 2.0 g·kg-1）， and Haiwang Jinzun tablet positive control group （2.0 g·kg-1）. The administration lasted 14 days. One day before the end of the administration， mice were fasted for 12 h with free access to water. The mice， except the control group， were given 56° Chinese liquor （13 mL·kg-1）. After 2 h， blood was taken from eyeballs and the liver was dissected and weighed. Automatic biochemical analyzer was employed to detect the expression of alanine aminotransferase （ALT）， aspartate aminotransferase （AST）， and alcohol dehydrogenase （ADH）. The pathological changes of liver tissues were observed based on hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining， and apoptosis of hepatocytes based on TUNEL/DAB staining. The expression of proteins related to apoptosis was detected by Western blot. ResultAccording to the HPLC fingerprint， the main components of WEC were rhoifolin and naringin. Compared with the control group， the model group showed increase in liver/body weight ratio （P<0.01） and the expression of ALT and AST （P<0.05， P<0.01）， decrease in the expression of ADH （P<0.05）， blurred structure of hepatic lobules， pathological changes of liver tissue， loose cytoplasm with edema， severe steatosis， rise of the TUNEL-positive rate （P<0.01）， reduction in expression of Bcl-2 （P<0.01）， and increase in Bax and Caspase-3 （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， medium-dose WEC lowered liver/body weight ratio （P<0.05）. All doses of WEC depressed the activity of ALT and AST （P<0.05， P<0.01）， up-regulated the expression of ADH （P<0.05）， significantly improved the pathological features of alcohol-induced cytoplasmic porosity， edema， and steatosis， down-regulated the TUNEL-positive rate （P<0.05， P<0.01）， enhanced the expression of Bcl-2 （P<0.05）， and decreased Bax and Caspase-3 （P<0.01）. ConclusionWEC regulates the expression of ALT， AST， and ADH and improves hepatic steatosis and hepatocyte apoptosis to fight against acute liver injury.

Protective Effect of Water Extract of Citri Grandis Exocarpium on Alcohol-induced Acute Liver Injury / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo explore the pharmacodynamic effect of the water extract of Citri Grandis exocarpium （WEC） on mice with alcohol-induced acute liver injury and provide data support for the development of this medicinal for anti-alcoholism and liver protection. MethodThe main components of WEC were determined by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. Sixty Balb/c mice were randomized into 6 groups： control group （equal volume of 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose sodium solution）， model group （equal volume of 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose sodium solution）， low-， medium-， and high-dose WEC groups （0.5， 1.0， 2.0 g·kg-1）， and Haiwang Jinzun tablet positive control group （2.0 g·kg-1）. The administration lasted 14 days. One day before the end of the administration， mice were fasted for 12 h with free access to water. The mice， except the control group， were given 56° Chinese liquor （13 mL·kg-1）. After 2 h， blood was taken from eyeballs and the liver was dissected and weighed. Automatic biochemical analyzer was employed to detect the expression of alanine aminotransferase （ALT）， aspartate aminotransferase （AST）， and alcohol dehydrogenase （ADH）. The pathological changes of liver tissues were observed based on hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining， and apoptosis of hepatocytes based on TUNEL/DAB staining. The expression of proteins related to apoptosis was detected by Western blot. ResultAccording to the HPLC fingerprint， the main components of WEC were rhoifolin and naringin. Compared with the control group， the model group showed increase in liver/body weight ratio （P<0.01） and the expression of ALT and AST （P<0.05， P<0.01）， decrease in the expression of ADH （P<0.05）， blurred structure of hepatic lobules， pathological changes of liver tissue， loose cytoplasm with edema， severe steatosis， rise of the TUNEL-positive rate （P<0.01）， reduction in expression of Bcl-2 （P<0.01）， and increase in Bax and Caspase-3 （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， medium-dose WEC lowered liver/body weight ratio （P<0.05）. All doses of WEC depressed the activity of ALT and AST （P<0.05， P<0.01）， up-regulated the expression of ADH （P<0.05）， significantly improved the pathological features of alcohol-induced cytoplasmic porosity， edema， and steatosis， down-regulated the TUNEL-positive rate （P<0.05， P<0.01）， enhanced the expression of Bcl-2 （P<0.05）， and decreased Bax and Caspase-3 （P<0.01）. ConclusionWEC regulates the expression of ALT， AST， and ADH and improves hepatic steatosis and hepatocyte apoptosis to fight against acute liver injury.

Common mechanism of Citrus Grandis Exocarpium in treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer / 中草药·英文版

Objective: “Same treatment for different diseases” is a unique treatment strategy in traditional Chinese medicine. Two kinds of malignant respiratory diseases endanger human health-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer. Citrus Grandis Exocarpium (Huajuhong in Chinese, HJH), a famous herbal, is always applied by Chinese medicine practitioners to dispersion the lung to resolve phlegm based on “syndrome differentiation and treatment” theory. However, the common mechanism for HJH's treatment of COPD and lung cancer is not clear. Methods: In this study, based on network pharmacology and molecular docking technology, the common mechanism of HJH in the treatment of COPD and lung cancer was studied. The active ingredients and related targets of HJH were integrated from TCMSP, BATMAN-TAM, STP, and Pubchem databases. The standard names of these targets were united by UniProt database. Targets of COPD and lung cancer were enriched through GeneCards, NCBI (Gene), Therapeutic Target Database, and DisGeNET (v7.0) databases. Then the intersection targets of HJH and diseases were obtained. The STRING network and the Cytoscape 3.7.2 were used to construct PPI network, the DAVID database was used to perform GO and KEGG analysis. Then Cytoscape 3.6.1 was used to build “ingredient-target-signal pathway” network. Finally, AutoDock 1.5.6 software was used to perform molecular docking of key proteins and molecules. Results: Eleven active ingredients in HJH were obtained by searching the database, corresponding to 184 HJH-COPD-lung cancer targets intersection. The results of biological network analysis showed that naringenin, the active component in HJH, could mainly act on target proteins such as AKT1, EGFR. Then through positive regulation of vasoconstriction and other biological processes, naringenin could regulate estrogen signaling pathway, VEGF signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, ErbB signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway to play an important role in the treatment of both COPD and lung cancer. Conclusion: Network pharmacology was employed to systematically investigate the active ingredients and targets of HJH in treatment of COPD and lung cancer. And then, the common pharmacodynamic network of HJH for the two malignant respiratory diseases was firstly described. Furthermore, naringenin was proved to strongly bind with AKT1 and EGFR. It may provide the scientific basis for understanding the “Same treatment for different diseases” strategy in traditional Chinese medicine and inspirit subsequent drug discovery for COPD, lung cancer and other malignant lung diseases.

Herbalogical study on historical evolution of collection, processing and efficacy of Citri Exocarpium Rubrum and Citri Grandis Exocarpium / 中国中药杂志

In ancient times, the original plants of Citri Exocarpium Rubrum and Citri Grandis Exocarpium had experienced succession and change, including tangerine(Citrus reticulata), pomelo(C. grandis), and Huazhou pomelo(C. grandis 'Tomentosa'), a specific cultivar of C. grandis produced in Huazhou, Guangdong. Before the Qing Dynasty, tangerine was the main original plant, while Huazhou pomelo came to the fore in the Qing Dynasty. In the 1950 s and 1960 s, the producing area of Huazhou pomelo was destroyed, and thus it had to be supplemented with pomelo. From then on, C. grandis 'Tomentosa' and C. grandis were both listed as the original plants of Citri Grandis Exocarpium in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. This paper reviewed the historical evolution of the collection, processing, and efficacy of Citri Exocarpium Rubrum and Citri Grandis Exocarpium. The research showed that:(1)The harvest time of the original plants of Citri Grandis Exocarpium and Citri Grandis Exocarpium had changed from maturity to immaturity. The collection and processing of Citri Exocarpium Rubrum was first recorded in the Illustrated Classics of Materia Medica in the Song Dynasty. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the mesocarp of Citri Exocarpium Rubrum needed to be removed completely, and Citri Grandis Exocarpium from C. grandis 'Tomentosa' was processed into different specifications such as seven-piece, five-piece, and single piece. Furthermore, processed young fruits of Huazhou pomelo appeared.(2)Citri Exocarpium Rubrum and Citri Grandis Exocarpium were processed with carp skin for the first time in the Master Lei's Discourse on Medicinal Processing. It was suggested that carp skin might be helpful for eliminating bones stuck in throat. During the Song, Jin, and Yuan Dynasties, some other processing methods such as ba-king, stir-frying, and salt-processing appeared. Honey, soil, ginger juice, and alum were firstly used as adjuvants for the processing in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Citri Exocarpium Rubrum was mainly prepared with salt in order to improve the effect of lowering Qi, while it was unnecessary for Citri Grandis Exocarpium from C. grandis 'Tomentosa' because of its obvious effect of lowering Qi and eliminating phlegm. The stir-frying and honey-frying methods helped reduce the strong effect of Citri Grandis Exocarpium from C. grandis 'Tomentosa'.(3)According to the application of Citri Exocarpium Rubrum and Citri Grandis Exocarpium in history, their medicinal use began in Han and Tang Dynasties, developed in Song, Jin, and Yuan Dynasties, and matured in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Citri Grandis Exocarpium from C. grandis 'Tomentosa' was originally applied in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and it still plays an important in role treating COVID-19 nowadays. Moreover, Citri Grandis Exocarpium from C. grandis had cold medicinal property, while Citri Grandis Exocarpium from C. grandis 'Tomentosa' had warm medicinal property, and thus they should not be treated the same. At present, Huazhou pomelo has a certain production scale. Therefore, it is recommended that in the next edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia, only C. grandis 'Tomentosa' should be included as the original plant of Citri Grandis Exocarpium, and C. grandis should be deleted. The results are conducive to the further development and utilization of Citri Exocarpium Rubrum and Citri Grandis Exocarpium, and support the rational use of Citri Grandis Exocarpium and its processed products.

Herbalogical study on historical evolution of Juhong and Huajuhong / 中国中药杂志

In ancient times, there were two types of "Juhong" came from the tangerines(Citrus reticulata) and the pomelos(C. grandis and its cultivars), which corresponded to Juhong and Huajuhong recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia respectively. In different periods, Juhong basically came from the same species and the same medicinal parts, but there were also some differences. This article sorted out the ancient and modern literature, under the guidance of "Succession theory of Medicinal materials varieties" and "Change theory of Medicinal materials varieties"(XIE Zong-wan), and combined with field investigation, the evolution and reasons of the original plants and medicinal parts of Juhong were analyzed. In the Han Dynasty and before, the peel of tangerines and pomelos were both used as medicine. In the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the way tangerine peel was used was dried and aged, and then "soaked in hot water and scraped off the mesocarp", which had the essence of only using exocarp as medicine of Juhong already, and its original plant was C. reticalata. In the Song Dynasty, the name of "Juhong" and its medicinal usage were recorded in book on materia medica, and the species and medicinal parts of tangerine were inherited from the previous dynasties. The way tangerine peel was used was only dried and aged without removing the mesocarp. The medicinal material obtained by the way was called Chenpi(dried and aged tangerine peel). The item "Juhong" listing as a separate medicinal material was first recorded in the Collected Discussions from Materia Medica(Bencao Huiyan) in the Ming Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, the Dao-di habitat of Juhong was recorded as Guangdong province in most books on materia medica, and the original plants probably were C. reticalata and C. grandis 'Tomentosa'(Huazhou pomelo, a special cultivated species of C. grandis produced in Huazhou, Guangdong, which was recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia as "Huajuhong"), according to the records in the local chronicles. During the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, the original plants of Juhong were C. reticalata and C. grandis 'Tomentosa'. Of the two, the latter one was considered as the better. As far the medicinal part, it was still the exocarp, while the whole young fruit of C. grandis 'Tomentosa' began to be used as medicine. After the founding of The People's Republic of China, the exocarps of Citrus reticalata, C. grandis and C. grandis 'Tomentosa' were listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia under "Juhong". From the Northern and Southern Dynasties to the Republic of China, C. grandis exocarp was a fake of Juhong. Therefore, it was contradictory to historical records that C. grandis exocarp was listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia as Huajuhong. Juhong had been divided into two types as "Juhong" and "Huajuhong" since 1985. The medicinal part of Huajuhong was only the exocarp of immature and nearly mature fruits, but not the whole young fruit, the actual mainstream medicinal part of Huajuhong. The results are helpful to clarify the historical evolution of species and medicinal parts of Juhong and Huajuhong. It is suggested that in the next edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia, only C. grandis 'Tomentosa' should be included as the original plant of Huajuhong, and C. grandis should be deleted, and the young fruit should be added in the medicinal parts besides the exocarp of immature and nearly mature fruit.

Evaluation of anti-asthmatic and anti-cholinergic activity of ethanolic extract of Tectina grandis Linn. bark

Background: Asthma is a chronic disease that affects approximately 300 million people worldwide. Tectona grandis Linn. bark, also known as Teak (English), is traditionally used to treat asthma. However, the scientific data on anti-asthmatic and anti-cholinergic of this plant has got little attention. An attempt has been based on ethanolic extract of bark of Tectona grandis Linn. shown a tremendous effect on asthma when comparative study was done with normal and treated group.Methods: The anti-asthmatic activity of a 95% ethanol and 5% distilled water extract of dried and fresh Tectona grandis Linn. bark, was evaluated against histamine and acetylcholine-induced preconvulsive dyspnea (PCD) in guinea pigs fasted for 24 h were exposed to an atomized fine mist of 2% histamine dihydrochloride and acetylcholine aerosol (dissolved in normal saline) using nebulizer at a pressure of 300 mmHg in the histamine chamber (24�� cm, made of perplex glass. They were divided in groups Mepyramin (8 mg/kg) intraperitonially, atropine aerosol and Tectona grandis bark formulation (2.5, 5, 10 gm/kg) were administered orally 30 min prior to exposure. Animals, which did not develop typical asthma within 6 minutes, were taken as protected.Results: Ethanolic extract of Tectona grandis Linn. bark at 5 and 10 gm/kg significantly reduce bronchoconstriction as compared to control group along with significant mast cell stabilization activity.Conclusions: In conclusion, the present study shows that the ethanolic bark extract of Tectona grandis Linn. has potential antiasthamatic and antichlolinergic action in histamine and acetylcholine broncocontraction in guinea pigs.

Discussion and prediction of application prospects of Citri Grandis Exocarpium on COVID-19 based on literature analysis and molecular docking / 中草药

Objective: The present study aims to explore the application prospects of Citri Grandis Exocarpium for protecting against novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19). Methods: The pharmacological effects, including expectorant, anti-acute lung injury, anti-inflammatory, anti-pulmonary fibrosis, relieving cough, anti-oxidation, anti-liver injury, anti-kidney injury effects and etc, of both Citri Grandis Exocarpium and its main chemical constituents were analyzed through literature review. The constituents of Citri Grandis Exocarpium were collected by using traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology (TCMSP) database and literature searching. The molecular docking study was performed to evaluate the binding ability between the chemical constituents and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), 3C-like main protease (Mpro), papain-like protease (PLP), and dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) to predict its potential activity in inhibiting the infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2 virus. Results: The literature review indicated that Citri Grandis Exocarpium possesses expectorant, anti-acute lung injury, anti-inflammatory, anti-pulmonary fibrosis, relieving cough, anti-oxidation, anti-liver injury, anti-kidney injury effects, and so on. Molecular docking results indicated that naringin, neohesperdin, rhoifolin, poncirin, and sitogluside were the main active flavonoids due to showing strong interactions with ACE2, MPro, PLP and DC-SIGN with potential activity in inhibiting the infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2 virus. Conclusion: Citri Grandis Exocarpium may probably delay the progression of COVID-19 through a variety of pharmacological activities and the inhibition of the infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2 due to targeting ACE2, MPro, PLP, and DC-SIGN, reminding that Citri Grandis Exocarpium may possess a potential capacity to protect against COVID-19.

In vitro Antisalmonellal and Antioxidant Activities of Leaves Extracts of Tectona grandis L. F. (Verbenaceae)

Aim: Study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antisalmonellal and antioxidant properties of Tectona grandis, a medicinal plant commonly used in traditional Cameroonian medicine for the treatment of typhoid fever. Study Design: In vitro Antimicrobial and antioxidant analyses of plant extract using established protocols. Place and Duration of Study: Plant materiel collection at Loum (Moungo Division, Littoral region of Cameroon), identification at the National Herbarium of Cameroon, extraction of plant and all analyses at the Research Unit of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Substances, Department of Biochemistry, University of Dschang-Cameroon, between August 2018 and April 2019. Methodology: In vitro antisalmonellal activity of Tectona grandis extracts was evaluated by the liquid microdilution method as well as their antioxidant activity using by standard methods of H2O2 trapping, FRAP, DPPH radical trapping and OH radical trapping. Quantification test of total phenols and flavonoids and phytochemical screening of extract were also done. Results: The results showed that most of the Tectona grandis extracts had minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 64 to 1024 μg/mL. Ethanolic extract, 70% ethanol extract and aqueous decoction are the most effective compared to aqueous extracts with activities between 64 and 128 μg/mL on the bacteria tested. Antioxidant tests showed that all extracts except macerated and aqueous infused extracts exhibited high DPPH trapping activities. The antioxidant activities of the extracts are proportionally linked in most cases to their flavonoid and total phenol contents at a concentration of 200 µg/mL. Aqueous decoction showed better H2O2 trapping activity at concentrations less than or equal to 25 µg/mL. Conclusion: These results show that the ethanolic extract and decocted aqueous of Tectona grandis leaves can be used as an alternative to treat salmonellosis.

Evaluation of antiulcer activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Coccinia grandis in indomethacin induced gastric ulcer model

Background: Gastric mucosal ulceration is the most common adverse effect with NSAIDS. Antacids, H2 blockers and PPIs are considered novel in treating ulcers but are not devoid of side effects. Hence, there a need for a drug which is effective against NSAID induced ulcers with no side effects. Coccinia grandis plant is traditionally used for the treatment of gastric/peptic ulcers. Hence, this study has been undertaken to scientifically validate the antiulcer activity of Coccinia grandis leaves against indomethacin induced gastric ulcer model.Methods: Following preparation of the extract, 24 Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups with 6 rats in each group (n=6). Group 1 received 1% CMC, group 2 received 1% CMC +indomethacin 40 mg/kg, group 3 received ethanolic leaf extract of Coccinia grandis 200 mg/kg +indomethacin 40 mg/kg and group 4 received omeprazole (2 mg/kg) +indomethzacin 40 mg/kg for 7 days. Calculation of ulcer score was done using ulcer index and percentage protection.Results: The ulcer index score (2.12�21) and percentage protection (69.71%) was comparable with the standard drug (1.76�11, 74.85%) respectively.Conclusions: The ethanolic leaf extract of Coccinia grandis showed significant antiulcer activity against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the exact mechanism of antiulcer activity.

The Fatty Acid Profile of Oils from Garcinia kola, Tetracarpodium conopodium and Tectona grandis

The fatty acids in the oil of Garcinia kola, Tetracarpodium conopodiumand Tectona grandis were determined using a Perkin Elmer Auto sampler XL gas chromatograph with FID detector and split injector operating at 220ºC. The result showed that Garcina kolacontained saturated fatty acid (15.78%) monounsaturated fatty acid (33.29%) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (50.92%). Tetracarpodium conopodiumcontained saturated fatty acid (5.72%) monounsaturated fatty acid (77.31%) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (16.96%) tectona grandis contained saturated fatty acid (59.93%), monounsaturated fatty acid (24.08%) and polyunsaturated fatty acid 15.99%. The major fatty acid in Garcinia kolais oleic acid, while the major fatty acid in Tetracarpodium conopodumis paullinic acid and the major fatty acid in Tectona gradisis palmitic acid. In conclusion, the result of the fatty acid profile showed that Tetracarpodium conopodiumand Garcinia kolacontained high percentage of essential fatty acids while Tectona grandis also contained some essential fatty acids. Therefore the seeds oils may be useful in the food, beverages, fine chemical, oil and pharmaceutical industries

Susceptibility of boll weevil to ready-to-use insecticide mixtures / Suscetibilidade do bicudo-do-algodoeiro a misturas de inseticidas prontas para uso

Boll weevil is the major cotton pest in Brazil, and insecticides are widely recommended against it. We determined the susceptibility of boll weevil to insecticides either in single or in mixture ready-to-use formulations, which are registered to spray cotton fields under the hypothesis that mixtures are more toxic to the target pest. Concentration-mortality curves were determined to adult species, simultaneously through dried residues and ingestion. Ten insecticide formulations were studied with five in mixture (lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam, lambda-cyhalothrin + chlorantraniliprole, thiamethoxam + chlorantraniliprole, and fenitrothion + esfenvalerate) and their five respective single formulations. Cotton leaf discs and cotyledons were dipped into insecticide dilutions prepared by diluting the commercial products into distilled water. Adult mortality was assessed 48 hours after caging adults on treated and untreated materials. The LC50s-concentrations varied from 0.004 to 0.114 g a.i./L, with a relative potency between single and mixture ones, varying from 1.37- to 29.59-fold. Furthermore, lambda-cyhalothrin and thiamethoxam in single formulation were the most toxic insecticides to boll weevil. Among insecticide mixtures, only lambda-cyhalothrin + chlorantraniliprole resulted in a synergic effect; whereas the remaining mixtures showed an antagonistic effect. Therefore, except for the mixture of lambda-cyhalothrin + chlorantraniliprole, the remaining mixtures did not enhance toxicity against the boll weevil and should be recommended only when aimed at different purposes.(AU)

Bicudo-do-algodoeiro é a principal praga do algodoeiro no Brasil, sendo o uso de inseticidas amplamente recomendado para o seu controle. A suscetibilidade do bicudo-do-algodoeiro foi determinada a inseticidas em formulação simples ou em misturas prontas para uso, as quais têm sido recomendadas para pulverizar campos de algodão sob a hipótese de serem mais tóxicas à praga alvo. Assim, curvas de concentração-mortalidade foram determinadas para adultos do bicudo contaminados, simultaneamente, via resíduo seco e ingestão dos inseticidas. Dez formulações foram estudadas, sendo cinco misturas (lambda-cialotrina + tiametoxam, lambda-cialotrina + clorantraniliprole, tiametoxam + clorantraniliprole e fenitrotiona + esfenvalerato) e suas respectivas cinco formulações simples. Folhas e cotilédones do algodoeiro foram mergulhados em diluições do inseticida preparadas com os produtos comerciais e água destilada. A mortalidade adulta foi avaliada 48 horas após o acondicionamento dos adultos em materiais tratados e não tratados. As concentrações de CL50s variaram de 0,004 a 0,114 g i.a./L, com potência relativa entre formulação simples e misturas, variando de 1,37 a 29,59 vezes. A lambda-cialotrina e o tiametoxam em formulações simples foram os inseticidas mais tóxicos para o bicudo. Entre as misturas, aquela preparada com lambda - cialotrina + clorantraniliprole resultou em um efeito sinérgico, enquanto as demais misturas mostraram um efeito antagonista. Portanto, exceto pela mistura de lambda-cialotrina + clorantraniliprole, as demais misturas não demonstraram maior toxicidade para o bicudo-do-algodoeiro e devem ser recomendadas somente quando objetivam finalidades diferentes.(AU)

Morphology and infection process of Olivea neotectonae in teak leaves / Morfologia e processo de infecção de Olivea neotectonae em folhas de teca

Rust, caused by the biotrophic fungus Olivea neotectonae, stands out as an important disease in teak plantations in Brazil. Considering the current importance of this rust and the need to obtain additional basic information about its causal agent to better disease management, the present study aimed to analyze the morphology of O. neotectonae using light microscopy and demonstrate the infection process in teak leaves using scanning electron microscopy techniques (SEM). The morphological characteristics observed using light microscopy were similar to those described in the literature for this species. SEM revealed that the infection structures of the pathogen penetrated the teak leaf through the stomata complex. This study provides the first microscopic evidence of the infection process of Olivea neotectonae in leaves of teak plants.(AU)

A ferrugem, causada pelo fungo biotrófico Olivea neotectonae, destaca-se como uma doença importante nas plantações de teca no Brasil. Considerando a importância atual dessa ferrugem e a necessidade de obter informações básicas adicionais sobre seu agente causal para melhor manejo da doença, o presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a morfologia da O. neotectonae utilizando microscopia de luz e demonstrar o processo de infecção em folhas de teca por meio de técnicas de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). As características morfológicas observadas em microscopia de luz foram semelhantes às descritas na literatura para essa espécie. A MEV revelou que as estruturas de infecção do patógeno penetraram na folha de teca através do complexo estomático. Este estudo fornece a primeira evidência microscópica do processo de infecção de Olivea neotectonae em folhas de plantas de teca.(AU)

Determination of 106 Pesticide Residues in Citrus Grandis Exocarpium / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To establish a method for determination of pesticide residues in Citrus Grandis Exocarpium by mass spectrometry. METHODS: After vortex extraction with acetonitrile, the samples were purified with prime-HLB SPE. GC-MS/MS analysis was performed on a DB17 MS(30 m×0.25 mm, 0.25 μm)capillary column with electron impact(EI) source. LC-MS/MS analysis was performed on a Phenomenex Kinetex C18(2.1 mm×100 mm, 2.6 μm) column with gradient elution using water(containing 5 mmol•L-1 ammonium formate and 0.1% formic acid) and 95% acetonitrile(containing 5 mmol•L-1 ammonium formate and 0.1% formic acid). Electrospray ionization(ESI) source was applied by positive ionization in multiple reaction monitoring(MRM) mode. RESULTS: The calibration curves of 106 pesticide residues showed good linearity with correlation coefficients above 0.990 9. The average recoveries for all target compounds fell in the range of 57.6%-134.4%, with RSDs below 15%. Seven kinds of prohibited pesticides and 25 strictly restricted and commonly used ones were detected in 20 batches of samples, which mainly belong to insecticide, acaricide and fungicide. CONCLUSION: The method is fast, accurate and highly sensitive for the screening and confirmation of pesticide residues in Citrus Grandis Exocarpium, which provides a basis for the control of pesticide residues in similar mattrix medicinal plants.

Identification and evaluation of Citrus grandis based on DNA barcode,UPLC and chromaticity method / 中国中药杂志

In order to identify the source of Citrus grandis and evaluate its quality originate from two areas comprehensively,DNA barcode was used to identify 26 samples of C. grandis. The content of naringin,rhoifolin,naringenin and apigenin was determined by UPLC method,and the color difference was numerically studied by color difference analyzer,which was related to the effective components of C. grandis. The results showed that samples was the source of C. grandis in both regions. The ITS2 sequence length was about400-500 bp,and the sequence similarity reached 99. 82%. There was only one base deletion in the two groups. There was one base A in some medicinal materials of Guangdong at 330 bp,but no base in Chongqing. The contents of naringin and rhoifolin in Chongqing samples were higher than those in Guangdong samples,and there were statistical differences between naringenin and apigenin. The chroma value showed that L*value of Guangdong was larger,a*value was smaller,L*value of Chongqing was smaller,and a*value was larger,while the b*value of both was not significantly different; The results of correlation analysis showed that naringin,rhoifolin,naringenin were positively correlated with L*,b*value,negatively correlated with a*value,and apigenin had no correlation with L*,a*,b*value. In this study,the scientific identification and evaluation of C. grandis was carried out to provide a new idea for the further study of the rapid identification and evaluation of C. grandis.

Comparison of content of five flavones in Citrus grandis “Tomentosa” and Citrus grandis with quantitative analysis of muli-components by single marker / 中草药

Objective To establish quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker (QAMS) to compare five flavones in Citrus grandis “Tomentosa” and C. grandis. Methods Four relative correction factors (RCFs) of neohesperidin, rhoifolin, naringenin, apigenin were established in the HPLC method with the Naringin as internal standard, which were used to determine the content of four flavones in C. grandis “Tomentosa” and C. grandis. Meanwhile, external standard method (ESM) was employed to calculate the content of five flavones. The difference between ESM and QAMS were analyzed to evaluate the accuracy of QAMS. T-test was used to compare five flavones in C. grandis ‘Tomentosa’ and C. grandis. Results RCFs of neohesperidin, rhoifolin, naringenin, apigenin were 0.898, 1.519, 0.313, 0.406, and repeatability was good in different experimental conditions (RSD < 3.0 %). There were no significant differences in the quantitative analysis results of two methods. Content of naringin, rhoifolin and naringenin in two species were significant different. Conclusion The RCFs of neohesperidin, rhoifolin, naringenin, apigenin as reference to naringin are accurate and feasible. Content of flavones in Citrus grandis “Tomentosa” and C. grandis are obvious different. QASM can be applied as a strategy for quality control of C. grandis.

Studies on chemical constituents and bioactivities of leaves of Torreya grandis / 中草药

Objective To study the chemical constituents and bioactivities of leaves of Torreya grandis. Methods The chemical constituents were isolated by MCI-Gel CHP-20, Diaion HP-20, Toyopearl HW-40, Sephadex LH-20, RP-18 and silica gel column chromatographic methods. Their structures were identified on the basis of physicochemical and spectroscopic analysis. The cytotoxic activity and antitumor activity of compounds 1-4 were investigated by lethal-to-prawn larva bioactivity determining method and MTT assay. Results Ten compounds were isolated from EtOAc extract and n-BuOH of leaves of T. grandis. Their structures were identified as torreyagrandate (1), hinokiol (2), 4-epiagathadial (3), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3-O-β-D-glucoside (4), dehydroabietic acid (5), trans-communic acid (6), cis-communic acid (7), (2-methoxy-1,4-phenylene) dimethanol (8), pinoresinol (9), and β-sitosterol (10). The bioactivity experiment indicated that compounds 1-4 possessed certain cytotoxic activity towards brine shrimp, and LC50 value were 7.7, 8.0, 8.8, and 4.2 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, it was found that compound 4 presented remarkable inhibitory effect on two kinds of cells of human liver cancer cells of Huh7 (67%) and HepG2 (69%) at a dose of 10 μg/mL. Conclusion All compounds are isolated from leaves of T. grandis for the first time expect compound 10. Compounds 1-4 exhibite certain cytotoxic activity, and compound 4 displays stronger antitumor activity towards Huh7 and HepG2 liver cancer cells.