Superar el tecnodeterminismo: una mirada orgánica de la comunicación en el movimiento campesino del magdalena medio colombiano

El análisis de la relación entre movimientos sociales, comunicación, tecnologías mediáticas y medios digitales suele concentrarse en los alcances y en lo aparentemente determinantes que estos últimos resultan ser para la acción política. El objetivo de este artículo es describir cómo los usos y las apropiaciones de la tecnologías mediáticas y de los medios alternativos digitales son la expresión de la organización, de la lucha y de la negociación política del movimiento campesino del Magdalena Medio colombiano y no, como pudiera creerse, un factor que determina su potencia. Basado en 19 entrevistas a líderes del movimiento campesino, se concluye que la comunicación mediada por tecnologías mediáticas y medios digitales en el movimiento campesino del Magdalena Medio expresa el carácter horizontal y los principios políticos que rigen al movimiento campesino y no lo que lo dota de potencialidad.

The analysis of the relationship between social movements, communication, media technologies and digital media usually concentrates on the scope and apparent determinants of the latter for political action. The objective of this article is to describe how the uses and appropriations of media technologies and digital alternative media are the expression of the organization, struggle and political negotiation of the peasant movement of the Magdalena Medio region of Colombia and not, as might be thought, a factor that determines its power. Based on 19 interviews with leaders of the peasant movement, it is concluded that communication mediated by media technologies and digital media in the peasant movement of Magdalena Medio expresses the horizontal character and political principles that govern the peasant movement and not what gives it its potential.

On the training of rural-order tuition-waived medical students and its impact on grass-roots public health services / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To discuss the role of rural-order tuition-waived medical students in grass-roots public health, and put forward pertinent suggestions for further improving the effectiveness of rural directional general practitioner training programs.Methods:Through interviews with 63 graduated rural-order tuition-waived medical undergraduates from rural primary medical institutions in Sichuan Province, the standard procedures of spindle encoding and content analysis were used to analyze the influence of the training effect of rural-order tuition-waived medical students on grass-roots public health services.Results:The results showed that the training effect of rural-order tuition-waived medical students mainly reflected in theoretical learning, practical work ability, future career planning and post-graduation education, among which the training effect of theoretical learning and practical work ability was better. Rural-order tuition-waived medical students played a positive role in grass-roots public health services, mainly in the protection of key populations, home prevention and management of the elderly and chronic diseases patients, and home prevention and management of children and pregnant women.Conclusion:The measures for rural-order tuition-waived medical students to provide grass-roots public health services should include that the supporting policies of the state and schools can be continuously improved and implemented, college teachers should pay more attention to the guidance of the humanistic spirit of general medical students, and the curriculum system construction of rural-order tuition-waived medical students should highlight the courses related to grass-roots and general medicine. In the process of student training, we should construct effective practical methods and strengthen post-employment continuing education.

Research on Public Health Emergency Collaborative Governance System with Grassroots Communities as the Core / 中国医学伦理学

Grassroots communities, as the forefront of the transformation of national system and mechanism, the reformation of social structure, the change of interest pattern, and the transition of ideological consciousness, have long been the focus of government work, academic research, and social practitioners. Based on the theory of collaborative governance, aiming at the problems existing in the emergency management of public health emergencies in grassroots communities at present, this paper put forward the construction measures of public health emergency collaborative governance system with grassroots communities as the core, including improving the grassroots community emergency management organizational structure, consolidating the standardized foundation of grassroots community emergency collaborative management, enhancing the awareness of grassroots community emergency collaborative management, and strengthening the interactivity of the grassroots community information communication system. It is hoped to provide necessary reference for promoting the reform of public health emergency governance system.

Prevalence of depressive symptoms among grassroots healthcare workers in Zhejiang Province / 预防医学

Objective@#To investigate the prevalence and influencing factors of depressive symptoms among grassroots healthcare workers in Zhejiang Province, so as to provide insights into improving their mental health. @*Methods@#Grassroots healthcare workers of community health service centers and township health centers were sampled from one county (city, district) in each of 11 cities in Zhejiang Province using a convenience sampling method from December 2022 to January 2023. Participants' gender, age, educational level and average daily sleep duration in the past week were collected through questionnaires, and depression symptoms was investigated according to Self-rating Depression Scale. Factors affecting the depressive symptoms were identified using a multivariable logistic regression model. @*Results@#A total of 1 946 questionnaires were distributed, and 1 945 valid questionnaires were recovered, with an effective response rate of 99.95%. There were 444 boys, accounting for 22.83%, and 1 501 girls, accounting for 77.17%. The median age was was 36 (interquartile range, 44) years. There were 786 healthcare workers detected with depressive symptoms, with a prevalence rate of 40.41%, and the prevalence rates of mild, moderate and severe depressive symptoms were 26.94%, 10.49% and 2.98%, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified age (50 years and older, OR=0.572, 95%CI: 0.386-0.846), annual income (100 000 to 149 999 Yuan, OR=0.780, 95%CI: 0.635-0.958; 150 000 to 199 999 Yuan, OR=0.463, 95%CI: 0.282-0.760; 200 000 Yuan and above, OR=0.303, 95%CI: 0.098-0.937), vocation (nurse, OR=1.593, 95%CI: 1.252-2.027) and sleep duration (less than 7 hours, OR=2.164, 95%CI: 1.768-2.648) as factors affecting depressive symptoms among grassroots healthcare workers in Zhejiang Province.@*Conclusions@#The prevalence of depressive symptoms among grassroots healthcare workers in Zhejiang Province is 40.41%. Age, annual income, job and sleep duration may affect the development of depressive symptoms among grassroots healthcare workers.

Analysis of the current performance of pharmacy outpatient services at grassroots medical institutions at home and abroad / 中华医院管理杂志

Pharmacy services in grassroots medical institutions provide professional pharmacy services for patients. This service not only expanded the scope of primary care delivery, but also meets the residents′need for appropriate medication. At present, the majority of grassroots medical institutions in China provide outpatient pharmacy services by means of pharmacy service alliance, and foreign grassroots medical institutions mainly provide pharmaceutical outpatient services with drug treatment management as the core for patients by granting pharmacists partial prescription rights.In recent years, pharmaceutical outpatient services in grassroots medical institutions had achieved good results in improving patient clinical outcomes, enhancing medication rationality, and enhancing patient compliance. However, there were many unresolved issues, including low public awareness, shortage of pharmaceutical talents, and imperfect guarantee systems. The author suggestted that efforts should be made to increase the publicity of pharmaceutical outpatient services, improve the training mechanism for pharmacists, strengthen cooperation between pharmacists and clinical physicians, include pharmacists in the contracted service team of family doctors, and improve various guarantee systems, in order to provide reference for promoting the sustainable development of pharmaceutical outpatient services in grassroots medical institutions in China.

Investigation on demands for license skill training among grassroots public health personnel in Hohhot City / 预防医学

Objective@#To investigate the needs for license skill training among grassroots public health personnel in Hohhot City, so as to provide the advice for improvements in training among grassroots public health personnel in Hohhot City. @*Methods@#A total of 1 802 staff were sampled from 108 grassroots healthcare institutions in four districts, four counties and one banner of Hohhot City using a multi-stage stratified random sampling method. Participants' demographics and five dimensions of training needs, including professional knowledge, professional skills, basic public health service guidelines, epidemiological survey and development of interventions, were collected through questionnaire surveys, and factors affecting the training demands were identified using a generalized linear mixed-effect model.@*Results@#The respondents included 789 men (43.78%) and 958 individuals at ages of 31 to 50 years (53.16%). There were 1 379 respondents (76.53%) that wished to receive training on professional knowledge, 1 312 respondents (72.81%) that wished to receive training on professional skills, 1 012 respondents (56.16%) that wished to receive training on basic public health service guidelines, 333 respondents (18.48%) that wished to receive training on epidemiological survey and 206 respondents (11.43%) that wished to receive training on development of interventions. Participants at ages of 41 to 50 years and 61 years and older, participants with a specialty in nursing, and participants that worked on construction of resident archives and health management of patients with tuberculosis had higher demands for training on professional knowledge; participants that worked on construction of resident archives, children healthcare management and health management of patients with chronic diseases had higher demands for training on professional skills; participants with a specialty in general practice, preventive medicine and public health, participants that worked on construction of resident archives, health management of pregnant and lying-in women, health management of elderly people and health management of patients with severe mental disorders, report and response of infectious diseases and emergency public health events had higher demands for training on basic public health service guidelines; participants that worked on vaccination, report and response of infectious diseases and emergency public health events and assisted management of health and family planning supervision had higher demands for training on epidemiological surveys; participants that worked on health management of patients with chronic diseases, assisted management of health and family planning supervision, and participants with experiences of clinical practices had higher demands for training on development of interventions (all P<0.05). @*Conclusions@#The grassroots public health personnel have a high demand for license skill training in Hohhot City, and age-, specialty- and job-specific training is required.

Fútbol formativo sin violencia, propuesta de evaluación del proyecto Plataforma 090 / Non-violent developmental football, proposal for the evaluation of the Plataforma 090 project / Futebol formativo sem violência, proposta de avaliação do projeto Plataforma 090

RESUMEN El fútbol base es un elemento educativo y socializador que potencia la formación integral de los niños. En él intervienen agentes que pueden llegar a contribuir a la presencia de violencia en los campos de juego, lo que supone un problema social. La mediación e intervención con las familias, niños, entrenadores, árbitros y resto de personas implicadas es primordial para un adecuado desarrollo del juego y valores asociados. El propósito del proyecto Plataforma 090 es erradicar la violencia de los campos de fútbol base, pero no cuenta con un protocolo de evaluación, por lo que este trabajo diseña dos herramientas que permiten valorarlo y, así, poder determinar si está funcionando adecuadamente.

ABSTRACT Grassroots football is an educational and socializing element that enhances the holistic development of children. It involves individuals who can contribute to the presence of violence on the pitches, which poses a social problem. Mediation and intervention with families, children, coaches, referees, and other stakeholders are crucial for the proper development of the game and its associated values. The purpose of the Plataforma 090 project is to eradicate violence from grassroots football fields, but it lacks an evaluation protocol. Therefore, this work designs two tools that allow for its assessment, thus enabling the determination of whether it is functioning adequately.

RESUMO O futebol de base é um elemento educativo e socializador que potencializa a formação integral das crianças. Nele, há agentes que podem contribuir para a presença de violência nos campos de jogo, o que representa um problema social. A mediação e intervenção com as famílias, crianças, treinadores, árbitros e demais pessoas envolvidas são fundamentais para um desenvolvimento adequado do jogo e dos valores associados. O objetivo do projeto Plataforma 090 é erradicar a violência dos campos de futebol de base, mas não possui um protocolo de avaliação, por isso, este trabalho projeta duas ferramentas que permitem avaliá-lo e, assim, determinar se está funcionando adequadamente.

Relationship between depression and mental health literacy or attitude towards mental illness among grassroots administrators / 四川精神卫生

ObjectiveTo understand the relationship between depression and mental health literacy or the attitude towards mental illness among grassroots administrators， in order to provide a reference for further improving mental health services and building a psychosocial service system. MethodsIn October 2020， a total of 690 grassroots administrators from street offices in Licheng district of Ji'nan city were selected as the research subjects. Self-designed general situation questionnaire， mental health care knowledge questionnaire， mental illness related attitude questionnaire and Self-rating Depression Scale （SDS） were used to evaluate. Multi-factor linear stepwise regression analysis was used to explore the influencing factors of mental health literacy and attitude towards mental illness among the grassroots administrators. ResultsA total of 248 people （37.07%） were found to have depression. There were significant differences in the detection rate of depression among different ages （χ2=16.110）， education level （χ2=18.949）， marital status （χ2=8.611） and position （χ2=11.584） （P˂0.05 or 0.01）. In such personnel， the score of mental health care knowledge questionnaire was （15.20±2.77）， the awareness rate was 75.99%， and the score of mental illness related attitude questionnaire was 36（31~38）. The severity of depression was negatively correlated with the score of mental health care knowledge questionnaire （r=-0.379， P˂0.01）， and positively correlated with the scores of mental illness related attitude questionnaire （r=0.103， P=0.007）. Regression analysis showed that the education level （β=0.141， P˂0.01） and the severity of depression （β=-0.305， P˂0.01） were the influencing factors of mental health literacy. And the severity of depression （β=0.083， P=0.034） was the influencing factor of the attitude towards mental illness. ConclusionGrassroots administrators has a high detection rate of depression. And the more depressed they are， the lower the mental health literacy， but the attitude of mental illness is more positive.

Knowledge and practice of nosocomial infection control among medical professionals in grassroots healthcare institutions / 预防医学

Objective@#To investigate the current status of knowledge and practice pertaining to nosocomial infection control among medical professionals in grassroots healthcare institutions, so as to provide the evidence of improving the level of infection control in grassroots healthcare institutions.@*Methods@#All medical professionals working in grassroots healthcare institutions in Pukou District, Nanjing City, were enrolled. The participants' demographic features and knowledge and practice of nosocomial infection control were collected using self-designed questionnaires and descriptively analyzed.@*Results@#A total of 402 participants were enrolled, included 116 men ( 28.86% ) and 286 women ( 71.14% ). The respondents were predominantly at ages of 41 years and older ( 187 subjects, 46.52% ), with bachelor and above as the predominant educational level ( 200 subjects, 49.75% ) and intermediate title and above as the predominant professional title ( 168 subjects, 41.79%) , and there were 236 participants ( 58.71% ) with the length of service for more than 10 years. The awareness rate of nosocomial infection control knowledge was 56.22% among medical professionals working in grassroots healthcare institutions, with the highest awareness for COVID-19 prevention and control ( 89.55% ) and the lowest awareness for the key aspects in nosocomial infection control ( 39.55% ). The formation rate of implementing nosocomial infection control practices was 84.08%, with a low rate for “Implement satisfactorily the isolation interventions for patients with multidrug resistant bacteria” ( 71.14% ) and “Implement satisfactorily the control measures for nosocomial infections in key departments and key aspects”( 64.68% ).@*Conclusions@#Low levels are seen in the awareness of nosocomial infection control, behaviors of multidrug resistance management and key aspects in nosocomial infection control among medical professionals in grassroots healthcare institutions in Pukou District.

Impact of artificial intelligence-assisted community-based screening for senile glaucoma on health expenses and medical insurance expenditures in rural areas: health economic evidence from Changjiang Li autonomous county, Hainan province / 中华实验眼科杂志

Objective:To predict the financial impact of artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted community-based screening for primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) among the elderly on health expenses and medical insurance expenditures in remote areas of China.Methods:A total of 19 395 people aged more than 65 years old from Changjiang Li autonomous county, Hainan province were enrolled.A health economic model for glaucoma screening in Wenzhou, Zhejiang province was adopted.PACG was classified as suspected primary angle closure, primary angle closure, PACG, monocular blindness and binocular blindness according to its severity.The model was adjusted in combination with the epidemiology, metastasis probability and treatment compliance, screening and referral compliance, sensitivity and specificity of AI screening from glaucoma related literature and using data on local epidemiology and health costs of glaucoma from the Changjiang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine from 2016 to 2019.The health outcome, total health expenses and medical insurance expenditures of AI-assisted community-based screening and no screening for PACG in 15 years were compared and analyzed.Results:It is found that the AI-assisted community-based screening would prevent disease progression and reduce the number of PACG patients by 43% (134 cases) and blind patients by 50% (9 cases) in 15 years in comparison with no screening.Under the AI-assisted community-based screening system, the early diagnosis and intervention of positive PACG patients will cause the dramatic increase of both total health expenses and medical insurance expenditures compared with no screening in the short term.It was predicted that the increasing trend of medical insurance expenditure would turn to a downward trend and show cost saving advantage at the third year, whereas the declining trend of total health expense would not occur until 10 years later.Without screening, a large number of PACG patients would progress to advanced stages, so the medical costs would continue to rise and exceed the medical costs of the screening system at the 14th year.Conclusions:The AI-assisted community-based screening for PACG is cost-effective and can prevent disease progression, save health expenses and medical insurance expenditures in the long run in remote areas of China.

A preliminary study on the development of grassroots disease prevention and control institutions in post-epidemic era / 公共卫生与预防医学

Now China vigorously promoted the reform of the disease prevention and control system and the construction of the public health system. In the context of the reform of the disease prevention and control system, grassroots disease prevention and control institutions have been greatly improved in terms of the number and structure of personnel, the configuration of facilities and equipment, the construction of information technology, and the ability of laboratory testing. However, it is still a challenge for grassroots disease prevention and control institutions to achieve long-term development under the supportive development policy of “one type of protection and two types of management”. Paper in Wuhan district of institution of disease prevention and control, for example, by analyzing its current working train of thought, puts forward the basic institution of disease prevention and control should be in the internal management level, social level and system level under the three-dimensional development ideas, fully show the technical characteristics, improve the ability of the business, to provide more diversified public health services to the public, may be able to get long-term, stable and continued development.

Survey on the testing accuracy of HBV serological markers among grassroots medical institutions in the demonstration areas of infectious diseases / 中华临床感染病杂志

Objective:To evaluate the detection accuracy of hepatitis B virus (HBV) serological markers among grassroots medical institutions in the demonstration areas of infectious diseases.Methods:A fixed sampling method was used among the followed-up hepatitis B cohort in general population of six infectious disease demonstration areas nationwide. Blood samples of chosen objects were collected, in which HBsAg and anti-HBs were tested by grassroots medical institutions and were also parallely tested by the third-party platform. The test results were compared between the two groups. Statistical analyses were conducted by SAS 9.4 software.Results:A total of 5 756 and 5 263 samples of HBsAg and anti-HBs were successfully tested, respectively. Comparing the results of HBsAg and anti-HBs from grassroots medical institutions with the results from the third platform, the agreement of HBsAg and anti-HBs was 97.13% and 77.33%, respectively. The Kappa value was 0.56 (95% CI 0.50-0.62) for HBsAg and 0.54 (95% CI 0.52-0.56) for anti-HBs, respectively; and the McNemar tests indicated the difference between the results (all P<0.01). There were also significant differences in agreement of testing results with the third platformin among different regions ( P<0.05 or <0.01). The Kappa values indicated that Jiangsu province and Guangdong province had high accordance rates of HBsAg (0.87 and 0.81, respectively), and Gansu province and Guangdong province had high accordance rates of anti-HBs (Both were 0.74). Regarding the results from the third platform as the standard, the sensitivity of HBsAg testing in grassroots medical institutions was moderate (40.51%) and the specificity was well (99.96%). The sensitivity of anti-HBs testing was substantial (73.18%) and the specificity was well (84.31%). Guangdong province (Youden index: 0.69) and Jiangsu province (Youden index: 0.80) had high identification ability for HBsAg, and for indicator of anti-HBs, Gansu province (Youden index: 0.78) and Guangdong province (Youden index: 0.76) had high identification ability. Conclusion:There are certain differences in results of HBV serological markers tests between the grassroots medical institutions in the demonstration areas of infectious diseases and the third platform. Current testing strategies in grassroots medical institutions are suitable for identifying people without hepatitis B infection, while it is necessary to pay attention to the situation of potential false negative error.

Adaptación del modelo de planificación atr al entorno formativo. aplicación en clases de taekwondo / Adaptação do modelo de planificação atr para o meio formativo. aplicação nas aulas de taekwondo / Adaptation of the atr planning model to the training environment. implementation in taekwondo classes

Resumen Carazo-Vargas, P. (2018). Adaptación del modelo de planificación ATR al entorno formativo. Aplicación en clases de taekwondo. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 16(2), 1-13. La planificación ATR es un método de organización del entrenamiento deportivo que se aplica en busca de conseguir la óptima forma competitiva en atletas de distintas disciplinas. La presente disertación expone las principales características de este modelo de planificación y describe una posible manera de aplicarlo en el entorno educativo y de formación base. Se ejemplifica el empleo de dicha adaptación en clases de taekwondo, entorno en el cual ha sido utilizado exitosamente. La verificación empírica relacionada con la eficacia de la adaptación de este modelo es necesaria.

Abstract Carazo-Vargas, P. (2018). Adaptation of the ATR planning model to the training environment. Implementation in taekwondo clases. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 16(2), 1-13. The Accumulation, Transmutation, Realization (ATR) Planning model is a sports training periodization method applied to achieve optimal physical shape prior to competitions in athletes of different disciplines. The main characteristics of this planning model are described here, as well as a possible way to apply the model in the educational and basic training environments. Its implementation in taekwondo training is used as an example, which has proven to be successful. The effectiveness of implementing this model must be empirically verified.

Resumo Carazo-Vargas, P. (2018). Adaptação do modelo de planificação ATR para o meio formativo. Aplicação nas aulas de taekwondo. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 16(2), 1-13. A planificação ATR é um método de organização de treinamento esportivo que se aplica em busca de atingir a melhor forma competitiva em atletas de distintas disciplinas. A presente dissertação expõe as principais características deste modelo de planificação e descreve uma possível maneira de aplicá-lo no meio educativo e de formação base. É exemplificado o emprego desta adaptação nas aulas de taekwondo, meio no qual tem sido utilizado com muito sucesso. A verificação empírica relacionada com a eficácia da adaptação deste modelo é necessária.

Survey analysis of the cognition of the package insert in the grassroots hospital outpatients / 药学实践杂志

Objective To understand outpatient′s attention and comprehension to package insert in the grassroots hospi-tal .Methods 608 outpatients were randomly selected to answer the questionnaires designed with relevant data .Results Pa-tients paid the highest attention to effective period ,indication ,adverse reactions and dosage in package insert with rate above 80% .The comprehension rate was low .Only three items (indication ,dosage and expiration date) were above 30% .Patient′s capability to understand package insert is related to their educational level and the area they live (urban area verse rural area ) . Conclusion Patient′s attention to package insert is high ,but comprehension level is low .We recommend that package insert should be written in the way of easy to understand for patients .Pharmacists should play an importent role in teaching patients rational drug use to ensure medication safety .

Reflection on the Cultivating of Grassroots Medical Stuff from the Perspective of Doctor-patient Relationship Cognition in A County-Level Hospital in Shaanxi Province / 中国医学伦理学

Objective:To reflect the training of basic-level medical stuff by investigating the doctor-patient cognition status of patients in a county-level hospital.Methods:The questionnaire of 180 patients collected from a county hospital in Shaanxi province was analyzed by Rank sum test and Descriptive analysis with SPSS17.0.ReSults:There were no statistically significant differences in the evaluation of current doctor-patient relationship from patients of different ages,occupations and degrees of education (P ＞ 0.05).82.2％ of the patients believed that the doctor-patient relationship is harmonious or somewhat harmonious.Moreover although the patient's trust in doctors is not high,there is a certain sense of recognition;and they put forward some expectation and requirements on doctor's professional skills,communication skills and professionalism.Conclusion:Considering the patients' feedback,local medical colleges and universities should reflect medical education ideas,play an active synergy model in the training of students' professional skills.In the meantime,they should strengthen the medical internship management,while paying equal attention to enhance students' responsibility and professionalism to serve the grassroots.

Grassroots health demonstration base construction for full-coverage promotion practice and achievement at the county level, based on the experiences in Haiyan County Emergency Base / 中华医学科研管理杂志

Objective To expand the influence and promotion effect of the grassroots health demonstration base of appropriate technology at county level,explore the practice model for full coverage.Methods Four consortium and eight units in the county were engaged into the whole process,the whole cycle,synchronous implementation;the promotion practices were divided into different stages with different focuses based on priority setting;Stratified training,classified promotion strategies were involved to carry out the appropriate technology for all 11 items covered.Results The technical promotion training,technical promotion applications were completed with full coverage in the county,gained high satisfaction from both medical staff and public.Enhanced the technology radiation ability,also the base's annual development was increasing year by year.Conclusions The base construction full coverage promotion experiences can be shared and learned by other areas which aims for the promotion of fit health techniques.

Interpretation of standards on training and evaluation of urine analyzers in grass-roots medical unit / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To analyze the training and evaluation standards on urine analyzers in the grass-roots medical unit.Methods The applicability,requirements,subject setup and items of the standards as well as the requirements of evaluation scoring chart were expounded in detail,and the related elementary knowledge was analyzed including the structure,working principle,installation and adjustment,operation,application,maintenance and etc of the analyzer.Combined personnel with the equipment was suggested to ensure the accuracy and high efficiency of the test result.Results The interpretation of the standards contributed to enhancing the quality of medical equipment training and the ability of practical support,and facilitated the examiner to perform annual evaluation with the scoring chart.Conclusion It is necessary to grasp accurately the connotation of the standards,to improve the quality of medical equipment training and to enhance combat support capability for the grass-roots medical unit and examiner.

Stakeholder Analysis of Primary Diagnosis at Grassroots Level / 中国医院管理

The paper focuses on the (Primary Diagnosis at Grassroots Level,PDGL),and the current pilot situation and consequence of PDGL,analyzes the problems during the progresses,and dissects the conflicts of interest among the relative stakeholders.At last,the paper provides the corresponding countermeasures to the future development of PDGL.

Establishment and effect of nursing information technology platform / 中华护理杂志

Objective To explore nurses' bonus assessment and distribution methods based on the information technology platform and to improve the efficiency of nursing management. Methods We build a hospital informa-tion platform in order to collect nursing work efficiency data by using existing computer information network. We distributed the bonus through the information platform according to evaluate nursing quality and performance effi-ciency. Results After the information flatform used for 2 years,the satisfaction of nurses with different professional titles and different experience showed no significant difference (P>0.05). The time of department management person-nel collecting and distributing data change from [103.75 (180.00,215.00)] min per month to [42.50 (60.00,90.00)] min per month.The difference showed statistical significance(P<0.05). Conclusion The technology platform can im-prove the satisfaction and the nursing management efficiency.

Un legado latinoamericano: trazos de una pedagogía para transformar / A latin american legacy: outlines of a transforming pedagogy

El presente artículo producto de una investigación, da cuenta de una ruta de construcción organizativa marcada por la historia del poblamiento en Medellín y la construcción popular organizativa como espacio de configuración de sentidos. Se presenta en el contexto local el lugar que tuvo el legado del pensamiento latinoamericano desde la Teología de la Liberación (TL) y la Educación Popular (EP) permeando procesos organizativos y de formación en particular en contextos populares en esta ciudad. De esta forma esta ruta representa la existencia del legado latinoamericano en estos territorios además del reconocimiento de unaconstrucción histórica de procesos formativos que de ser considerados podrían aportarle a la formación institucionalizada claves para una educación mucho más alineada con lasrealidades actuales de estos territorios.

The present article, a product of a piece of research, gives an account of an organizing construction route marked by the history of the settlement in Medellin and the organizing popular construction as a space of configuration of senses. In the local context, it isintroduced the place that the legacy of the Latin American thought had from the Liberation theology (LT) and the Popular education (EP) by permeating organizing processes and trainingprocesses, in particular, in popular contexts, in this city. In this way, this route represents the existence of a Latin American legacy in these territories, beside the recognition of a historical construction of training processes, if considered, they could contribute to theinstitutional training, which are key to a much more aligned education with the current realities of these territories.