ABSTRACT
RESUMO Buscar soluções para a problemática dos resíduos sólidos domiciliares (RSD) é um dos desafios enfrentados pelos gestores municipais. Diante do cenário ascendente de geração desses materiais, principalmente nos centros urbanos, a implantação de um modelo integrado e adequado à realidade da municipalidade torna-se imprescindível. Nesse sentido, a setorização de rotas de coleta a partir da utilização de técnicas multivariadas pode auxiliar o gestor na proposição de modelos setoriais de resíduos sólidos que contemplem as particularidades socioeconômicas das áreas estudadas. Desse modo, o presente artigo utiliza as técnicas multivariadas de análise de componentes principais, para avaliar a correlação entre população, renda, geração e composição gravimétrica dos resíduos, elencando, entre esses indicadores, os mais representativos; e a análise de agrupamento hierárquico, para setorizar 31 rotas de coleta em clusters por similaridade. Verificou-se que a população, a renda domiciliar e per capita, a geração de resíduos per capita e os resíduos recicláveis, alimentares e putrescíveis foram bem representados no estudo. A renda e a geração per capita apresentaram forte correlação positiva. A setorização das rotas gerou dois grupos: A e B, que resultaram em cinco subgrupos por similaridade: A1, A2, B1, B2 e B3. Os subgrupos A1 e A2 contemplaram os setores de classe baixa, ao passo que os clusters B1, B2 e B3 compreenderam os setores de classe alta, média e comercial, respectivamente. A setorização de rotas mediante o grau de similaridade apresenta-se como etapa basilar para a proposição de modelos setoriais de RSD que busquem o entendimento das particularidades elencadas.
ABSTRACT Finding solutions to the problem of household solid waste (HSW) is one of the challenges faced by municipal managers. In view of the upward scenario of generation of these materials, especially in urban centers, the implementation of an integrated model and adequate to the reality of society is essential. In this sense, the sectorization of collection routes from the use of multivariate techniques can assist the manager in proposing solid waste sector models that take into account the socioeconomic particularities of the studied areas. In this way, the present article uses the multivariate techniques of Analysis of Principal Components to evaluate the correlation of population, income, generation, and gravimetric composition of the residues, listing among these most representative indicators; and the Hierarchical Grouping Analysis to segment 31 collection routes into clusters by similarity. Population, household and per capita income, per capita waste production and recyclable, food and putrescible residues were well represented in the study. Income and per capita production showed a strong positive correlation. The segmentation of the routes generated two groups: A and B, which resulted in five subgroups by similarity: A1, A2, B1, B2, and B3. The A1 and A2 subgroups comprised the lower class sectors, while the B1, B2, and B3 clusters comprised the upper, middle, and commercial sectors, respectively. The sectorization of routes through the degree of similarity presents itself as the basic step for the proposition of HSW sectorial models that seek to understand the particularities listed.
ABSTRACT
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade econômica, por meio da análise conjunta de indicadores financeiros expressos por animal, da terminação em confinamento de novilhos Aberdeen Angus recebendo dietas com diferentes níveis de concentrado (NC): 25, 40, 55 ou 70% (base na matéria seca). Foram consideradas cotações históricas consecutivas dos anos de 2003 a 2014. A análise univariada caracterizou-se por delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições, procedendo-se à análise de regressão. A análise multivariada consistiu de agrupamento (cluster). Pela análise univariada, houve similaridade para os indicadores financeiros, com médias para margem bruta de R$ 173,21; margem líquida de R$ 163,73; lucro de R$ 110,61; valor presente líquido de R$ 93,31; índice benefício: custo de 1,048; retorno adicional sobre o investimento de 1,17% a.m.; taxa interna de retorno de 2,04% a.m. e payback descontado de 1,36 mês. Pela análise de cluster, o NC de 55% apresentou maior discrepância em relação aos demais níveis, enquanto 40 e 70% foram os mais próximos. A análise conjunta dos indicadores financeiros indicou viabilidade do confinamento de novilhos, independentemente do nível de concentrado.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the economic viability, through the joint analysis of financial indicators expressed by animal, of the Aberdeen Angus steers feedlot finished fed diets with different levels of concentrate (CL): 25, 40, 55 or 70% (on dry matter basis). Consecutive historical quotes of years 2003 to 2014 were considered. Univariate analysis was characterized by a completely randomized design with four treatments and four replications, proceeding regression analysis. Multivariate analysis consisted of grouping (cluster). The univariate analysis showed similarity to the financial indicators with averages to gross margin of R$ 173.21; net margin of R$ 163.73; income of R$ 110.61; net present value of R$ 93.31; benefit: cost ratio of 1.048; additional return on investment of 1.17% per month; internal rate of return of 2.04% per month and discounted payback of 1.36 months. By cluster analysis, 55% CL presented greater discrepancy in relation to other levels, while 40 and 70% were the nearest. The analysis of the financial indicators indicated feasibility of feedlot steers, regardless of the concentrate level.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Diet/veterinary , Efficiency , Decision MakingABSTRACT
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade econômica, por meio da análise conjunta de indicadores financeiros expressos por animal, da terminação em confinamento de novilhos Aberdeen Angus recebendo dietas com diferentes níveis de concentrado (NC): 25, 40, 55 ou 70% (base na matéria seca). Foram consideradas cotações históricas consecutivas dos anos de 2003 a 2014. A análise univariada caracterizou-se por delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições, procedendo-se à análise de regressão. A análise multivariada consistiu de agrupamento (cluster). Pela análise univariada, houve similaridade para os indicadores financeiros, com médias para margem bruta de R$ 173,21; margem líquida de R$ 163,73; lucro de R$ 110,61; valor presente líquido de R$ 93,31; índice benefício: custo de 1,048; retorno adicional sobre o investimento de 1,17% a.m.; taxa interna de retorno de 2,04% a.m. e payback descontado de 1,36 mês. Pela análise de cluster, o NC de 55% apresentou maior discrepância em relação aos demais níveis, enquanto 40 e 70% foram os mais próximos. A análise conjunta dos indicadores financeiros indicou viabilidade do confinamento de novilhos, independentemente do nível de concentrado.(AU)
The objective of this study was to evaluate the economic viability, through the joint analysis of financial indicators expressed by animal, of the Aberdeen Angus steers feedlot finished fed diets with different levels of concentrate (CL): 25, 40, 55 or 70% (on dry matter basis). Consecutive historical quotes of years 2003 to 2014 were considered. Univariate analysis was characterized by a completely randomized design with four treatments and four replications, proceeding regression analysis. Multivariate analysis consisted of grouping (cluster). The univariate analysis showed similarity to the financial indicators with averages to gross margin of R$ 173.21; net margin of R$ 163.73; income of R$ 110.61; net present value of R$ 93.31; benefit: cost ratio of 1.048; additional return on investment of 1.17% per month; internal rate of return of 2.04% per month and discounted payback of 1.36 months. By cluster analysis, 55% CL presented greater discrepancy in relation to other levels, while 40 and 70% were the nearest. The analysis of the financial indicators indicated feasibility of feedlot steers, regardless of the concentrate level.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Diet/veterinary , Decision Making , EfficiencyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE:To classify the herbs for promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis.METHODS:Database of 33 commonly used herbs for promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis was established by means of SPSS10.0 software package;and the nature,tastes,meridian attributions and actions of the herbs were collected as variables showing the characteristics of classification,and the names of the herbs served as variables for measurement to proceed Q Cluster in Hierarchical Cluster.RESULTS:When the herbs were classified into 4 groups,the first group included the herbs for promoting blood circulation to restore menstrual flow,the second the herbs for promoting blood circulation to arrest pain and dissipate tumor,the third the herbs of herbs for activating blood circulation to dissipate blood stasis and kill pain,the fourth the herbs for severely activating blood circulation to dissipate blood stasis.When the herbs were classified into 5 groups,the fifth group included herbs for activating blood circulation to cure wound.When the herbs were classified into 6 groups,the third one included the herbs for activating blood circulation to exclude wind and the sixth the herbs for activating blood circulation to stanch blood.CONCLUSION:Fuzzy grouping analysis can be applied to classify herbs of different kinds yet with the same efficacy and to classify the same group of herbs according to their drug actions.