High population levels lead Glycaspis brimblecombei (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) to unrecorded feeding and oviposition behaviors on Eucalyptus urograndis plants

Abstract The red gum lerp psyllid, Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore, 1964 (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae), an insect pest originating in Australia and which feeds only on Eucalyptus L'Hér. (Myrtales: Myrtaceae) plants, has spread to several countries. The populations of this insect commonly reach high populations on Eucalyptus plants since its entry into Brazil, and also indicated an unrecorded behavioral. The objectives of this study were to describe a peculiar adaptation in the feeding habit of G. brimblecombei and to register the new habit. The oviposition and feeding by G. brimblecombei, commonly, on the leaves of Eucalyptus, started to occur, also, on lignified twigs. This suggests a not yet recorded adaptation of this insect to reduce insect × plant intraspecific competition.

Resumo O psilídeo de concha, Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore, 1964 (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae), um inseto praga originário da Austrália e que se alimenta apenas de plantas de Eucalyptus L'Hér. (Myrtales: Myrtaceae), se espalhou por vários países. Esse inseto, geralmente, atinge grandes populações em plantas de Eucalyptus desde sua entrada no Brasil e, também, indicou um comportamento diferente. Os objetivos deste estudo foram descrever uma adaptação peculiar no hábito alimentar de G. brimblecombei e registrar o novo hábito. A oviposição e alimentação por G. brimblecombei, geralmente, nas folhas de Eucalyptus, passaram a ocorrer, também, em ramos lignificados. Isso sugere uma adaptação diferente desse inseto para reduzir a competição intraespecífica inseto × planta.

Evaluation of different Starch Binders on physical quality of fish feed pellets

Abstract Binders are the products that are used to bind, glue or hold the various feed ingredients together in order to maintain pellet integrity. For aqua-culturists, feed manufacturing is an expensive exercise due to the high cost of ingredients along with traditional artificial binders. The use of grain starches as aqua feed binders have advantages which include availability of that binder, nutritional contribution, and minimization of feed cost. A research trial was conducted to test physical properties such as palatability, water stability, dustiness, friability, settling velocity and floatation time of locally available starch i.e. wheat gluten, pea starch and guar gum and to assist their incorporation in on-farm aqua feed. Results revealed that among these three starch, the starch from pea source was proved superior over other two (wheat gluten and guar gum) as all physical quality parameters (dustiness, water stability and friability) revealed better performance of pea starch except pelletability in which guar gum performed best. Although not a single diet proved best in case of flotation time (Tf) and settling velocity (Vset) at varying lengths (6mm, 9mm and 12 mm). This finding indicates the significance of suitable binders for optimal water pollution and sustainable aquaculture. The use of these binders i.e. wheat gluten, pea starch and guar gum in fish feed pellets may also reduce dependence on synthetic binders and minimizes cost.

Resumo Aglutinantes são produtos usados para unir, colar ou manter juntos os vários ingredientes da ração, a fim de conservar a integridade do pellet. Para os aquicultores, a fabricação de ração é uma atividade difícil e cara por causa do alto preço dos aglutinantes artificiais tradicionais. O uso de amidos de grãos como aglutinantes de rações aquáticas tem vantagens que incluem acessibilidade, disponibilidade, contribuição nutricional e minimização do custo da ração. Um ensaio de pesquisa foi conduzido para testar propriedades físicas, como palatabilidade, estabilidade em água, pulverulência, friabilidade, velocidade de sedimentação e tempo de flutuação de amido disponível localmente, ou seja, glúten de trigo, amido de ervilha e goma de guar, e para auxiliar sua incorporação em rações aquáticas. Os resultados revelaram que, entre esses três amidos, o amido de ervilha se mostrou superior aos outros dois (glúten de trigo e goma de guar), pois todos os parâmetros de qualidade física (pulverulência, estabilidade da água e friabilidade) obtiveram melhor desempenho, exceto peletabilidade, em que a goma de guar se destacou. Nenhuma dieta se mostrou melhor no caso de tempo de flotação (Tf) e velocidade de sedimentação em comprimentos variados (6 mm, 9 mm e 12 mm). Essa descoberta indica a importância de aglutinantes adequados para a poluição ótima da água e a aquicultura sustentável. O uso desses aglutinantes, ou seja, glúten de trigo, amido de ervilha e goma de guar, em pellets de ração para peixes também pode reduzir a dependência de aglutinantes sintéticos e minimizar o custo.

High population levels lead Glycaspis brimblecombei (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) to unrecorded feeding and oviposition behaviors on Eucalyptus urograndis plants / Altos níveis populacionais levam Glycaspis brimblecombei (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) a diferentes comportamentos de alimentação e oviposição em plantas de Eucalyptus urograndis

The red gum lerp psyllid, Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore, 1964 (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae), an insect pest originating in Australia and which feeds only on Eucalyptus L'Hér. (Myrtales: Myrtaceae) plants, has spread to several countries. The populations of this insect commonly reach high populations on Eucalyptus plants since its entry into Brazil, and also indicated an unrecorded behavioral. The objectives of this study were to describe a peculiar adaptation in the feeding habit of G. brimblecombei and to register the new habit. The oviposition and feeding by G. brimblecombei, commonly, on the leaves of Eucalyptus, started to occur, also, on lignified twigs. This suggests a not yet recorded adaptation of this insect to reduce insect × plant intraspecific competition.

O psilídeo de concha, Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore, 1964 (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae), um inseto praga originário da Austrália e que se alimenta apenas de plantas de Eucalyptus L'Hér. (Myrtales: Myrtaceae), se espalhou por vários países. Esse inseto, geralmente, atinge grandes populações em plantas de Eucalyptus desde sua entrada no Brasil e, também, indicou um comportamento diferente. Os objetivos deste estudo foram descrever uma adaptação peculiar no hábito alimentar de G. brimblecombei e registrar o novo hábito. A oviposição e alimentação por G. brimblecombei, geralmente, nas folhas de Eucalyptus, passaram a ocorrer, também, em ramos lignificados. Isso sugere uma adaptação diferente desse inseto para reduzir a competição intraespecífica inseto × planta.

Evaluation of different Starch Binders on physical quality of fish feed pellets / Avaliação de diferentes aglutinantes de amido na qualidade física de rações para peixes

Binders are the products that are used to bind, glue or hold the various feed ingredients together in order to maintain pellet integrity. For aqua-culturists, feed manufacturing is an expensive exercise due to the high cost of ingredients along with traditional artificial binders. The use of grain starches as aqua feed binders have advantages which include availability of that binder, nutritional contribution, and minimization of feed cost. A research trial was conducted to test physical properties such as palatability, water stability, dustiness, friability, settling velocity and floatation time of locally available starch i.e. wheat gluten, pea starch and guar gum and to assist their incorporation in on-farm aqua feed. Results revealed that among these three starch, the starch from pea source was proved superior over other two (wheat gluten and guar gum) as all physical quality parameters (dustiness, water stability and friability) revealed better performance of pea starch except pelletability in which guar gum performed best. Although not a single diet proved best in case of flotation time (Tf) and settling velocity (Vset) at varying lengths (6mm, 9mm and 12 mm). This finding indicates the significance of suitable binders for optimal water pollution and sustainable aquaculture. The use of these binders i.e. wheat gluten, pea starch and guar gum in fish feed pellets may also reduce dependence on synthetic binders and minimizes cost.

Aglutinantes são produtos usados para unir, colar ou manter juntos os vários ingredientes da ração, a fim de conservar a integridade do pellet. Para os aquicultores, a fabricação de ração é uma atividade difícil e cara por causa do alto preço dos aglutinantes artificiais tradicionais. O uso de amidos de grãos como aglutinantes de rações aquáticas tem vantagens que incluem acessibilidade, disponibilidade, contribuição nutricional e minimização do custo da ração. Um ensaio de pesquisa foi conduzido para testar propriedades físicas, como palatabilidade, estabilidade em água, pulverulência, friabilidade, velocidade de sedimentação e tempo de flutuação de amido disponível localmente, ou seja, glúten de trigo, amido de ervilha e goma de guar, e para auxiliar sua incorporação em rações aquáticas. Os resultados revelaram que, entre esses três amidos, o amido de ervilha se mostrou superior aos outros dois (glúten de trigo e goma de guar), pois todos os parâmetros de qualidade física (pulverulência, estabilidade da água e friabilidade) obtiveram melhor desempenho, exceto peletabilidade, em que a goma de guar se destacou. Nenhuma dieta se mostrou melhor no caso de tempo de flotação (Tf) e velocidade de sedimentação em comprimentos variados (6 mm, 9 mm e 12 mm). Essa descoberta indica a importância de aglutinantes adequados para a poluição ótima da água e a aquicultura sustentável. O uso desses aglutinantes, ou seja, glúten de trigo, amido de ervilha e goma de guar, em pellets de ração para peixes também pode reduzir a dependência de aglutinantes sintéticos e minimizar o custo.

Alteración en la integridad de la membrana basal en agrandamiento gingival inducido por tratamiento ortodóncico

Introducción: El agrandamiento gingival inducido por tratamiento de ortodoncia es un aumento progresivo, localizado o generalizado del tejido gingival. Objetivo: Determinar aspectos morfológicos en la membrana basal del tejido gingival de pacientes con agrandamiento gingival inducido por tratamiento de ortodoncia. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, donde se analizaron tejidos gingivales de pacientes con agrandamiento gingival inducido por tratamiento de ortodoncia (grupo test: n=5) e individuos sanos (grupo control: n=5) mediante análisis histológicos e inmunohistoquímico con anticuerpo policlonal anti-citoqueratina 14. Las interrupciones de la membrana basal grado 1 y grado 2 fueron identificadas. Fue utilizado el programa estadístico R versión 4.0.2 para Windows. Se declaró significancia si p <0,05. Resultados: Se constató la presencia de rupturas de la membrana basal en todos los pacientes del grupo test. Estos individuos presentaron una mayor cantidad de cambios morfológicos en el tejido gingival. Exponiendo así, valores estadísticamente significativos de rupturas de la membrana basal (Grado I) y rupturas rodeadas de células epiteliales y/o fibroblastos gingivales (Grado II) en comparación con el grupo control (p <0,001). Conclusión: El tejido epitelial de pacientes con agrandamiento gingival inducido por tratamiento de ortodoncia presenta una evidente pérdida en la integridad de la membrana basal. Estas discontinuidades sugieren un aumento considerable de la plasticidad del epitelio en pacientes con agrandamiento gingival inducido por tratamiento de ortodoncia.

Introduction: Orthodontic treatment-induced gingival enlargement is a progressive, localized or generalized increase in gingival tissue. Objective: To determine morphologic aspects in the basal membrane of the gingival tissue in patients with orthodontic treatment-induced gingival enlargement. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out, in which gingival tissues of patients with orthodontic treatment-induced gingival enlargement (test group: n=5) and healthy individuals (control group: n=5) were analyzed by histological and immunohistochemical analysis with the polyclonal antibody anticytokeratin 14. Grade 1 and grade 2 disrupted basal membrane were identified. The statistical program R (version 4.0.2) for Windows was used. Significance was declared if p was greater than 0.05. Results: The presence of disrupted basal membranes was observed in all the patients from the test group. These individuals presented a greater number of morphological changes in the gingival tissue. Compared to the control group (p < 0.001), statistically significant values were observed for cases of disrupted basal membrane (grade I) and disruptions surrounded by epithelial cells or gingival fibroblasts (grade II). Conclusion: The epithelial tissue of patients with orthodontic treatment-induced gingival enlargement shows an evident loss of the basal membrane integrity. These discontinuities are suggestive of a considerable increase in epithelial plasticity in patients with orthodontic treatment-induced gingival enlargement.

Formulation optimization and analysis of taste-masking effect of licorzine granules based on sensory evaluation and electronic tongue method / 药学学报

Licorzine granules are common preparations for children zinc deficiency. Considering the long course of treatment, the taste of licorzine granules may become a main factor affecting medication adherence. To date there have been no taste evaluation research into licorzine granules yet. In this study, both sensory evaluation and electronic tongue method were utilized to optimize licorzine granules formulations, evaluate the tastes of licorzine, excipients, optimized formulation in vivo and in vitro. As the results show, bitterness and astringency are the main unpleasant tastes generating from licorzine. Xanthan gum is the main taste-masking excipient, lowering down the bitterness and astringency of licorzine by at least one grade. Good correlation exists between the results of sensory evaluation and electronic tongue method, and an integrated combination of the two helps to obtain objective and rational research conclusions. The adult sensory evaluation study was a research-based clinical trial conducted with informed consent from all subjects in accordance with the ethical requirements of Good Clinical Practice.

Immobilization of Lactobacillus bulgaricus with gellan gum and its application in continuous fermentation of D-lactic acid from corn straw / 生物工程学报

Biorefinery of chemicals from straw is an effective approach to alleviate the environmental pollution caused by straw burning. In this paper, we prepared gellan gum immobilized Lactobacillus bulgaricus T15 gel beads (LA-GAGR-T15 gel beads), characterized their properties, and established a continuous cell recycle fermentation process for D-lactate (D-LA) production using the LA-GAGR-T15 gel beads. The fracture stress of LA-GAGR-T15 gel beads was (91.68±0.11) kPa, which was 125.12% higher than that of the calcium alginate immobilized T15 gel beads (calcium alginate-T15 gel beads). This indicated that the strength of LA-GAGR-T15 gel beads was stronger, and the strain was less likely to leak out. The average D-LA production was (72.90±2.79) g/L after fermentation for ten recycles (720 h) using LA-GAGR-T15 gel beads as the starting strain and glucose as the substrate, which was 33.85% higher than that of calcium alginate-T15 gel beads and 37.70% higher than that of free T15. Subsequently, glucose was replaced by enzymatically hydrolyzed corn straw and fermented for ten recycles (240 h) using LA-GAGR-T15 gel beads. The yield of D-LA reached (1.74±0.79) g/(L·h), which was much higher than that of using free bacteria. The wear rate of gel beads was less than 5% after ten recycles, which indicated that LA-GAGR is a good carrier for cell immobilization and can be widely used in industrial fermentation. This study provides basic data for the industrial production of D-LA using cell-recycled fermentation, and provides a new way for the biorefinery of D-LA from corn straw.

Application of chewing gum combined with dexmedetomidine nasal drops in intestinal preparation and rapid rehabilitation of colonoscopy / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To explore the application effect of chewing gum combined with dexmedetomidine nasal drops in colonoscopy intestinal preparation and rapid rehabilitation.Methods:Using the method of clinical controlled trial and convenient sampling, 126 patients who underwent painless colonoscopy in Shaoxing Second Hospital from January 2019 to December 2020 were selected as the study subjects. The patients were divided into control group and observation group with 63 cases in each group by random number table method. The control group was prepared for routine colonoscopy, and the observation group was intervened with chewing gum on the basis of the operation method of the control group. The intestinal cleanliness, the effect of removing bubbles in the intestinal tract, the time consuming of colonoscopy operation (time consuming of inserting the colonoscope and time consuming of removing the colonoscope), defecation (time consuming of first defecation after operation, time consuming of stool emptying before operation) and adverse reactions during colonoscopy were compared between the two groups.Results:Before the intervention, there was no significant difference in the general data between the two groups ( P>0.05). After intervention, the cleanliness scores of the right colon, transverse colon and left colon in the observation group were (2.12 ± 0.58) points, (2.23 ± 0.75) points and (2.18 ± 0.46) points respectively, which were higher than those of the control group (1.82 ± 0.63) points, (1.93 ± 0.72) points and (1.90 ± 0.81) points, with a statistically significant difference ( t=-2.78, -2.29, -2.39, all P<0.05). The score of the effect of removing bubbles in the intestine in the observation group was (1.12 ± 0.41) points, it was lower than that of the control group (1.87 ± 0.45) points, and the difference was statistically significant ( t=9.78, P<0.05). After intervention, the time of inserting the mirror, the time of first defecation after operation and the time of emptying stool before operation in the observation group were (5.46 ± 1.12) min, (50.36 ± 10.67) min and (141.03 ± 14.31) min respectively, which were lower than those in the control group (6.53 ± 1.25) min, (67.02 ± 11.25) min and (153.35 ± 17.32) min, and the difference was statistically significant ( t=5.06, 8.53, 4.35, all P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in the time of withdrawing the mirror ( P>0.05) and adverse reactions ( t=1.49, χ2=0.00, both P>0.05). Conclusions:Chewing gum combined with dexmedetomidine nasal drip can improve the effect of intestinal preparation and promote the rehabilitation after colonoscopy without increasing the risk of adverse reactions.

Effects of chewing gum on mask contamination

Aims@#The aim of this study was to evaluate whether chewing gum affects mask contamination.@*Methodology and results@#Two groups of participants were requested to wear a mask for 15 min with (experimental group) or without (control group) chewing gum. Then, masks were collected and CFU calculation and 16S rDNA sequencing was performed. We found that temperature, humidity and bacterial CFU inside of the mask significantly increased when wearing a mask while chewing gum. Staphylococcus epidermidis was found in both groups. Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus parasanguinis and Bacillus wiedmannii were found in only the experimental group.@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#Chewing gum significantly increased the temperature, humidity and bacterial CFU inside the mask. Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, S. haemolyticus, S. oralis, S. parasanguinis and B. wiedmannii were detected inside the mask after chewing gum.

Locust bean gum hydrogels are bioadhesive and improve indole-3-carbinol cutaneous permeation: influence of the polysaccharide concentration

Abstract The locust bean gum (LBG) is a polysaccharide with thickening, stabilizing and gelling properties and it has been used in the preparation of pharmaceutical formulations. Hydrogels (HGs) are obtained from natural or synthetic materials that present interesting properties for skin application. This study aimed to develop HGs from LBG using indole-3-carbinol (I3C) as an asset model for cutaneous application. HGs were prepared by dispersing LBG (2%, 3% and 4% w/v) directly in cold water. The formulations showed content close to 0.5 mg/g (HPLC) and pH ranging from 7.25 to 7.41 (potentiometry). The spreadability factor (parallel plate method) was inversely proportional to LBG concentration. The rheological evaluation (rotational viscometer) demonstrated a non-Newtonian pseudoplastic flow behavior (Ostwald De Weale model), which is interesting for cutaneous application. The HET-CAM evaluation showed the non-irritating characteristic of the formulations. The bioadhesive potential demonstrated bioadhesion in a concentration-dependent manner. Permeation in human skin using Franz cells showed that the highest LBG concentration improved the skin distribution profile with greater I3C amounts in the viable skin layers. The present study demonstrated the feasibility of preparing HGs with LBG and the formulation with the highest polymer concentration was the most promising to transport active ingredients through the skin.

Acacia senegal inhibits diabetic nephropathy ultrastructure alteration and renal biomarkers changes in rats / Acacia senegal inhibe la alteración de la ultraestructura de la nefropatía diabética y los cambios en los biomarcadores renales en rata

SUMMARY: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most common complication of diabetes. Several studies have been done in a trial to protect against this problem at the ultrastructure level. This study investigates the protective effect of oral administration of Acacia senegal (AS) against the development of DN. Sixty male albino rats were randomly divided into six groups: control, Acacia senegal control, Diabetic untreated, diabetic insulin-treated, Diabetic AS treated, and Diabetic insulin and AS combined treated groups. Plasma glucose, HbA1c, serum Albumin, creatinine, urine creatinine was measured using specific kits. Determinations of creatinine clearance and blood pressure were done. The renal tissues of both kidneys were prepared to investigate under both light (LM) and electron microscope (EM). Ultrastructure examination of renal rats tissue of diabetic untreated rats showed the destruction of the glomerular basement membrane and endothelial cells together with hemorrhage in glomerular capsules (Bowman's capsules). On the other side, both LM and EM revealed improving the endothelial cells and the other glomerular capsules structures, especially with the combined treated group, which confirmed the improvement of the biochemical investigation in the study. In conclusion, from the present study, using the oral AS together with SC insulin could be protected against the development of DN.

RESUMEN: La nefropatía diabética (ND) es la complicación más común de la diabetes. Se han realizado varios estudios de ensayo para abordar esta dificultad a nivel de ultraestructura. Este estudio investiga el efecto protector de la administración oral de Acacia senegal (AS) contra el desarrollo de la ND. Se dividieron sesenta ratas albinas machos aleatoriamente en seis grupos: control, control de Acacia senegal, diabéticos no tratados, diabéticos tratados con insulina, diabéticos tratados con AS y grupos tratados con compuesto de insulina diabética + AS. Se midieron utilizando kits específicos, glucosa plasmática, HbA1c, albúmina sérica, creatinina en sangre y en orina. Se registraron la creatinina y la presión arterial. Los tejidos renales de ambos riñones se prepararon para investigar tanto con microscopio óptico (MO) como electrónico (ME). El examen de la ultraestructura del tejido renal de ratas diabéticas no tratadas mostró la destrucción de la membrana basal glomerular y las células endoteliales junto con hemorragia en las cápsulas glomerulares (cápsulas de Bowman). Por otro lado, tanto MO como ME revelaron una mejora de las células endoteliales y las estructuras capsulares glomerulares, en el grupo tratado con el compuesto, lo que confirmó la mejora de la investigación bioquímica. En conclusión, el uso de AS oral en combinación con insulina podría proteger contra el desarrollo de ND.

Development of novel mucoadhesive gels containing nanoparticle for buccal administration of dexamethasone

Abstract This study aimed to develop promising and innovative mucoadhesive gel systems containing dexamethasone-loaded nanoparticle to increase the effectiveness of treatment for oral precancerous lesions and to reduce side effects. In this respect, a dexamethasone-loaded nanoparticle formulation was prepared by using emulsification/solvent evaporation method. The nanoparticle has high zeta potential (-10.3±0.5 mV), low particle size (218.42±2.1), low polydispersity index (0.070±0.014) and high encapsulation efficiency (95.018±2.982%). To improve the mucosal retention time, the dexamethasone-loaded nanoparticle was dispersed in mucoadhesive gel using gellan gum. The developed gels offered appropriate pH value, high drug content, suitable mechanical and mucoadhesive performance and appropriate viscosity for mucosal administration. All formulations exhibited plastic flow and typical gel-type mechanical spectra after the determined frequency value. The developed formulations exhibited extended drug release as intended for these systems. Cytotoxicity was tested by MTT assay in human epithelioid carcinoma cell (HeLa) in vitro. The MTT assay showed that the blank formulations were non-toxic to cells. It was observed that the bioactivity of the free dexamethasone was potentiated by mucoadhesive gels containing dexamethasone-loaded nanoparticle in HeLa cells. Results from this study indicate that mucoadhesive gels are effective for the local treatment of precancerous lesions. Our findings showed that the developed formulations were worthy of further studies.

Novas estratégias terapêuticas para o controle de biofilmes orais: terapia fotodinâmica e sistema carreador de antimicrobianos / New therapeutic strategics for the control of oral biofilms: photodynamic therapy and drug delivery system

Os biofilmes orais possuem grande relevância clínica por estarem associados com o desenvolvimento de cárie dentária e candidose bucal, que são doenças infecciosas frequentemente encontradas na população. O presente trabalho foi dividido em dois estudos: Estudo 1 que teve como objetivo analisar os efeitos da terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana (TFDa), mediada por Fotoenticine (FTC) e Azul de Metileno (AM), sobre biofilmes microcosmos de cárie dentária; e Estudo 2 cujo objetivo foi avaliar o gellan gum como biomaterial para carreador do antifúngico Ester fenetil do ácido caféico (CAPE) contra Candida albicans. No estudo 1, amostras de dentina cariada foram coletadas de diferentes pacientes para formar biofilmes microcosmos in vitro. Os biofilmes foram tratados com FTC ou AM associado à irradiação LED a 660 nm (28,5 J/cm²). Os dados foram analisados pela contagem de Unidades Formadoras de Colônias (UFC/mL). Além disso, a biomassa, estrutura do biofilme e produção de ácidos pelos microrganismos foram determinadas por análises microscópicas ou espectrofotométricas. Os biofilmes de diferentes pacientes apresentaram variações na composição microbiana, sendo formados por estreptococos, lactobacilos e leveduras. No geral, a TFDa diminuiu 3,7 Log10 do total de microrganismos, 2,8 Log10 de estreptococos, 3,2 Log10 de lactobacilos e 3,2 Log10 de leveduras, e atingiu a erradicação de estreptococos do grupo mutans. A TFDa também foi capaz de reduzir a biomassa, desagregar os biofilmes e diminuir a concentração de ácidos em 1,1 a 1,9 mmol de lactato/L. Em relação ao estudo 2, inicialmente, foram preparadas formulações do CAPE em diferentes concentrações de gellan gum (0,6 a 1%). As formulações foram avaliadas em relação ao sistema de liberação e ação antifúngica contra C. albicans. Verificou-se que concentrações mais altas de gellan (0,9 e 1%) levaram a uma liberação mais prolongada do CAPE em relação as concentrações mais baixas. Os valores de concentração inibitória mínima do CAPE sobre C. albicans foram aumentados quando esse composto foi incorporado no gellan. As formulações de CAPE em gellan apresentaram atividade antifúngica tanto em culturas planctônicas como em biofilmes de C. albicans, sendo esses efeitos dependentes do tempo de tratamento. O CAPE e suas formulações em gellan também levaram a uma diminuição da atividade proteolítica de C. albicans. Concluiu-se que a TFDa mediada por Fotoenticine e o sistema carreador de gellan gum podem ser estratégias terapêuticas promissoras para o controle dos biofilmes na cavidade bucal, podendo ser usadas respectivamente no tratamento da cárie e candidose. (AU)

Dental caries and oral candidiasis are infectious diseases frequently found in the population. The present work is divided into two studies, study 1 time as objective: To analyze the effects of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), mediated by Fotoenticine (FTC) and Methylene Blue (MB), on dental caries microcosm biofilms. In study 2, the objective was to evaluate gellan gum as a biomaterial to carry the antifungal caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on Candida albicans. To conduct study 1, carious dentin samples were collected from different patients to form in vitro microcosm biofilms. The biofilms were treated with FTC or MB associated with 660 nm red LED irradiation, with energy dose of 28.5 J/cm² and power dose of 40 mW/cm². The data were analyzed by the count of Colony Forming Units (CFU/mL). In addition, the biomass, biofilm structure and acid production of the microorganisms were determined by microscopic or spectrophotometric analysis. The biofilms from different patients showed variations in microbial composition, being formed by streptococci, lactobacilli, and yeasts. Overall, aPDT decreased 3.7 Log10 of total microorganisms, 2.8 Log10 of streptococci, 3.2 Log10 of lactobacilli and 3.2 Log10 of yeasts, and achieved eradication of mutans group streptococci. PDTa was also able to reduce biomass, disaggregate biofilms, and decrease acid concentration by 1.1 to 1.9 mmol lactate/L. For study 2 of this, first the standards of CAPE were determined, such as minimum inhibitory concentration, and absorption peak, then CAPE was incorporated into gellan gum, and then the standard curve test and analysis of CAPE release was performed, finally the formulations were tested on planktonic culture and biofilm of different strains of C. albicans, it was also analyzed the action of this drug on the production of Sap. The MIC found varied from 32 to 64 µg/mL, the release tests showed a gradual release in the higher formulations, finally in the CFU/mL count both in planktonic culture and biofilm the formulations were able to inhibit the fungus. With this it is concluded that both aPDT for oral microcosm and gellan gum as caregiver of CAPE for Candida albicans inhibition are promising. (AU)

Effectiveness of Chewing Gum Containing CPP-ACP for Remineralisation of Demineralised Enamel around Orthodontic Brackets: An in Situ Study

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of chewing gums containing CPP-ACP in remineralisation of demineralised enamel around orthodontic brackets. Material and Methods: Enamel blocks from 120 bovine incisors were used. The blocks were flattened and polished, followed by the development of incipient subsurface caries. The blocks have been subjected to a baseline microhardness analysis. Orthodontic brackets were bonded to the exposed area of the blocks, reserving an area for hardness analysis. An in situ crossover (three-way crossover phases of 21 days with an interval of one week between them), controlled, randomised and blind experimental model was used, with the participation of 12 volunteers divided into groups: G1 - negative control group, without chewing gum; G2 - conventional sugar-free chewing gum, without CPP-ACP (placebo); and G3 - sugar-free chewing gum with CPP-ACP. The following parameters were analysed: superficial linear (Ra), volumetric roughness (Sa), and superficial structural loss, which was indicated by Gap measurement (difference between the healthy and treated area). Statistical tests used were the Friedman, Wilcoxon and Shapiro-Wilk, Kruskal Wallis' nonparametric tests and ANOVA. Results: There was a significant reduction in enamel microhardness after demineralisation in all the groups (p<0.05). This deleterious effect was attenuated in the three groups after the final evaluation, although there were no statistical differences (p<0.05); however, the final values did not return to the baseline values (p<0.05). Conclusion: Chewing gum containing CPP-ACP did not promote in situ remineralisation of demineralised enamel around orthodontic brackets.

Comparación de métodos histoquímicos para el análisis histológico de muestras de encía humana / Comparison of histochemical methods for the histological analysis of human gingival samples

Introducción: Las técnicas de coloración histológica son útiles en el análisis ultraestructural de muestras tisulares, incluyendo el tejido gingival. Objetivo: Comparar la utilidad de tres métodos histoquímicos (hematoxilina-eosina, Masson Goldner y rojo sirio) en la identificación de elementos celulares y otros constituyentes del tejido gingival. Métodos: Estudio experimental in vitro que comprendió el análisis de tejidos gingivales de donantes sanos sin signos de inflamación gingival y con indicación de cirugía periodontal. Las muestras de encía se obtuvieron mediante gingivectomía, se procesaron e incluyeron en parafina, posteriormente se realizaron cortes con un micrótomo y se depositaron en portaobjetos de adhesión con polisina. Las muestras se agruparon y fueron teñidas con hematoxilina-eosina, Masson Goldner y rojo sirio, finalmente fueron visualizadas en un microscopio óptico Leica DM 750®. La lectura de los hallazgos fue realizada por patólogos orales. Resultados: La coloración hematoxilina-eosina evidencia elementos celulares y extracelulares del tejido epitelial y conectivo. Núcleos de color azul violeta, citoplasmas rosados, fibras de colágeno de matiz rosa claro, arteriolas y vénulas con túnica adventicia, media e íntima diferenciadas. La coloración Masson Goldner diferencia núcleos de coloración púrpura y citoplasma fucsia, presenta especificidad en identificar fibras de colágeno con tonalidad verde, distribuidas densa, homogénea y paralelamente en el tejido conectivo gingival. La tinción rojo sirio, permitió identificar las fibras de colágeno de color rosa brillante, mientras que el tejido epitelial y los vasos sanguíneos fueron de color amarillo. Conclusión: Cada coloración histológica evaluada en el presente trabajo tiene cierta afinidad y sensibilidad por estructuras celulares y componentes de la matriz extracelular específica. Su empleo es útil en el estudio de tejidos gingivales y podrían contribuir en el análisis de biopsias gingivales(AU)

Introduction: Histological staining techniques are useful in the ultrastructural analysis of tissue samples, including gingival tissue. Objective: Compare the usefulness of three histochemical methods (hematoxylin-eosin, Masson-Goldner and sirius red) for identification of cellular elements and other constituents of gingival tissue. Methods: An in vitro experimental study was conducted which included the analysis of gingival tissue from healthy donors without gingival inflammation signs and indication of periodontal surgery. The gum samples were obtained by gingivectomy, processed with paraffin, cut with a microtome and placed on Polysine adhesion slides. The samples were grouped, stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Masson Goldner and sirius red, and visualized under a Leica DM 750® microscope. Reading of the findings was performed by oral pathologists. Results: Hematoxylin-eosin staining found cellular and extracellular elements of the epithelial and connective tissue: violet-blue nuclei, pink cytoplasms, light rose collagen fibers, and arterioles and venules with differentiated tunica adventitia, media and intima. Masson-Goldner staining differentiated purple nuclei and fuchsia cytoplasm. It displayed specificity identifying green collagen fibers with dense, homogeneous and parallel distribution in the gingival connective tissue. Sirius red staining allowed identification of bright rose collagen fibers, whereas epithelial tissue and blood vessels were yellow. Conclusion: Each of the histological staining methods evaluated in the study shows a certain affinity with and sensitivity to cellular structures and components of the specific extracellular matrix. All three are useful for the study of gingival tissue and could contribute to the analysis of gingival biopsies(AU)

Actividad antioxidante y quelante de sistemas hidrocoloides mixtos formados por hidrolizados proteicos de Phaseolus vulgaris endurecido y goma modificada de flamboyán (Delonix regia) / Antioxidant and metal-chelating activities of mixed hydrocolloid systems formed by hard-to-cook Phaseolus vulgaris protein hydrolysates and flamboyant (Delonix regia) modified gum

Las proteínas y polisacáridos con frecuencia son utilizados simultáneamente en la industria de alimentos. Las interacciones entre ambos biopolímeros juegan un papel importante en la estructura y estabilidad de muchos alimentos procesados ya que pueden resultar en un sistema con propiedades bioactivas diferentes como ocurre en el caso de las funcionales. Objetivo. Evaluar los cambios en la capacidad antioxidante de un sistema hidrocoloide mixto formado por un hidrolizado enzimático proteico de frijol endurecido (P. vulgaris) y goma modificada de flamboyán (Delonix regia) (SHM). Materiales y métodos. El estudio se hizo entre febrero-octubre, 2014, en Mérida, México. Se modificó enzimáticamente el concentrado proteico de P. vulgaris con Pepsina-Pancreatina® y la goma extraída del flamboyán mediante carboximetilación, preparando dispersiones al 1% de cada uno de los biopolímeros, determinado la fluorescencia intrínseca de Trp (FIT) como indicador de la interacción entre ambos biopolímeros y la actividad antioxidante y quelante del sistema resultante. Resultados. Se obtuvo un hidrolizado proteico extensivo con 28,8% de grado de hidrólisis y una goma de flamboyán con grado de sustitución de 0,91. La mayor interacción entre ambos biopolímeros, se obtuvo empleando una relación 5:1 del SHM a pH 4 de acuerdo con el valor de FIT. Conclusiones. Los sistemas hidrocoloides mixtos preparados con hidrolizado extensivo de las proteínas Phaseolus vulgaris y goma modificada de flamboyán presentaron un incremento en la actividad antioxidante, respecto del hidrolizado dependiendo del mecanismo de oxidación, así como de las condiciones de pH en que se encuentra el sistema y la interacción entre ambos componentes(AU)

Proteins and polysaccharides are frequently used simultaneously in the food industry. The interactions between both biopolymers play an important role in the structure and stability of many processed foods since they can result in a system with different bioactive properties as in the case of functional ones. Objective. Evaluate the changes in the antioxidant capacity of mixed hydrocolloid system formed by a hard to cook bean (P. vulgaris) protein enzymatic hydrolyzate and modified flamboyant gum (Delonix regia) (SHM). Materials and methods. The study was conducted from February to October 2014 in Merida, Mexico. For this, the protein concentrate of P. vulgaris was treated with Pepsin-Pancreatin® and the gum extracted from the flamboyant were modified enzymatically by carboxymethylation, preparing 1% dispersions of each of the biopolymers, determining the intrinsic Trp fluorescence (FIT) as an indicator of the interaction between both biopolymers and the antioxidant and chelating activity of the resulting system. Results. The main results indicated that an extensive protein hydrolyzate with 28.8% degree of hydrolysis and a flamboyant gum with a substitution degree of 0.91 were obtained. The greatest interaction between both biopolymers was obtained using a 5:1 ratio of SHM to pH 4 according to the FIT value. Conclusions. The mixed hydrocolloid systems prepared with extensive hydrolyzate of the hard to cook P. vulgaris and modified flamboyant gum proteins showed an increase in antioxidant activity, compared to the hydrolyzate depending on the oxidation mechanism, as well as the pH conditions used and interaction between both component(AU)

Lesión granulomatosa en encía insertada-metástasis de carcinoma renal de células claras. Presentación de caso / Granulomatous Lesion in Inserted Gum-Metastasis of Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma. Case Presentation

Resumen: A nivel mundial el carcinoma renal constituye el 3% de todas las formas de cáncer en el cuerpo humano. Su comportamiento biológico es variable dependiendo de la biología de cada individuo; tiende a realizar metástasis a sitios contiguos como glándulas suprarrenales, hígado, pulmón, hueso, ganglios linfáticos sin embargo la presentación a distancia en cavidad bucal es poco frecuente más aún en encía insertada. Las lesiones granulomatosas del periodonto incluyen granulomas piógenos, granulomas de células gigantes entre otros. El objetivo principal de este caso clínico es describir las características clínicas e histopatológicas de las metástasis a cavidad bucal como lesiones granulomatosas. Se presenta el caso de una paciente femenina de 60 años de edad con antecedente de carcinoma renal de células papilares en riñón derecho tratado mediante nefrectomía en el año 2017, en el año 2019 presenta metástasis a pulmón izquierdo y a cavidad bucal. En la actualidad se encuentra bajo protocolo de tratamiento para metástasis de células claras renales.

Abstract: Worldwide, renal carcinoma constitutes 3% of all forms of cancer in the human body. Its biological behavior is variable depending on the biology of each individual; it tends to metastasize to contiguous sites such as adrenal glands, liver, lung, bone, lymph nodes, however, remote presentation in the oral cavity is less frequent, even in inserted gums. Granulomatous lesions of the periodontium include pyogenic granulomas, giant cell granulomas among others. The main objective of this clinical case is to describe the clinical and histopathological characteristics of oral cavity metastases as granulomatous lesions. The case of a 60-year-old female patient with a history of renal cell papillary carcinoma in the right kidney treated by nephrectomy in 2017 is presented, in 2019 she presented metastases to the left lung and oral cavity. It is currently under treatment protocol for renal clear cell metastases.

Investigação do potencial erosivo de gomas de mascar não convencionais / Investigation the erosive potential of unconventional chewing gums

Objetivo: mensurar o potencial erosivo de gomas de mascar não convencionais disponíveis no mercado brasileiro. Material e método: estudo experimental (in vitro) de caráter quantitativo. Foram adquiridos oito sabores de gomas de mascar: Poosh® (pinta língua); Plutonita® (abraço congelante, dentada ardente, baba de bruxa e língua ácida); e TNT® (sangue, lava e tumba). Para análise da acidez, foram realizadas leituras em triplicata do pH e acidez titulável (AT), utilizando um potenciômetro e eletrodo combinado de vidro em soluções obtidas após a maceração das gomas de mascar em água duplamente deionizada. Nas soluções com valores de pH inferiores a 5,5, foi mensurada a AT adicionando-se alíquotas de 100 µLNaOH 0,1 M, até alcançar pH 5,5. Os resultados foram submetidos à Análise de Variância (ANOVA). As comparações das médias de pH e acidez titulável foram realizadas pelo teste de Tukey, com um nível de 5% de significância (p<0,05). Resultados: os valores de pH variaram entre 2,4 (abraço congelante) e 3,5 (baba de bruxa), diferin-do significantemente do controle (água mineral/pH=6,2). Os valores de acidez titulável variaram entre 628µL de NaOH 0,1 M (sangue) e 10700µL de NaOH 0,1 M (abraço congelante). A goma de mascar sabor abraço congelante apresentou o pH mais baixo e a mais elevada acidez titulável, diferindo significantemente dos demais sabores. Conclusões: as gomas de mascar avaliadas são ácidas, mas diferem quanto ao seu potencial erosivo. Seu consumo abusivo pode constituir um fator de risco para erosão dental.(AU)

Objective: to measure the erosive potential of non- -conventional chewing gums available in the Brazilian market. Material and methods: this is an in vitro study using the following flavors of chewing gums from the Brazilian market: Poosh® (tongue cleaner); Plutonita® (freezing hug, burning bite, witch slime and acid tongue); TNT® (blood, lava and tomb). For acidity analysis, pH and titratable acidity (TA) readings were performed in triplicate using a potentiometer and combined glass electrode in solutions obtained after maceration of the chewing gums in double deionized water. In solutions with pH values below 5.5, the TA was measured by adding aliquots of 100 µL 0.1 M NaOH, until pH 5.5 was reached. The results were submitted to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Comparisons of pH and titratable acidity means were performed by Tukey test at a 5% significance level (p<0.05). Results: the pH values that ranged from 2.4 (freezing hug) to 3.5 (witch's slime) differed significantly from the control (mineral water/ pH=6.2). Titratable acidity values ranged from 628µL of 0.1 M NaOH (blood) to 10700µL of 0.1 M NaOH (freezing hug). The freezing hug flavor chewing gum had the lowest pH and the highest titratable acidity differing significantly from the other flavors. Conclusions: the evaluated chewing gums are acidic, but differ in their erosive potential. Their abusive consumption may constitute a risk factor for dental erosion.(AU)

Técnica de doble injerto gingival libre para incremento de encía queratinizada / Double gingival free graft technique to increase keratinized gum

Introducción: La encía queratinizada es un componente importante del complejo mucogingival. Su ausencia puede deberse a recesiones gingivales, traumas, caries radicular, entre otras. La técnica de injerto gingival libre es considerada el estándar de oro, por ser una técnica óptima para aumentar la extensión del vestíbulo y el ancho del tejido queratinizado por sus altas tasas de éxito y predictibilidad clínica. Objetivo: El propósito de este caso clínico fue evaluar el uso de una modificación de la técnica del injerto gingival libre. Presentación de caso: El caso clínico incluyó aumento de la profundidad del vestíbulo y de la encía queratinizada en ambas zonas del sector anteroinferior, para lo cual se utilizaron las dos hemiarcadas del paladar como la zona dadora del injerto (doble injerto). El caso utilizó un doble injerto gingival libre como técnica novedosa para el aumento gingival. Después de dos meses de cicatrización, se observó reducción de la recesión gingival y un aumento notorio del ancho de la encía queratinizada. Conclusiones: La técnica modificada de doble injerto gingival libre, es una buena alternativa para aumentar el grosor de la encía queratinizada en el sector anteroinferior, además de reducir el tiempo posoperatorio y generar una cicatrización uniforme a nivel de la línea mucogingival(AU)

Introduction: Keratinized gingiva is an important component of the mucogingival complex. Its absence may be due to gingival recessions, trauma, root caries, among others. The free gingival graft technique is considered the gold standard, as it is an optimal technique to increase the extension of the vestibule and the width of the keratinized tissue due to its high success rates and clinical predictability. Objective: The purpose of this clinical case was to evaluate the use of a modification of the free gingival graft technique. Case report: The clinical case included an increase in the depth of the vestibule as well as the keratinized gingiva in both areas of the anteroinferior sector, for which the two hemiarchates of the palate were used as the graft donor area (double graft). The case used a free double gingival graft as a novel technique for gingival augmentation. After two months of healing, a reduction in the gingival recession was observed, as well as a noticeable increase in the width of the keratinized gingiva. Conclusions: The modified free double gingival graft technique is a good alternative to increase the thickness of the keratinized gingiva in the anteroinferior sector, in addition to reducing the post-operative time and generating uniform healing at the level of the mucogingival line(AU)

The effectiveness of apple, sugar-free chewing gum, Rolly Brush® and tooth brushing in the reduction of plaque index: Crossover randomized clinical trial

Background: The implementation of the self-cleaning practice is of fundamental importance for the maintenance of oral health and to remove the human dental biofilm which is considered the main etiological factor for the development of caries and periodontal diseases. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the use of chewing gum, Rolly Brush® and apples as forms of mechanical control and removal of the dental biofilm in the absence of brushing. Materials and Methods: Eighteen volunteers were submitted to plaque index evaluation after a period of 24 hours of no oral hygiene. Then, they would use one of the methods: chewing gum, Rolly Brush®, apple or tooth brushing, chosen by a draw, for one minute, and then, plaque index was evaluated again. This stage was repeated until all participants were submitted to all selected methods, in periods of 24 hours each. Results: Dental brushing was more effective when compared to each of the other methods applied and there was a statistically significant reduction of dental plaque index after apllying all methods of cleaning in all groups. Conclusion: Chewing gum, Rolly Brush® and apple may be used as auxiliary to dental brushing or when such method is impossible to be performed. Clinicaltrials.gov: number of protocol NCT 03.601.585.

Fundamento: A implementação da prática de autolimpeza é de fundamental importância para a manutenção da saúde bucal e remoção do biofilme dental humano que é considerado o principal fator etiológico para o desenvolvimento de cáries e doenças periodontais. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a utilização de goma de mascar, Rolly Brush® e maçã como formas de controle mecânico e remoção do biofilme dental na ausência de escovação. Materiais e Métodos: Dezoito voluntários foram submetidos à avaliação do índice de placa após um período de 24 horas sem higiene bucal. Em seguida, utilizariam um dos métodos: goma de mascar, Rolly Brush®, ingerir uma maçã e escovar os dentes, escolhida por sorteio, por um minuto, e então, o índice de placa era novamente avaliado. Essa etapa foi repetida até que todos os participantes fossem submetidos a todos os métodos selecionados, em períodos de 24 horas cada. Resultados: A escovação dentária foi mais eficaz quando comparada a cada um dos outros métodos aplicados e houve redução estatisticamente significativa do índice de placa dentária após a aplicação do método de limpeza em todos os grupos. Conclusão: Goma de mascar, Rolly Brush® e maçã podem ser utilizados como auxiliares da escovação dentária ou quando tal método for impossível de ser realizado. Clinicaltrials.gov: Número do protocolo NCT 03.601.585.