Haematological and Anthropometric Profile in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus with Non-diabetic Pregnant Women in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Aim: Haematological and anthropometric profile of pregnant women who had gestational diabetes and non-diabetic pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in a Tertiary Hospital in Rivers State, Nigeria were evaluated, Methods: This was a cross sectional study involving 70 pregnant women comprising of 40 diabetic and 30 non-diabetics for the purpose of comparing haematological and anthropometrical parameters in diabetic and non-diabetic pregnant women. Using standard venipuncture technique,5ml blood sample was aseptically drawn from the subjects and 2.5ml dropped into each of two different anticoagulant sample bottles -Ethylene Diamine Tetra acetic Acid(EDTA) and fluoride-oxalate bottles respectively. The methods of choice for estimation of parameters were Enzymatic Colorimetric method for glucose and Automation using Sysmex KX-21N Haematology Analyzer for full blood count. Results were statistically analyzed using Graph Pad prism version 5.0 and statistical significance set at P<0.05.Results: Mean± SD results for diabetic and non-diabetic pregnant women respectively showed Haemoglobin concentration (10.99±0.69g/dl versus 10.69±1.01g/dl), Packed cell volume (31.7±1.96% versus 32.89±3.89%), Red blood cell(3.99±0.29106/µl versus 3.85±0.39×106/µl), Mean cell haemoglobin (27.51±1.22pg versus 27.54±2.22pg), Platelets count (223.3±52.67103/µl versus 205.5±45.09×103/µl), Mean cell haemoglobin concentrations(34.49±1.19g/dl versus 32.54±3.17g/dl)these results were not statistically significantly different(P>0.05). The mean± SD of white blood cell (9.73±0.49103/µl versus 7.27±1.66×103/µl) and mean cell volume (79.3±4.16 fl and 85.24±0.39fl) were statistically significantly different (P<0.05).Mean± SD of subject’s blood pressure showed, Systolic (116±11.52 mm/Hg and 105±5.72 mm/Hg),Diastolic (77±17.86 and 68±1.11 mm/Hg), results were statistically significantly different (P<0.001).Age did not show statistical significant difference (P>0.05).Body mass index (BMI) 28.33±3.81 kg/m2, 32.86±5 kg/m2, 37.96±.3.44 kg/m2 showed statistically significant difference (P<0.05) at the Gestational ages of(1-3), (4-6) and (7-9) months respectively while that of the non-diabetic were obviously not statistically significantly different (P>0.05).Conclusion: Gestational diabetes is capable of causing changes in haematological parameters; but it could improve or disappear after child birth. Factors such as lifestyle activities and diet can predispose pregnant women to gestational diabetes mellitus and this can lead to complications for both the mother and the baby.

The Role of Haematological and Biochemical Parameters for Diagnosis and Management of COVID-19 Patients

Introduction : COVID-19 Pandemic has affected the Healthcare System adversely. It should be diagnosed early to prevent mortality and morbidity. Thus various Haematological and Biochemical markers can be used specially in developing countries where clinicians have limited access to Molecular Diagnostic Technique. Aim and objectives : The study aims to observe the role of haematological and biochemical parameters in diagnosing as well as predicting the prognosis along the course of the disease. Material and methods : Retrospective study performed in Department of Pathology from April, 2021 to May, 2021 on 200 COVID-19 positive patients. The tests were conducted using the Haematological and Biochemistry Auto analysers. Results : Out of 200 Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) positive COVID-19 patients analysis of Haematological Parameters showed Leucocytosis, Neutrophilia, Lymphopenia and Eosinopenia. Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio, Platelet Lymphocyte Ratio and Systemic Inflammatory Index were also found to be elevated in comparison to the control cases. Statistically significant difference was observed in Total Leucocyte Count, Absolute Neutrophil Count, Absolute Lymphocyte Count, Kidney Function Tests (KFT) and Liver Function Tests (LFT) between severe and non severe cases. Biochemical parameters were found to be more elevated in severe cases. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) levels >50 mg/dl and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) levels >1000U/L were found only in severe cases. Conclusion : Haematological and Biochemical Markers being easily available and reliable can be utilised as useful prognosticator for early prediction of disease. Elevated Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio, Platelet Lymphocyte Ratio and Systemic Inflammatory Index can be useful in diagnosing COVID-19 especially when clinical suspicion is present despite negative Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) reports

Tualang Honey Potentially Delay Deterioration in Haematological and Immunological Parameters in Asymptomatic, Treatment-naïve HIV-infected Patients

@#Introduction: This report aimed to assess the effects of administration of Tualang honey for six months duration on the haematological and immunological parameters in treatment-naïve HIV-infected patients who were asymptomatic. Methods: This was a randomised, controlled, open-labelled study. A total of 95 asymptomatic HIV-positive subjects with low CD4 counts of 250-600 cells/mm3 and not on antiretroviral therapy were recruited. Tualang honey was administered at 20 g each, once daily (HLD; total of 20 g honey), twice daily (HID; total of 40 g honey) or thrice daily (HHD; total of 60 g honey) for six months period. Control (CT) group did not receive any honey supplementation. Haematological and immunological parameters were measured at baseline, three-month and six-month follow-up. The differences within the group (time effect) and between the groups (regardless of time) for all four groups were analysed using Repeated Measures ANOVA followed by a post-hoc test. Results: A significant reduction in total white blood cell, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts were observed at six-month follow-up in CT and HLD groups when compared to baseline. The immunological parameters showed similar trend of reduction in the CT and HLD groups. Meanwhile, the measured parameters were relatively maintained in HID and HHD groups at six-month period when compared to baseline. Conclusion: Tualang honey supplementation at intermediate and high doses for six months delay the deterioration of haematological and immunological parameters in asymptomatic, treatment-naïve HIV subjects.

Parámetros hematológicos en caballos peruanos de paso en la provincia de Lambayeque / Hematological parameters in peruvian paso horses in the Lambayeque provinceHematological parameters in peruvian paso horses in the Lambayeque province

RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar los parámetros hematológicos según el estado reproductivo en caballos peruanos de Paso en la provincia de Lambayeque. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó la investigación con 60 caballos adultos (>4 años), clínicamente sanos y sin tratamiento farmacológico previo; según su estado reproductivo se formaron cuatro grupos de 15 ejemplares cada uno: macho castrado, macho entero, yegua vacía y yegua gestante. Primero se realizó el examen clínico general para confirmar su buen estado de salud, luego se extrajo sangre de la vena yugular a todos los caballos. Las muestras se procesaron por análisis hematológicos y se determinaron las variables de la serie roja (hemoglobina, hematocrito, glóbulos rojos, volumen corpuscular medio [VCM], hemoglobina corpuscular media [HCM] y concentración de hemoglobina corpuscular media [CHCM]). Igualmente, la serie blanca (leucocitos, neutrófilos segmentados y abastonados, basófilos, monocitos, linfocitos, eosinófilos) y serie trombocítica fueron procesados y determinados. Se utilizaron métodos manuales, fórmulas matemáticas y método Drabkin en el laboratorio de patología clínica. Se aplicó la prueba estadística de Kruskal Wallis y se obtuvo la media, desviación estándar y rangos de las variables. Resultados. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la serie blanca, roja y trombocítica de acuerdo con el sexo o estado reproductivo, a excepción del número de los basófilos que fue mayor en machos enteros. Conclusiones. Los parámetros hematológicos según el estado reproductivo del caballo peruano de paso se encuentran dentro de los rangos establecidos por la literatura especializada. Sin embargo, el número los linfocitos que fue mucho menor.

ABSTRACT Objective. To determine the haematological parameters according to the reproductive status of Peruvian Paso horses in the Province of Lambayeque. Materials and methods. The research was conducted on 60 clinically healthy adult horses (> 4 years), without previous drug treatment. Four groups of 15 horses were formed: gelding, entire male, empty mare and pregnant mare. First, a general clinical examination was performed to confirm their good health. Blood was drawn from the jugular vein of all the horses. The samples were processed by haematological analysis and the parameters of the red series (haemoglobin, haematocrit, red blood cells, mean corpuscular volume [MCV], mean corpuscular haemoglobin [MCH] and the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration [MCHC] were determined. Likewise, the white series (leukocytes, neutrophils segmented and stacked, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils) and the thrombocytic series were processed and the unit range determined. Manual methods, mathematical formulas and the Drabkin method were used in the clinical pathology laboratory. The Kruskal Wallis Statistical test was applied and consequently the mean, standard deviation and ranges of variables were obtained. Results. No significant statistical differences were found in the white, red and thrombocytic series according to sex or reproductive status, except the number of basophils was higher in the entire males. Conclusions. The haematological parameters according to the reproductive status of the Peruvian Step horse are within the normal ranges (as per the literature pertaining to this area). However, the number of lymphocytes was much lower.

Evaluation of Some Cytokines, CD4, Hepcidin, Iron, and Some Haematological Parameters of Patients Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Southeastern Part of Nigeria

A study to evaluate the levels of interferon-gamma, interleukins 6 and 10, hepcidin, iron status and some haematological parameters in persons living with human immunodeficiency virus was carried out. A total of 150 subjects aged 18-60 years were enlisted for this study. The subjects were grouped into: Group A (50 control subjects) and Group B (100 HIV subjects, 50 subjects were non ART HIV patients, 50 subjects were on Lamivudine, Tenofavir and Efavirenz). About 7ml of venous blood were collected from each subject;4.5ml of blood were placed into plain tubes for assay of interferon gamma, interleukins (6&10), hepcidin and iron and 2.5ml for FBC, CD4 count and HIV screening. The cytokines and hepcidinwere measured using Melsin ELISA Kits and Teco Diagnostics kits used for iron. Full blood count was determined by automation using Mindray BC-5300, China. The data was analysed with the statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 20 using ANOVA and the level of significance set at P<0.05. The results showed difference that was statistically significant (P<0.05) in IFN-γ (16.25±0.87pg/ml, 29.31±1.44pg/ml,18.49±1.48pg/ml, P=0.000),IL-6(7.98±0.22pg/ml, 11.08±1.21pg/ml,8.79±0.76pg/ml,P=0.000), IL-10(8.52±0.62pg/ml, 16.62±1.53pg/ml,10.39±1.06Pg/ml P=0.000), CD4 (1045.54 ±247.24Cells/L, 195.60 ±35.94Cells/L,10.39±1.06cells/L P=0.000), hepcidin (6.03±1.38ng/ml, 39.59 ±4.50ng/ml, 20.86±3.43ng/ml, P=0.000), Iron (86.29±7.27 μg/dl, 73.43±5.45 μg/dl,85.44±8.45μg/dl, P=0.000), TIBC (345.56±28.40 μg/dl, 287.19 ±8.21μg/dl,305.46±18.82μg/dl, P=0.000),%TSA (25.16±3.18%, 25.61±2.22%,28.08 ±3.42%,P=0.000) WBC (5.87 ±0.88 X 109/L, 4.69±0.72X 109/L,4.80±0.45X 109/L, P=0.000), Neutrophils (60.57±2.83%, 75.16±3.68%,69.04±2.90%, P=0.000), Lymphocytes (30.69 ±2.84%, 17.24±2.50%, 24.46±2.60%,P=0.000), Monocytes (5.59 ±1.2%, 4.18±1.12%,3.97±0.92%, P=0.000), Eosinophils (2.30 ±1.05%, 2.16±0.82%,1.67±0.57%, P=0.000), Basophil 0.86 ±0.39%, 1.31±0.94%, 0.86±0.44%,P=0.018), RBC (4.92±0.30 X 1012/L, 3.34±0.21 X 1012/L,3.60 ±0.18X 1012/L, P=0.000), Haemoglobin (14.75±0.90,g/dl, 10.05±0.65g/dl,10.80±0.53g/dl, P=0.000), PCV (44.25±2.70%, 30.14±1.95,32.56±1.50%, P=0.000), MCV(89.92±2.3fl, 79.49±1.28fl,88.15±2.08fl, P=0.029), MCH (36.12±1.53pg, 26.60±0.48P, P=0.002), Platelets (261.75±22.71 X 109/L, 246.16±9.93 X 109/L,189.32±17.00X 109/L, P=0.000), ESR (7.03 ±1.38mm/hr, 59.52 ±6.46mm/hr,43.34±4.82mm/hr, P=0.000) when compared among Control, Non ART HIV and ART positive subjects.g,28.57±1.78pg, P=0.000), MCHC (368.46±12.28g/l, 318.92±7.33g/l,333.56±22.61g/l. The study shows that interferon gamma, interleukin 6, interleukin 10 and hepcidin are some of the biomarkers in thepathogenesis of HIV. The infection of HIV increases the levels of the cytokines. The cytokines and hepcidin can be used as prognostic and diagnostic markers as their levels decreased with treatment of the patients

Evaluation of Some Cytokines, CD4, Hepcidin, Iron Profile and Some Haematological Parameters of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients Coinfected with HIV in Southeast of Nigeria

The study was done to determine the levels of interferon-gamma, interleukin 6, interleukin 10, iron status, hepcidin and haematologicalparameters of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus in Southeast, Nigeria. This study was carried out at the directly observed treatment-short course Tuberculosis (TB DOTS) centre of Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, located in South-Eastern Nigeria. Therefore, sample size of 240 was used to give room for attrition. A total of two hundred and forty (240) subjects aged 18-60 years were enlisted for this study. Seven milliliters (7ml) of venous blood was collected from each subject and 2.5ml was dispensed into bottles containing di-potassium salt of ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (K2-EDTA) and was used for full blood count, CD4 count and HIV screening. Also, 4.5ml was dispensed into plain tubes. Serum was obtained after clotting by spinning at 3000 RPM for 10 minutes and was used for interferon gamma, interleukin-6, and interleukin-10, iron and hepcidin determination. Data was analysed using statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 20. Student t-test, ANOVA (Analysis of Variance), Pearson Product Moment and Chi-Square were the tools employed. Results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation and are presented in table and significance level was set at P<0.05.The results showed difference that was statistically significant (P<0.05) in IFN-γ (P=0.000), IL-6 (P=0.000) IL-10 (P=0.000), CD4 (P=0.000), hepcidin (P=0.000), Iron (P=0.000), TIBC (P=0.000), %TSA (P=0.001) ,WBC (P=0.000), Neutrophils (P=0.000), Lymphocyes (P=0.000), Monocytes (P=0.000), Eosinophils (P=0.000), Basophils (P=0.018), RBC (P=0.000), haemoglobin (P=0.000), PCV (P=0.000), MCV (P=0.000), MCH (P=0.000), MCHC (P=0.000), Platelets (P=0.000), ESR (P=0.000) when compared among control, TB, HIV and TB-HIV subjects respectively. The co infection of HIV on pulmonary TB patients increases the levels of the cytokines. The cytokines and hepcidin can be used as adjunct to prognostic and diagnostic markers as their levels decreased with increased duration of treatment of the patients. The study hasshown wide variations in the haemtological indices studied

Enrofloxacina de rápida ação associada ao tratamento com eletrólitos orais e reposição energética no tratamento de broncopneumonia neonatal em bezerros Holandeses / Fast action enrofloxacin associated with support treatment with oral electrolyte and energy replacement in the treatment of neonatal bronchopneumonia in Holstein calves

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar estratégias terapêuticas para o tratamento de infecções broncopulmonares, utilizando a enrofloxacina de ação rápida e sua associação com suporte e fluidoterapia endovenosa ou suporte e solução oral energética e eletrolítica, por meio da mensuração de parâmetros clínicos, hematológicos, bioquímicos e desenvolvimento corporal de neonatos bovinos. Foram utilizadas 35 bezerras da raça Holandesa, monitoradas desde o nascimento até a sexta semana de vida, divididas aleatoriamente nos grupos: grupo CONTROLE; grupo antibiótico; grupo antibiótico + suporte + fluidoterapia endovenosa; grupo antibiótico + suporte + solução oral; e grupo SUPORTE. Os parâmetros zootécnicos foram avaliados do nascimento até a sexta semana de vida, e os parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos foram avaliados zero, 24, 72 e 120 horas após diagnóstico da broncopneumonia. Os animais do grupo antibiótico + suporte + solução oral apresentaram menores níveis de eosinófilos e maiores níveis de neutrófilos segmentados em comparação aos animais dos demais grupos. Não houve diferença nos parâmetros zootécnicos avaliados. Neste estudo, o tratamento com antibiótico e solução oral ofereceu aos animais melhor aporte para combater a broncopneumonia, favorecendo o organismo a desenvolver uma resposta imune efetiva diante da infecção.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate therapeutic strategies for treatment of bronchopulmonary infections using fast-acting enrofloxacin and its association with support and endovenous fluid or support and oral energy and electrolytic solution, by measuring clinical, hematological, biochemical and development parameters of bovine neonates. Thirty-five Holstein calves, monitored from birth to six weeks of age, were randomly divided into five groups: control group; antibiotic group; antibiotic group + support + intravenous fluid therapy; antibiotic group + support + oral solution; and support group. The performance parameters were evaluated from birth to the 6th week of age and hematological and biochemical parameters were evaluated 0, 24, 72 and 120 hours after diagnosis of bronchopneumonia. Calves of the antibiotic group + support + oral solution group presented lower levels of eosinophils and higher levels of segmented neutrophils compared to the other groups. There was no difference in performance parameters evaluated. In this study, the treatment with antibiotic and oral solution offered the animals had a better contribution to treat bronchopneumonia, favoring the organism to develop an effective immune response to that infection.(AU)

Methanol extracts of Basella alba leaves alleviate stress in rats / 中草药·英文版

Objective: Stress is becoming an unavoidable threat in recent times, there has been increasing interest by researchers in the use of naturally occurring biologically active compounds with medicinal value to cure body ailments. The present work was carried out to investigate the effect of methanol extract of Basella alba leaves on stress in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). Methods: A total of 35 male rats were used in this study. They were grouped into seven groups of five rats each. Group 1 (normal control) was received 10 mL/kg normal saline. Group 2 contained restraint stress rats only. Group 3 contained forced swim stress rats only. Group 4 and 5 were treated with 60 mg/kg of B. alba extract (BAE) thereafter subjected to restraint and forced swim stresses respectively. Group 6 and 7 were treated with 120 mg/kg of BAE thereafter subjected to restraint and forced swim stresses respectively. Stress procedures were carried out at the end of first and third weeks. Results: In the stressed rats, there were significant increases (P < 0.05) in fasting blood glucose and white blood cell count while there were significant decreases in superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione concentration when compared to group 1. There were significant decreases (P < 0.05) in blood glucose and white blood cell count and significant increases in superoxide dismutase and glutathione concentrations in BAE treated rats when compared to group 2 and 3. Some of the significant differences were either dose or duration dependent. Conclusion: In conclusion, results from this research suggest that BAE alleviates hyperglycaemia, chronic activation of immune system and generation of free radicals due to stress in Wistar rats.

Frequent plateletpheresis donations & its effect on haematological parameters: An observational study

Background & objectives: The well-being of donors undergoing frequent plateletpheresis has been a matter of concern. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of frequent plateletpheresis on the haematological parameters (HP) of repeat donors. Methods: The study was conducted during February 2016 to March 2017 on all the repeat plateletpheresis donors undergoing the 2nd plateletpheresis within a month of the first in a tertiary care centre. Donors repeating plateletpheresis 3rd and 4th times were also studied. The values of the HP observed on follow up after plateletpheresis done on three different separators were compared. Results: HPs of the 98 donors were similar at follow up except mean platelet volume (P <0.05). Of the 98 donors, 35 were followed up within a week and 63 were followed up within 8-30 days. No significant alteration was found in the HPs except a significant difference in the variation of platelet counts of the two groups (P=0.025). In 34 donors who presented 3rd time for plateletpheresis (mean gap between 1st and 3rd plateletpheresis=31 days), no significant differences in the HPs were found except the platelet distribution width (P <0.05). Minimal difference in the HP was found in the baseline and the follow up of 3rd plateletpheresis i.e., at 4th plateletpheresis donation. Plateletpheresis through all the three cell separators used had similar effects on the follow up HPs. Interpretation & conclusions: Repeated plateletpheresis can be done without any detrimental effects on the cell counts of the plateletpheresis donors. The three cell separators yielded similar post-donation follow up haematological parameters.

Haematological Parameters Associated with Malaria and Its Controls

Aims: This research aimed to evaluate the haematological parameters associated with malaria and its controls.Materials and Methods: A convenient cross-sectional technique was used for the study for which the sample size was determined by using the formula; n= Z² (P) (1-P) / (A) ². The haematological profile was performed using the Sysmex 2000i automated blood cell counter machine.Results and Discussion:The erythrocyte profiles (RBC, HB, HCT, RDW-SD and RDW-CV) are highly affected by malaria, whereas MCH, MCHC, and MCV did not show significant variations between the positive malaria cases and negative malaria cases. Means of haemoglobin concentrations, RBC count and HCT values for cases with positive malaria were significantly lower than negative malaria cases and controls for all the age groups and sexes. Conclusion:The study showed that there were haematological profiles between the positive and negative malaria cases and this can be used in conjunction with clinical and microscopic parameters to heighten the suspicion of malaria as well as prompt initiation of therapy for diagnosing malaria

Prolonged Administration of Leaf Extract of Ocimum gratissimum Reduces RBC, PCV and Platelet Count but Increases Total WBC and Lymphocyte Counts in Rats

Background: Ocimum gratissimum is an ethnopharmacological plant with numerous healing potentials. But there is paucity in scientific literature on its impact on the blood cells. Aim and Objective: The present study was intended to evaluate the dose and time-dependent effect of aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum on some haematological in albino Wistar rats. Methods: Twenty four rats were randomly assigned to four equal groups. Group 1 was control, groups 2, 3 and 4 were given 450 mg/kg, 800 mg/kg and 1800 mg/kg respectively of the extract daily for 30 days. All rats had free access to water and rat chow. Results: The result showed a significantly lower RBC count in groups 3 and 4 when compared with control (p<0.05 and p<0.01 respectively). PCV was significantly lower in group 4 than control (p<0.05). Platelet count was significantly lower in group 4 than control (p<0.05) and group 2 (p<0.05). A significant increase in WBC count was observed in groups 2 and 3 when compared with control (p<0.05 and p<0.01 respectively). A significant reduction in neutrophil count was observed in groups 2, 3 and 4 compared with control (p<0.05; p< 0.05 and p<0.01 respectively). There were significant increases in lymphocyte counts in groups 2, 3 and 4 when compared with control (p<0.05, p<0.01 and p<0.01 respectively). There were no significant changes in MCV, MCH and MCHC in the groups. Conclusion: In conclusion, aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum causes reduction in RBC count, PCV, platelet count and neutrophil count but causes increases in total WBC count and lymphocyte count.

Immune Modulatory Properties of Powdered Telfairia occidentalis Supplemented Vital Feed Diet on Male Wistar Rats

This study was carried out to investigate the immune modulatory properties of different graded stored powdered of Telfairia occidentalissupplemented diet on male wistar rats. Twelve male wistarrats weighing 120g±20g were purchased, acclimatised and randomly allotted into four (T1, T2, T3, T4) Telfairia occidentalissupplemented groups (0% 5%, 10% and 15%). The rate of their feeding was monitored for three weeks after which the animals were decapitatedand the blood and organs were removed for haematological and endogenous antioxidant analysis. The result showed that the highest feed intake was observed in animal fed with the highest level of Telfairia occidentalis supplementation. Also from the haematological analysis, the white blood cell of the highest supplementation was boosted when compared to other graded level likewise the endogenous Antioxidant level was enhanced when compared with the control group.

Impacts of Crude Oil on Reproductive Indices of Residents of Oil Producing Area; a Case Study of Olomoro

Several toxic effects of crude oil and some of its products on reproduction have been reported. High rate of child malnutrition and mortality, including increased birth defects and rashes have also been reported in areas impacted by oil development. This study therefore considers the impact of crude oil on reproduction as information in this area is still scanty. With informed consent, blood samples were collected (through the median cubital vein) from a total of one hundred and eighty apparently healthy human subjects (60 males and 30 females) from two locations; Olomoro (an oil producing community) and Owa (a non-oil producing community). Next, socio-economic and educational status of participants where ascertained. Using the Z statistics, student’s t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA), Statistical measures for such parameters as RBC, WBC, PCV, Total serum protein (TSP), serum Albumin (SA), Haemoglobin concentration (Hb), FSH, Estrogen and Testosterone were conducted. A Significant reduction was observed in Haemoglobin concentration, TSP and SA of subjects in oil impacted community. Also, Significant reduction in number of surviving children, save deliveries and ante natal attendance was seen, along with a significant increase in the number of assisted delivery, still births, complications and gestation periods in oil impacted community, suggesting a poorer maternal and child health indication in crude oil impacted community. Study also observed a significant reduction in WBC, RBC and PCV of inhabitants of the crude oil impacted community.

Assessment of Antiphospholipid Antibodies, CD4 Count and Some Haematological Parameters in HIV Patients attending a Tertiary Health Institution in South-Western Nigeria

Background: Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) are the serological markers used in the diagnosis of the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). HIV infection has been associated with an elevated aPls level, but its link to the APS with clinical thrombosis is still been investigated. This study is designed to determine and correlate serum level of antiphospholipid antibodies with CD4 count and some haematological parameters of HIV seropositive subjects in comparison to those of healthy controls and also to compare these parameters between antiretroviral therapy (ART) naïve and treated patients. Methodology: A cohort of 110 patients which consist of 90 HIV positive Patients (22 males and 68 females) and 20 HIV negative patients (10 males and 10 females) which serve as control attending Babcock University Teaching Hospital (BUTH) Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria were recruited for the cross-sectional study. HIV antibodies were detected using 3 rapid diagnostic kits (Determine, Unigold and Stat Pak). CD4+ cells were counted using Partec® Cyflow Counter (Germany). The Full Blood Count was analyzed using the Sysmex® Automated Haematology Analyzer (Kobe-Japan). Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) were assayed using the Human Anti-Phospholipid Screen IgG/IgM ELISA kit (Alpha Diagnostic International, Texas, USA). Results: The present study showed that the mean serum antiphospholipid antibody level was significantly (P<0.001) higher in HIV positive Patients (11.83±7.36u/ml) compared to the control group (7.30±3.95u/ml). While on one hand, there was a strong positive correlation between serum aPLs level and PLT (r= 0.044), MCHC (r= 0.084) and LYM (r= 0.105) in HIV infection; on the other hand, there was a strong negative correlation with CD4 count (r= -0.094), PCV (r= -0.099), Hb (r= -0.072), RBC (r= -0.003), WBC (r= -0.063), MNO (r= -0.213), GRA (r= -0.003), MCV (r= -0.023) and MCH (r= -0.005). Also, there was no significant differences (P>0.05) between the aPLs level of HIV group on ART (11.44±7.74 u/ml) and those not on ART (12.00±7.24 u/ml). Some haematological parameters like PLT, PCV, Hb, RBC and red cell indices of the HIV group on ART did not differ significantly from those not on ART. However, the CD4 count (638.89±119.56 cell/?L), WBC (5.38±1.49X103/?L), LYM (51.43±7.99%) and GRA (46.30±10.18%) of the HIV group on ART were significant higher than those not on ART (465.30±145.92 cell/?L, 4.55±1.57X103/?L, 42.23±10.96% and 39.10±7.81%, respectively). Conclusion: Significant elevated aPLs level is present in HIV infection; however, the information obtained is not sufficient to indicate the occurrence of anti-phospholipid syndrome in HIV infection. There was no strong relationship between aPLs level and indicators of immunohaematological abnormalities in HIV infection. This finding is plausible and would therefore require further investigation.

Occurrence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections and its correlation with haemotological Parameters in a tertiary care centre.

Intestinal parasitic infections are highly prevalent among the general population in developing countries and these infections can lead to a number of adverse effects. This study was done to determine the predominant intestinal parasitic infestations with haematological correlation among all age groups of patients attending tertiary care hospital. A total of 238 stool & blood samples were collected from the patients for examination and haematological analysis. Out of 238 stool samples, 52 (21.8%) showed presence of ova/cysts of Protozoa or helminths. Helminthic eggs were 14.3% and Protozoal cysts or trophozoites were found in 7.5% of them screened for the parasites. Among these Ancylostoma duodenale was found predominant with 10.5% followed by Entamoeba histolytica with 5.5% of total patients. In our study parasitic infestations was predominant in 41-60 yrs. The study showed a relationship between parasitic infestation and Hb, Platelet count, PCV and MCHC which was decreased in protozoal infestations. Their occurrence is quite low compared to other studies which suggests an improved awareness of hygiene. Prevalence of helminths was higher than protozoa in the present study. Hence, it is recommended that appropriate steps be taken at the district level to prevent such infections among pediatric and adult age groups in rural Devanahalli.

The Effects of Exposure to Petrol Vapours on Growth, Haematological Parameters and Oxidative Markers in Sprague-Dawley Male Rats

Background: Petrol is known to be hazardous to human health and is associated with various health effects, such as haematotoxicity and oxidative stress. Although Malaysia has adopted the European fuel quality standards in recent years in order to reduce petroleum pollutants and to improve air quality, gasoline with research octane number 95 (RON95), believed to contain benzene and other toxic substances, is still widely used all over the country. This study assessed the effect of RON95 gasoline on haemtological parameters of rats after 11 weeks of exposure. Methods: A total of 16 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups: control (exposed to ambient air daily) and gasoline exposed (exposed to petrol fumes at 11.13 ± 1.1cm3/h for 6h daily, 6 days/week) groups. Body weight was monitored daily. At the end of 11 weeks, the rats were sacrificed, bone marrow was extracted for cytological examination, and blood samples were collected for a full blood picture examination, full blood counts and oxidative markers. Results: The results show that gasoline inhalation was associated with a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in the rate of weight gain and a reduction in mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration and red cell distribution width. It was also observed that the inhalation of gasoline was associated with changes in the nuclei of megakaryocytes, hence causing an increase in the percentage of abnormal megakaryocytes with detached nuclei, hypo-lobulation and/or disintegration. However, the inhalation of gasoline did not cause significant changes in oxidative markers in the erythrocytes. Conclusion: This study shows that 11 weeks of inhaling RON95 petrol vapours caused adverse effects on weight gain, blood cell indices and bone marrow megakaryocytes, but did not cause significant changes in oxidative markers in erythrocytes. The definitive effects of these changes on health require further confirmation.

Acute and subacute oral toxicity study on the flavonoid rich fraction of Monodora tenuifolia seed in albino rats

Objective:To investigate the effects of the flavonoid rich fraction of Monodora tenuifolia seed on the haematology, histopathology and liver profile of Wistar albino rats. Methods:Toxicity study was investigated on the flavonoid rich fraction of Monodora tenuifolia in rats administered different concentrations orally for 28 d using standard laboratory procedures. Results:The LD50 of the flavonoid rich fraction was found to be above 5 000 mg/kg body weight in mice observed for 48 h. After the Day 14, biochemical markers of liver injury such as serum alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase decreased significantly (P0.05). There was non-significant (P>0.05) effect observed across the groups in the levels of serum total protein, albumin, globulin, urea and creatinine. The result of histological examination showed various degrees of peribiliary hepatitis after the Day 14 which fizzled out after the Day 28. Conclusions:The result therefore suggests that the seed extract is potentially safe.

Acute and subacute oral toxicity study on the flavonoid rich fraction of Monodora tenuifolia seed in albino rats

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of the flavonoid rich fraction of Monodora tenuifolia seed on the haematology, histopathology and liver profile of Wistar albino rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Toxicity study was investigated on the flavonoid rich fraction of Monodora tenuifolia in rats administered different concentrations orally for 28 d using standard laboratory procedures.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The LD50 of the flavonoid rich fraction was found to be above 5 000 mg/kg body weight in mice observed for 48 h. After the Day 14, biochemical markers of liver injury such as serum alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase decreased significantly (P<0.05 at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight and P<0.01 at 400 mg/kg) while serum alkaline phosphatase increased non-significantly (P>0.05). There was non-significant (P>0.05) effect observed across the groups in the levels of serum total protein, albumin, globulin, urea and creatinine. The result of histological examination showed various degrees of peribiliary hepatitis after the Day 14 which fizzled out after the Day 28.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The result therefore suggests that the seed extract is potentially safe.</p>

Haematological and Hepatotoxic Potential of Onion (Allium cepa) and Garlic (Allium sativum) Extracts in Rats.

Aims: To evaluate and compare the effects of single and combined oral administration of fresh aqueous onion (Allium cepa) and garlic (Allium sativum) extracts at different concentrations (200mg/kg/d, 400mg/kg/d and 600mg/kg/d) on some haematological and hepatotoxicity indicator parameters in treated rats. Study Design: Cross-sectional nonclinical study in animal model. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Department of Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Department of Haematology, College of Health Sciences, Igbinedion University Okada, Edo state, Nigeria between the month of July and August, 2011. Methodology: Following 30 days post-oral administration of extracts in 36 treated male albino rats as well as 4 controls, haematological parameters were determined using the Sysmex® Automated Haematology Analyzer, while serum levels of liver enzymes were evaluated using the Reflotron® Plus Auto-Analyzer and liver weight was determined using electronic sensitive weighing balance. Results: Red blood cell count (RBC), Packed cell volume (PCV), Haemoglobin concentration (HGB), Total White blood cell count (TWBC), Absolute Count of Neutrophil (NEUT#), Absolute Count of Lymphocyte (LYM#), Absolute Count of the summation of Monocyte, Eosinophil and Basophil (MXD#) and Platelet count (PLT) were significantly increased (P<0.05) to varied extent, except Mean cell volume (MCV), Mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) and Mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) while Alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) and Aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) serum levels were significantly decreased (P<0.001) and liver weight (LW) was non-significantly (P>0.05) reduced in a dose-dependent manner when compared to the control. Synergistic effect was not observed in the haematological parameters when the two extracts were combined. Conclusion: The results of this study reveal the haematological potential of onion and garlic extracts with no potential risk of hepatotoxicity (at the concentrations tested) as earlier anticipated. It also further confirms the higher efficacy of garlic over that of onion, but the molecular mechanism behind their combined effect would require further investigation.

Toxicity profile of ethanolic extract of Azadirachta indica stem bark in male Wistar rats

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the toxic implications of ethanolic stem bark extract of Azadirachta indica (A. indica) at 50, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight in Wistar rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fifty male rats of Wistar strains were randomly grouped into five (A-E) of ten animals each. Animals in Group A (control) were orally administered 1 mL of distilled water on daily basis for 21 days while those in Groups B-E received same volume of the extract corresponding to 50, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The extract did not significantly (P>0.05) alter the levels of albumin, total protein, red blood cells and factors relating to it whereas the white blood cell, platelets, serum triacylglycerol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased significantly (P<0.05). In contrast, the final body weights, absolute weights of the liver, kidney, lungs and heart as well as their organ-body weight ratios, serum globulins, total and conjugated bilirubin, serum cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and computed atherogenic index increased significantly. The spleen-body weight ratio, alkaline phosphatase, alanine and aspartate transaminases, sodium, potassium, calcium, feed and water intake were altered at specific doses.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Overall, the alterations in the biochemical parameters of toxicity have consequential effects on the normal functioning of the organs of the animals. Therefore, the ethanolic extract of A. indica stem bark at the doses of 50, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight may not be completely safe as an oral remedy and should be taken with caution if absolutely necessary.</p>