The Significances of Water Volume to Decoct Formulas Described in Classical Chinese Medicine / 日本東洋医学雑誌

Although the descriptions of shigyakukachotanto in “Waitaimiyaofang” and tsumyakushigyakukachotanjuto in “Songban Shanghanlun” are quite similar to each other, the specifications of the dosages of crude drugs and the water volume in the books were considerably different. Focused on the specified water volume to decoct these formulas, each reasonable decocting period was estimated, then the decoctions were prepared using hard water that was common in mainland China. The dosages of aconite root were 2­-fold different between these two formulas, but the contents of aconitine-­type diester alkaloids (ADA) in both decoctions were found in the range of 1.2—1.4­-fold. It was suggested that in order to control the efficacy and the safety of aconite, the decocting period was well regulated by the specification of water volume for decocting at this ancient era. Moreover, the dosages of aconite root and glycyrrhiza in bukuryoshigyakuto (BSGT) formula of “Songban Shanghanlun” are equal to those of shigyakuto (SGT) but the specified water volume to begin decocting is as about twice as that of SGT. When prepared using hard water, BSGT resulted to make the contents of ADA lower and those of non-­ester alkaloids higher compared with those of SGT decoction. It was suggested the spe­cific water volume for each formula prescribed in classical Chinese medicine had considerable significance to determine the dosages of chemical ingredients in the decoctions especially in the circumstances using hard water to prepare them.

Litiasis urinaria y su relación con el consumo de aguas duras en la comuna de Maipú / Urinary lithiasis and its relation to the consumption of hard water in the Maipu Borough

INTRODUCCIÓN: La litiasis urinaria es una patología frecuente, que afecta principalmente a adultos en edad productiva, y que en el último tiempo ha presentado un aumento en la incidencia global. Cerca del 80 % de los cálculos se componen mayoritariamente de calcio. Existe controversia en la literatura sobre el rol que podría tener el consumo de aguas con altos índices de dureza y el riesgo de padecer litiasis. El objetivo de este estudio es identificar una posible asociación entre dureza de agua para consumos e incidencia de litiasis urinaria en la poblacion de Maipú. MATERIALES Y METODOS: Se incluyen en el estudio todos los pacientes atendidos por urólogos en forma ambulatoria electiva en el Hospital El Carmen de Maipú, por diagnóstico de litiasis urinaria, en los años 2015 y 2016, que residen en la comuna. Se georreferenciaron de acuerdo a sus direcciones en los distintos sectores de distribución de agua potable.Se realizó análisis fisicoquímico de muestras de agua extraídas de cada sector para determinar su dureza. Se estudiaron a través del índice de correlación de Pearson las posibles asociaciones entre dureza del agua e incidencia de litiasis. RESULTADOS: La dureza promedio del agua de Maipú es de 484 mg/L de CaCO3, valor que se encuentra por sobre el promedio regional y nacional. La incidencia anual de litiasis en la poblacion estudiada fue de 4,4 casos/10.000 habitantes, valor similar al promedio nacional. El índice de correlación de Pearson entre dureza de agua e incidencia anual fue de -0,51. CONCLUSIONES: No fue posible establecer una relación causal entre dureza de agua e incidencia de litiasis en la población estudiada. Se sugiere avanzar en esta misma línea con estudios futuros de casos y controles.AU

INTRODUCTION: Urinary lithiasis is a frequent pathology, which mainly affects adults in a productive age, and which-in recent times- has increased in terms of global incidence. About 80 % of the stones are composed mainly of calcium.There is controversy in literature addressing the possible relation amongst water consumption with high hardnessindexes and the risk of lithiasis. The objective of this study is to identify a possible association between water hardnessfor consumption and urinary lithiasis incidence in the Maipu population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients assisted by urologists on an elective ambulatory basis, at the El Carmen Hospital in Maipú, diagnosed with urinary lithiasis, in the years 2015 and 2016, and who reside in the Borough have been included in the study. They were georeferenced according to their address in the different drinking water distribution areas. Physiochemical analysis of water samples extracted from each sector was carried out to determine its hardness. The possible associations between hardness of water and incidence of lithiasis were studied through the Pearson correlation index. RESULTS: The average water hardness in Maipu is 484 mg / L of CaCO3, a value that is above the regional and national average. The annual incidence of lithiasis in the studied population was 4.4 cases / 10,000 inhabitants, a value that is similar to the national average. The Pearson correlation index between water hardness and annual incidence was -0.51. CONCLUSIONS: It was not possible to establish a causal relation between water hardness and incidence of lithiasis in the studied population. It is suggested to advance in this same line with future case and control studies.

<b>Differences in Water Hardness when preparing Ephedrae Herba Decoctions : Special Focus on a Comparison of Tap Water </b><b>in Japan and China </b> / 日本東洋医学雑誌

Decoctions of Ephedrae Herba were prepared using tap water sampled in Changping District, Beijing City(China), tap water sampled in Niigata City (Japan) and some mineral water samples sold in markets. Various dissimilarities were found between drug extracts prepared using tap water in Japan and China, and the extraction efficiency of the alkaloids with Beijing tap water was approximately 80% of that with Niigata tap water. It is suggested that these dissimilarities result from concentrations of temporally hard components, such as calcium and magnesium bicarbonate salts, in the water. In addition, when Zizyphi Fructus and Ephedrae Herba were decocted together in hard water, the state of the decoction, ephedra-alkaloid content included, was found to come close to that of single Ephedrae Herba decoctions prepared using soft water. It was suggested that Ziziphi Fructus might possibly play roles as a softening agent in decoctions prepared using hard water.

Application of new cleaning process in instruments cleaning by automatic spray cleaning machine / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To establish an effective cleaning process for automatic spray cleaning machine in case of without water purification system and to reduce the formation of scale on the surface of machine and instruments with increased cleaning degree.Methods Descale process was added to the previons concrete cleaning process.The clean effect Was compared with previous concrete process.The blocking of the pipeline was observed.Results The clean degree by new cleaning process reached 97.23%,which was,better than that of the previous process.The problem of blocking of the pipeline was also solved.Conclusions Addition of descale process when using automatic spray cleaning machine in case of without water purification system could guarantee the clean quality of instruments.

Estudio exploratorio-ecológico sobre las concentraciones de sales de calcio en el agua para consumo humano y la litiasis renal en Costa Rica / Exploratory-ecological study on the relationship between the concentration of calcium salts in water for human consumption and the incidence of renal stones in Costa Rica

En Costa Rica se presentan unos 6000 casos anuales de litiasis o cálculos renales, que implican una tasa promedio de 1,7 casos por 1000 habitantes; esta patología consiste en la formación de masas duras semejantes a piedras, que se forman en cualquier parte de las vías urinarias. Sus causas son multifactoriales contemplando elementos anatómicos, genéticos, infecciosos y ambientales como la ingesta constante de aguas duras o con exceso de sales de calcio. En razón de esto se realizó un estudio por cantones de tipo exploratorio-ecológico para el período 2001-2003, en donde se busca una posible relación entre la incidencia de cálculos renales y los contenidos de carbonato de calcio en el agua para consumo humano, ACH. Para cumplir con este objetivo se utilizaron los datos del Laboratorio Nacional de Aguas, LNA, sobre la dureza promedio de cuatro mil fuentes de agua distribuidas por cantones, además de los egresos hospitalarios de cálculos renales en los 29 hospitales de la Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, CCSS. El análisis estadístico se fundamentó en el índice de morbilidad estandarizado, IME, ajustado por el método indirecto, y el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson al 95 por ciento de confianza. Para presentar los datos obtenidos se usaron mapas cantonales de dureza de calcio y el IME de cálculos renales. Los resultados indicaron una asociación ecológica entre ambas variables; es decir, a mayor consumo de aguas duras mayor es el riesgo de padecer cálculos renales en la población, con un exceso de riesgo en los territorios expuestos a aguas duras del 27 por ciento y un índice de Pearson para la correlación ecológica de r = 0,25. Por el contrario, en los cantones en donde predominan las aguas blandas el riesgo es inferior al promedio nacional. Los resultados obtenidos abren nuevas interrogantes sobre la relación entre dureza del agua de consumo e incidencia de litiasis que deberán ser respondidas en futuros estudios.

There are approximately 6000 cases per year of kidney stones in Costa Rica which implies an average rate of 1.7 cases per 1000 inhabitants; this pathology involves the formation of hard concretions resembling rock in any part of the urinary system. Etiology is multifactorial and involves anatomic, genetic, infectious as well as environmental factors such as the frequent intake of water with excess calcium salts also known as hard water. We carried out a county-based exploratory study of the ecologic type for the years 2001 to 2003 whereby a relationship was sought between the ingestion of calcium carbonate content in water for human consumption (which we abbreviate as (ACH) and the incidence of renal calculi. With this objective in mind, we used on the one hand, data on county-based, average water-hardness from the National Water Laboratory (LNA) from 4,000 water sources and, on the other, hospital discharges with the diagnosis of nephrolithiasis from 29 hospitals in the Costa Rican Social Security System. Statistical analysis was based on the Standardized Morbidity Index (which we abbreviate as IME) adjusted by the indirect method as well as the Pearson correlation coefficient taken to a 95% degree of confidence. To present the data, county maps of water hardness and IME of renal calculi were used. The results indicate an ecological association between the two variables; in other words, when there is greater consumption of hard water, there exists a greater risk of renal calculi in the population with an excess risk of 27% in those places having high levels of water hardness and a Pearson coefficient for the ecological correlation of r=0,25. On the other hand, in the areas where the water predominantly is not hard, the risk is inferior to the national average. The results obtained open up new questions regarding the relationship between water hardness as well as its consumption and the incidence of kidney stones which should be answered by future studies.

Effects of Commercially Available Mineral Waters on Decoction of Kampo Medicines / 日本東洋医学雑誌

Kampo medicines containing Bupleuri Radix (Sho-saiko-to and Sho-saiko-to plus Fossilia ossis mastodi and Ostreae testa) were decocted with four kinds of mineral waters and tap water, and the extracts were analyzed for saikosaponin contents by HPLC. The results indicated that the yield of the extracted materials was the largest when Kampo medicines were decocted with the hard water compared with other mineral water extracts. However, the same extract contained the smallest amount of saikosaponin b₂ of those tested. Extractions made with the mineral waters having a weakly acidic or weakly alkaline nature gave similar yields of the extracted materials and saikosaponin b₂ contents.<br>Present results suggest a possibility that decoction using a hard water significantly affects extraction of certain ingredients in Kampo medicine.