O uso do SUS como estigma: a visão de uma classe média / The use of SUS as a stigma and a threat to life: the vision of a middle class

Resumo Acesso é um conceito central para a efetivação da universalidade do SUS, mas pouco valorizado nas publicações oficiais do Ministério da Saúde. Talvez por isso, o acesso no SUS ainda seja visto como excludente. Desde a implantação da Estratégia Saúde da Família, houve importante melhora no acesso percebido pelos usuários, embora as classes médias permaneçam excluídas do SUS, atraídas pela compra de planos de saúde privados. Esse fenômeno foi observado no território de uma equipe de Saúde da Família do bairro do Grajaú, cidade do Rio de Janeiro, tradicionalmente de classe média, cujos moradores sistematicamente recusavam cadastro e acompanhamento pela equipe. O trabalho teve o objetivo de levantar e analisar as narrativas de recusa desses indivíduos, através de análise temática e de conteúdo. Percebeu-se um estigma associado ao uso do SUS e seus profissionais, e maior confiança na compra do serviço de saúde, justificada pelo medo da falta de leitos para internação e atendimento de emergência. Além disso, as entrevistadas não se apropriaram do SUS como direito. O Brasil atravessa grave crise política, e o SUS, que sempre resistiu sob ameaça, corre ainda maior risco. É necessário que a população possa enxergar um SUS que funciona e apropriar-se dele.

Abstract Access is a central concept for achieving the universality of SUS, but little valued in the official publications of the Ministry of Health. Perhaps because of this, access in the SUS is still seen as excluding. Since the implementation of the Family Health Strategy, there has been an important improvement in perceived access by users, although the middle classes remain excluded from SUS, attracted by the purchase of private health insurance plans. This phenomenon was observed in the territory of a Family Health team in the Grajaú neighborhood, Rio de Janeiro, traditionally middle class, whose residents systematically refused registration and follow up by the team. This paper aimed to analyze the narratives of refusal of these individuals, through thematic and content analysis. It was noticed a stigma associated to the use of SUS and its professionals, and greater confidence in the purchase of the health service, justified by the fear of the lack of beds for hospitalization and emergency care. In addition, the interviewees did not appropriate SUS as a right. Brazil is under serious political crisis and the SUS, which has always resisted under threat, is even more at risk. It is necessary that the population can see a functioning SUS and take ownership of it.

Indicadores de accesibilidad geográfica a los centros de atención primaria para la gestión de inequidades / Use of indicators of geographical accessibility to primary health care centers in addressing inequities

OBJETIVOS: Caracterizar los indicadores geográficos conforme a su utilidad para medir inequidades en el territorio; identificar y describir las áreas según sus grados de accesibilidad geográfica a los centros de atención primaria de salud (CAPS), y detectar poblaciones en riesgo desde la perspectiva del acceso a la atención primaria. MÉTODO: El análisis de accesibilidad espacial mediante sistemas de información geográfica (SIG) requirió de tres aspectos: la población sin cobertura médica, la distribución de los CAPS y la red de transporte público que los conecta. RESULTADOS: La construcción de indicadores de demanda (real, potencial y diferencial) y el análisis de los factores territoriales que intervienen en la movilidad de la población permitieron caracterizar los CAPS en relación a su entorno, contribuyendo al análisis, tanto en una perspectiva local como regional, y a la detección de diferentes zonas según niveles de conectividad a escala regional. CONCLUSIONES: Los indicadores construidos en el entorno SIG fueron de gran utilidad para el análisis de accesibilidad a los CAPS por la población vulnerable. La zonificación del territorio contribuyó a identificar inequidades al diferenciar áreas de demanda no satisfecha y la fragmentación de la conectividad espacial entre CAPS y transporte público.

OBJECTIVE: Characterize geographical indicators in relation to their usefulness in measuring regional inequities, identify and describe areas according to their degree of geographical accessibility to primary health care centers (PHCCs), and detect populations at risk from the perspective of access to primary care. METHODS: Analysis of spatial accessibility using geographic information systems (GIS) involved three aspects: population without medical coverage, distribution of PHCCs, and the public transportation network connecting them. RESULTS: The development of indicators of demand (real, potential, and differential) and analysis of territorial factors affecting population mobility enabled the characterization of PHCCs with regard to their environment, thereby contributing to local and regional analysis and to the detection of different zones according to regional connectivity levels. CONCLUSIONS: Indicators developed in a GIS environment were very useful in analyzing accessibility to PHCCs by vulnerable populations. Zoning the region helped identify inequities by differentiating areas of unmet demand and fragmentation of spatial connectivity between PHCCs and public transportation.

La atención prenatal en América Latina / Prenatal care in Latin America

Se revisaron los datos disponibles sobre la cobertura de la atención prenatal en América Latina. En la comparación de las coberturas recientes de atención prenatal entre los países resalta que sólo Bolivia tuvo una cobertura menor al 50 por ciento, mientras que en Chile, Cuba, República Dominicana y Puerto Rico las coberturas de atención prenatal son superiores al 90 por ciento. En relación con las tendencias en el tiempo, se encontró que las coberturas de atención prenatal aumentaron entre los años setenta y ochenta en la República Dominicana, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, México y Perú, mientras que disminuyeron en Bolivia y Colombia. En Cuba y Puerto Rico, aumentó el número de promedio de consultas prenatales. El aumento de la atención en Guatemala y Honduras se debe al aumento relativo del papel de las parteras empíricas, con respecto a las instituciones. Se compararon los datos más recientes sobre la vacunación antitetánica de las embarazadas con los datos más recientes de atención prenatal. Se observa que las tasas de vacuna antitetánica siempre son mucho más bajas que las de atención prenatal, excepto en Costa Rica. En Bolivia, Guatemala y Perú las tasas de vacunación son menores a la mitad de las tasas de atención prenatal. Mejorar el contenido de la atención debe ser objetivo paralelo al aumento de los servicios prenatales.

Available data on the coverage of prenatal care in Latin America were reviewed. In recent years, only Bolivia had a coverage of prenatal care of less than 50 per cent. More than 90 per cent of pregnant women received prenatal care in Chile, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico. Prenatal care increased between the 1970 and 1980 in the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Hon­duras, Mexico, and Peru. The coverage of prenatal care decreased in Bolivia and Colombia. The mean number of visits increased in Cuba and Puerto Rico. The increase of prenatal care in Guatemala and Honduras is due to increased care by traditional birth attendants, compared to the role of health care institutions. We compared the more recent data on tetanus immunization of pregnant women to the more recent data on prenatal care. The rates of tetanus immunization are always lower than the rates of prenatal care attendance, except in Costa Rica. The rates of tetanus immunization was less than half as compared to the rates of prenatal care in Bolivia, Guate­mala, and Peru. To improve the content of prenatal care should be an objective complementary to the increase of the number of attending women.