ABSTRACT
Background & objectives: Antibiotic resistance in pathogens has become a serious problem worldwide. Therefore, the search for new antibiotics for drug resistanct pathogens is an important endeavor. The present study deals with the production of anti-methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) potential of Streptomyces rubrolavendulae ICN3 and evaluation of anti-MRSA compound in zebrafish embryos. Methods: The antibiotic production from S. rubrolavendulae ICN3 was optimized in solid state fermentation and extracted. The antagonistic activity was confirmed against MRSA and purified in silica gel column and reverse phase - HPLC with an absorption maximum at 215 nm. Minimal inhibitory concentration of the compound was determined by broth microdilution method. zebrafish embryos were used to evaluate the extract/compound for its minimal inhibition studies, influences on heart beat rates, haematopoietic blood cell count and lethal dose values. Results: Streptomyces rubrolavendulae ICN3 showed potent antagonistic activity against MRSA with a zone of 42 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration was calculated as 500 μg/ml of the crude extract and the purified C23 exhibited 2.5 μg/ml in in vitro assay. The LC50 value of the anti MRSA compound C23 was calculated as 60.49 μg/ml and the MRSA treated embryos survived in the presence of purified compound C23 at a dose of 10 μg/ml. Interpretation & conclusions: our results suggested that the compound was potent with less toxic effects in zebrafish embryonic model system for MRSA infection. Further structural evaluation and analysis in higher mammalian model system may lead to a novel drug candidate for drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
ABSTRACT
Objetivo do estudo foi verificar efeitos do treinamento funcional sobre a pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD), freqüência cardíaca (FC) e duplo produto (DP) de 24 mulheres inexperientes (25 ± 5 anos; 53 ± 6 kg; 164 ± 5 cm; IMC = 23,09 ± 2,64; 22,99 ± 3,38% de Gordura). Realizou-se uma aula de treinamento funcional e uma seqüência controle. As variáveis foram observadas antes, logo após, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 e 60 minutos após o treinamento. A ANOVA observou diminuições significativas na PAS, a partir do vigésimo minuto ( % = 8,00%, p = 0,001) e na PAD, iniciando no décimo minuto ( % = 5,80%, p = 0,0002) em relação ao repouso. No momento logo após, a PAD obteve redução no trigésimo ( % = 5,85%, p = 0,0004) e qüinquagésimo minuto ( % = 4,14%, p = 0,006). Ocorreu um aumento na FC logo após a sessão (∆% = 40,02%, p = 0,0001) e reduções a partir de 40 minutos após (∆% = 7,95%, p = 0,01). O DP reduziu a partir de 20 minutos após o exercício (∆% = 13,5%, p = 0,0002). O treinamento funcional reduziu significantemente a PAS, PAD, FC e DP após um treinamento em mulheres jovens.
The effects of functional training sessions on systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, heart beat rate (HR) and heart beat-pressure product (HPP) in 24 untrained women (25 ± 5 years; 53 ± 6 kg; 164 ± 5 cm; 23.09 ± 2.64 kg m-2; 22.99 ± 3.38% body fat) were investigated. The subjects participated on a functional training class following by a control follow-up. Variables were registered prior to training exercise, and 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 minutes after training. Whereas ANOVA reported a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in SBP as from the twentieth minute ( % = 8.00%, p = 0.001), decrease in DBP started at the tenth minute ( % = 5.80%, p = 0.0002). Significant decreases were observed at the thirtieth ( % = 5.85%, p = 0.0004) and fiftieth ( % = 4.14%, p = 0.006) minute. HR increase was reported immediately after the test ( % = 40.02%, p = 0.00) and presented significant decreases as from the fourth minute ( % = 7.95%, p = 0.01). Decreases in HPP rates were observed at twenty minutes after the exercise ( % = 13.5%, p = 0.0002). Data analysis show that functional training sessions triggered significant reductions on SBP, DBP, HR and HPP in young females.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Physical Education and Training , Arterial Pressure , Heart Rate , HypotensionABSTRACT
The use of pharmaceuticals during pregnancy may causes abnormalities to the embryo. Sometime the drug also effect to the new born if the drug transferred through lactation. We have used zebrafish model to see the effect of some pharmaceuticals on embryos and larvae. Three drugs, caffeine, norfloxacin and nimesulide, were used for this study to see the effect mainly the hatching rate of eggs, heart beat rate and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression of the larvae. VEGF is an important signaling protein that involved generating the new blood vessels during embryonic development. We have used 10, 20, 50, 100 Ag ml-1 concentrations of all the drugs to see the effect. No significant mortality or malformations were observed in zebrafish embryos. Hatching was stared from 60 hr. In control group, 91% hatching rate was observed. Lowest hatching rate was observed using highest concentration of norfloxacin (100 Ag ml-1) and nimesulide (100 Ag ml-1) i.e. 55 and 56% respectively. In control group, 110 to 115 heart beat rate was counted per minute. Significantly higher heart beat was observed in caffeine treated group which is 125 to140 min-1. Lower heart beat was noted in nimesulide treated group which is 100 min-1. We have tried to observe the possible effect of VEGF of the larvae by these three drugs. Expression of VEGF was very low in caffeine treated group. Almost no VGF expression was observe in 100 Ag ml-1 caffeine treated group. These studies suggest that there is a possibility that high dosage of caffeine can harm the unborn baby or new born babies, if the mothers use caffeine.