Research progress of heatstroke warning system / 中华危重病急救医学

With global warming and frequent heat waves, the incidence of heat-related-illness has gradually increased, and heatstroke is the most serious clinical syndrome, with high mortality and incidence of sequelae. Effective heatstroke warning aims to reduce the incidence and the harm of heatstroke by monitoring certain parameters and forecasting the possibility of suffering heat illness, however, there is no unified summary of the heatstroke early warning system at present. The occurrence of heatstroke involves two key aspects: climate environment and individual susceptibility, and individual susceptibility is manifested as the difference in heat tolerance ability. This article represents the current early warning system of heatstroke from climate environment, such as effective temperature, heat index, wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) index, somatosensory temperature, etc., and individual susceptibility, for the reference of research and development in this field.

QTL mapping for morphological and physiological traits in RILs of spring wheat population of WH1021 × WH711

Aim: To identify the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with various morphological and physiological traits. Methodology: A recombinant inbred line (RIL) population of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) derived from cross of heat tolerant parent WH1021 with heat sensitive parent WH711 was used. For creation of heat stress delay in sowing (four weeks) was done in late sown from timely sown. Days to heading, days to maturity, plant height along with physiological traits viz. photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) and normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI) were recorded in both timely and late sown conditions over two years. Results: A linkage map consisting of 22 SSR was prepared covering eleven chromosome of wheat. Using the software WinQTL cartographer version 2.5, significant genomic regions associated with heat tolerance were observed on 2A, 2D, 4A and 5A chromosomes with composite interval mapping. QTLs for photosynthetic rate were found consistently for both years on chromosome 2D. In present study, significant variation was reported for days to heading and its QTLs were identified on chromosome 2A and 2D. Interpretation: The QTLs obtained for physiological and morphological traits in wheat can be used for marker-assisted selection for heat tolerance in wheat

Selection of arabica coffee progenies tolerant to heat stress / Seleção de progênies de café arábica tolerantes ao calor

Due to high temperatures, practically all coffee farms in the state of Rondonia are of the C. canephora species. Thus, importing arabica coffee from other states becomes necessary for composition of blends, as well as for the specialty or gourmet coffee market. The purpose of this study was to select arabica coffee genotypes that exhibit satisfactory agronomic performance under high temperature conditions. The experiment was conducted in OuroPreto do Oeste, RO, Brazil, with mean annual temperature of 25.8°C and mean annual rainfall of 2300mm year-1. The experiment was composed of 114 arabica coffee genotypes, with 103 progenies and eleven control cultivars, provided by EPAMIG. A randomized block experimental design was used with three replications, spacing of 3.0x1.0 meters and five plants per plot. All the crop seasons showed significant difference for the green coffee yield trait. In joint analysis, significant differences were detected among progenies and control cultivars. In the average of the four harvests, green coffee yield was 32.38 bags ha-1. The cultivars 'CatuaíVermelho IAC 15', 'Obatã IAC 1669-20' and 'Catucaí Amarelo 2SLCAK' stood out, achieving yields greater than 40 bags ha-1. The gain obtained from selection was 14.33 bags ha-1, which is equivalent to an increase of 44.04% in production of green coffee. The progeny H514-7-10-6-2-3-9 stood out with an average yield of 51.20 bags ha-1. In regard to maturation cycle, 56% of the progenies were classified as early maturity and 44% as medium maturity. Late maturity genotypes were not observed.

Devido às temperaturas elevadas, basicamente, todas as lavouras de café no estado de Rondônia são da espécie C. canephora. Desse modo, a importação de café arábica de outros estados faz-se necessária para a composição dos blends, além do mercado de cafés especiais ou gourmets. O objetivo deste trabalho foi selecionar genótipos de café arábica que apresentam desempenho agronômico satisfatório sob condições de temperaturas elevadas. O experimento foi instalado em Ouro Preto do Oeste-RO, com temperaturas médias anuais de 25,8°C e precipitação pluvial média de 2.300mm ano-1. O experimento foi composto por 114 genótipos de café arábica, sendo 103 progênies e onze cultivares testemunhas, fornecidas pela EPAMIG. O delineamento foi blocos casualizados com três repetições, espaçamento de 3,0 x 1,0 metros, com cinco plantas por parcela. Todas as safras demonstraram diferença significativa para a característica produtividade de café beneficiado. Na análise conjunta, foram detectadas diferenças significativas entre progênies e entre cultivares testemunhas. Na média das quatro colheitas, a produtividade de café beneficiado foi de 32,38 sacas ha-1. Destaques para as cultivares 'Catuaí Vermelho IAC 15', 'Obatã IAC 1669-20' e 'Catucaí Amarelo 2SLCAK' que alcançaram produtividades acima de 40 sacas ha-1. O ganho de seleção obtido foi de 14,33 sacas ha-1, que equivale a um aumento de 44,04% na produção de café beneficiado. Destaque para a progênie H514-7-10-6-2-3-9, com produtividade média de 51,20 sacas ha-1. Quanto ao ciclo de maturação, 56% das progênies foram classificadas como ciclo precoce e 44% de ciclo intermediário. Não foi observado genótipo de ciclo tardio.

Transcriptome responses to heat- and cold-stress in ladybirds (Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulasnt) analyzed by deep-sequencing

BACKGROUND: Changed temperature not only threaten agricultural production, but they also affect individual biological behavior, population and community of many insects, and consequently reduce the stability of our ecosystem. Insect's ability to respond to temperature stress evolved through a complex adaptive process, thus resulting in varied temperature tolerance among different insects. Both high and low extreme temperatures are detrimental to insect development since they constitute an important abiotic stress capable of inducing abnormal biological responses. Many studies on heat or cold tolerance of ladybirds have focused on measurements of physiological and biochemical indexes such as supercooling point, higher/lower lethal temperatures, survival rate, dry body weight, water content, and developmental duration. And studies of the molecular mechanisms of ladybird responses to heat or cold stress have focused on single genes, such as those encoding heat shock proteins, but has not been analyzed by transcriptome profiling. RESULTS: In this study, we report the use of Digital Gene Expression (DGE) tag profiling to gain insight into transcriptional events associated with heat- and cold-stress in C. montrouzieri. About 6 million tags (49 bp in length) were sequenced in a heat stress group, a cold stress group and a negative control group. We obtained 687 and 573 genes that showed significantly altered expression levels following heat and cold shock treatments, respectively. Analysis of the global gene expression pattern suggested that 42 enzyme-encoding genes mapped to many Gene Ontology terms are associated with insect's response to heat- and cold-stress. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide a global assessment of genes and molecular mechanisms involved in heat and cold tolerance.

Hydrogen peroxide-scavenging enzymes impart tolerance to high temperature induced oxidative stress in sugarcane.

Seventy-one genotypes of sugarcane from diverse agro-climatic zones of India viz. peninsular, northwest, north-central and eastern zones, were screened for their tolerance to high temperature stress based on the damage to leaf biomass i.e. necrosis of leaf-tips and margins, and rolling of leaves. Nine selected genotypes showing variable response to heat injury were tested for activity pattern of isoforms of two H2O2-scavenging enzymes; ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT), under high temperature induced oxidative stress. Changes in the activity of APX and CAT isozymes in leaves corresponded to the level of tolerance of genotypes towards heat injury which was substantiated by the highly negative correlation coefficients of heat injury levels of leaves vs. integrated density of APX and CAT isozyme bands. This indicated that the criteria of higher expression of CATs’ and APXs’, the two major reactive oxygen species scavenging proteins in leaves may be used to screen large seedling populations and germplasm for high temperature tolerance.

Prospects, Technological Aspects and Limitations of Probiotics – A Worldwide Review.

The term “probiotics” (meaning “for life” in Greek) refers products containing live microorganisms, which increase the population of friendly intestinal bacteria upon ingestion. Several new dairy product formulations containing probiotic cultures are being developed with such microbes which when consumed offer potential health benefits viz. increased resistance to infectious diseases - particularly of the intestine, decreased duration of diarrhea, reduction in blood pressure, reduction in serum cholesterol concentration and allergy, stimulation of phagocytosis by peripheral blood leucocytes, modulation of cytokine gene expression, adjuvant effects, regression of tumors, reduction in carcinogen products, increased tolerance to lactose in lactose intolerant population etc. In addition, all potential benefits could not be achieved from just one type or strain of organism. Examples of probiotic microorganisms used in foods include Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus sp., Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Bifidobacterium sp., Pediococcus, Propionibacteria sp. This review paper highlights the benefits, technological aspects, world scenario and limitations of probiotic foods.

Heat tolerance in 1/2 Senepol and 5/4 Holstein 3/8 Brahman crossbred calves

Se realizaron dos ensayos para determinar la tolerancia al calor entre becerros mestizos ½ Senepol (S-) y 5/8 Holstein- 3/8 Brahmán (HB). En el primer ensayo se evaluaron las diferencias entre los 2 grupos raciales, mientras que en el segundo ensayo, además de la diferencias raciales se evaluó el efecto de dos temperaturas ambientales (Ta: 25 y 34°C) sobre la temperatura rectal (Tre), tasa respiratoria (RR), índice de toleranciaal calor (HTC), coeficiente de adaptabilidad (CA), ganancia diaria de peso (ADG), y medición del cortisol plasmático. En el ensayo 1 se utilizaron 324 observaciones obtenidas de 18 becerros S- y 12 becerros HB, mientras en el ensayo 2 se utilizaron 90 observaciones en 8 becerros S- y 7 becerros HB. El análisis estadístico de las variables estudiadas se realizó mediante medidas repetidas, a excepción de la variable ADG que se determinó mediante la prueba de T-test. En el ensayo 1, los becerros S- y HB presentaron valores similares de tolerancia al calor. Sin embargo, en el ensayo 2, los becerros HB presentaron Tre y RR superior a los S- (P<0,05), lo cual derivó en mejores coeficientes de tolerancia al calor (HTC, CA) y ADG en los S- (P<0,05). A los 34°C de Ta, los becerros HB obtuvieron mayor Tre (P<0,05) y menor HTC que los becerros S- (P<0,01). Los resultados demuestran la mayor tolerancia al calor en los becerros mestizos Senepol.

Two trials were conducted to determine heat tolerance between crossbred ½ Senepol- (S-) and 5/8 Holstein-3/8 Brahman (HB). Differences between crossbred in trial 1, and crossbred and ambient temperature (Ta: 25 and 34°C) in trial 2 were evaluated through rectal temperature (Tre), respiration rate (RR), heat tolerance index (HTC), coefficient of adaptability (CA), average daily gain (ADG), and plasma cortisol. Trial 1 used 324 observations in 18 S- calves and 12 HB calves, while trial 2 used 90 observations in 8 S- calves and 7 HB calves. The statistical analysis of the parameters evaluated was carried out by mixed model with repeated measurements, whilemeans the ADG was perform by T-test. In trial 1, S- and HB calves had similar heat tolerance (P>0.05). In trial 2, Tre and RR in HB were greater (P<0.05) than S- calves, and also HTC, CA and ADG were the best in S-. At 34°C of Ta, the HB calves had significantly (P<0.05) greater Tre, and lower HTC than S- calves (P<0.01). The results demonstrate the great heat to- lerance of the crossbred Senepol.

Long-Term Tropical Residency Diminishes Central Sudomotor Sensitivities in Male Subjects

Tropical natives (TROP) are capable of tolerating tropical heat because of their long-term adaptation to tropical environments. When exposed to heat stress, these natives tend to respond with lower sweat output, which is generally thought to be the result of heat acclimatization. The main objective of this study was to clarify central mechanisms inherent to suppressed thermal sweating in tropical natives (Malaysians) by comparing their sweating responses to those of temperate native (TEMP) (Koreans). This experiment was conducted in a thermoneutral climatic chamber (24+/-0.5 degrees C, 40+/-3% relative humidity). Heat loads were applied to each subject by the immersion of their lower legs in a hot water bath (43 degrees C for 30 min). Sweat onset-time and sweat volume were compared between TROP and TEMP. The sweat onset-times on four selected points on the body ranged from 10.25 to 13.47 min in TEMP subjects, and from 16.24 to 17.83 min in TROP subjects (p<0.001). The local sweat volumes at the same sites ranged from 4.30 to 9.74 mg/cm2 in TEMP subjects, and from between 1.80 to 4.40 mg/cm2 in TROP subjects (p<0.001). These results demonstrated a significant difference between TROP and TEMP subjects with regard to the manner in which they regulate their body temperatures when exposed to heat loads, and verified that long-term thermal adaptation blunts sweating sensitivities.