Comparative efficacy of 600 mg oral gabapentin and 300 mcg oral clonidine in attenuation of pre-operative anxiolysis and hemodynamic response to endotracheal intubation and laryngoscopy

Background: Endotracheal intubation and laryngoscopy are harmful stimulus, which can trigger unwanted cardiovascular conditions such as hypertension, dysrhythmia, and tachycardia. Various drugs have been used to attenuate the cardiovascular response. Drugs such as clonidine and Gabapentin are in extensive usage to stabilize the hemodynamic responses. Aim and Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy of 600 mg oral Gabapentin and 300 mcg oral clonidine in attenuating pre-operative anxiolysis and hemodynamic response to endotracheal intubation and laryngoscopy. Materials and Methods: This prospective randomized study consists of 100 cases between the age group 21 and 65 years posted for elective surgery under general anesthesia. The study cases were randomly divided into two groups. Group 1 (n = 50) administered with 600 mg oral Gabapentin and Group 2 (n = 50) administered with 300 mcg oral clonidine. The baseline and pre-operative hemodynamic parameters and levels of sedation score and anxiety scores were recorded. Results: The total duration of intubation was 26.53 min in Group 1 and 26.86 min in Group 2. The systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean heart rate, mean arterial pressure, sedation score, and anxiety score were comparable between the two study groups and the mean difference between the two study groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Both study drugs had similar significant anxiolysis and sedation scores. However, 300 ?g oral clonidine has better hemodynamic stability to laryngoscopy and intubation than 600 mg oral gabapentin.

Repercusión hemodinámica del cierre de la fístula arteriovenosa sobre el corazón derecho en trasplantados renales / Hemodynamic impact of arteriovenous fistula closure on the right heart in kidney transplant patients

Introducción: Las complicaciones cardiovasculares constituyen la primera causa de morbilidad y mortalidad en el receptor de trasplante renal. Objetivo: Caracterizar la repercusión de la fístula arteriovenosa sobre variables hemodinámicas del corazón derecho en trasplante renal. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo, longitudinal. Se incluyeron 52 pacientes, evaluados clínica y ecocardiográficamente. Se compararon cinco variables hemodinámicas en el corazón derecho, previos y seis meses posteriores al cierre de la fístula arteriovenosa. Resultados: La edad promedio 46,02 años, 29 masculinos (55,8 por ciento). El diámetro de la aurícula derecha en las fístulas cerradas en la muñeca izquierda 8805; 6 años disminuyó (p=0,044), al igual que en el ventrículo derecho <6 años a nivel del pliegue del codo izquierdo (p=0,004). La presión sistólica de la arteria pulmonar descendió tras el cierre en el codo izquierdo lt;6 años (p=0,002), en las 8805;6 (p=0,05) y en el derecho (p=0,006). La presión media de la arteria pulmonar se redujo en las cerradas en pliegue del codo izquierdo <6 años (p=0,001) y 8805;6 años (p=0,017) al igual que en el derecho (p=0,009). La fracción de eyección del ventrículo derecho se incrementó al cierre en muñeca izquierda ;6 años (p=0,046) y en el codo derecho 8805;6 años (p=0,027). Conclusiones: La permanencia de la fístula arteriovenosa en el receptor de trasplante renal contribuye a la perpetuación y progresión de la disfunción cardiovascular preexistente(AU)

Introduction: Cardiovascular complications are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in kidney transplant recipients. Objective: To describe the consequence of arteriovenous fistula on hemodynamic variables of the right heart in kidney transplantation. Methods: We conducted a prospective, longitudinal study. Fifty two patients were included, and they were clinically and echocardiographically assessed. Five hemodynamic variables were compared in the right heart, prior to the closure of the arteriovenous fistula and six months after. Results: The average age was 46.02 years, 29 were male (55.8 percent). The diameter decreased in the right atrium in closed fistulas in the left wrist #8805; 6 years (p = 0.044). The same occurred in the right ventricle <6 years at the level of the left elbow crease (p = 0.004). The systolic pressure of the pulmonary artery decreased after closure in the left elbow <6 years (p = 0.002), in ≥6 (p = 0.05) and in the right (p = 0.006). The mean pressure of the pulmonary artery was reduced in those closed in the crease of the left elbow <6 years (p = 0.001) and ≥6 years (p = 0.017) as well as in the right (p = 0.009). The right ventricular ejection fraction increased at closure in the left wrist <6 years (p = 0.046) and in the right elbow ≥6 years (p = 0.027). Conclusions: The permanence of arteriovenous fistula in the kidney transplant recipient contributes to the perpetuation and progression of the pre-existing cardiovascular dysfunction(AU)

The hemodynamic changes by different end-tidal CO2 under anesthesia using sevoflurane-N2O / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Hypercapnia augments cardiac output and can initiate a sympathetically mediated release of catecholamines to increase cardiac output. Many studies of hemodynamic changes by hypercapnia under general anesthesia with inhalation anesthetics besides sevoflurane. This study examined the hemodynamic changes by increasing end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) under sevoflurane-N2O anesthesia. METHODS: Twenty patients were enrolled in the study. We studied stable, mechanically ventilated patients under general anesthesia maintained with O2 2 L/min - N2O 2 L/min - sevoflurane (1.5-2.5 vol%). Hypercapnia were obtained by reducing tidal volume and respiratory rate. EtCO2 was adjusted to 30, 40, 50 mmHg with each concentration maintained for 15 min. Global hemodynamic variables were monitored with a pulmonary artery catheter. RESULTS: There were no changes in mean arterial pressure or heart rate by hypercapnia. Acute moderate hypercapnia increased cardiac output (4.9 +/- 1.7, 5.5 +/- 1.7, 6.2 +/- 2.1 L/min; P 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: When we changed patient EtCO2 to 30, 40, and 50 mmHg, there were no changes in mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate, but systemic vascular resistance decreased, and cardiac output, cardiac index and mean pulmonary arterial pressure increased significantly.

Effect-site concentration of remifentanil for smooth tracheal intubation without muscle relaxants provokes hypotension under desflurane anesthesia / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Many reports with hypnotics and opiates have been published for nonrelaxant tracheal intubation.In addition to its immediate onset and short duration time, remifentanil can well prevent responses against short and strong stimulation like tracheal intubation.However, the high concentration of remifentanil for nonrelaxant tracheal intubation can cause hemodynamic instability, thus we tried to estimate the predicted effect-site concentration of remifentanil for smooth intubation and provoking hypotension. METHODS: Forty three ASA I and II patients were randomly selected to receive an effect-site-controlled infusion of remifentanil 0, 2, 4, 6 ng/ml and propofol 2 mg/kg.Trachea was intubated after 3 minutes of manual breathing support with desflurane 6 vol%. The vital signs, end-tidal concentration of desflurane and responses of patients were recorded before intubation for 3 minutes and until 2 minutes after intubation every minute.The effective effect-site concentration (ECe) was calculated at 95% successful rate of smooth intubation and at 50% of provoking hypotension (equal to or under 55 mmHg). RESULTS: The estimation results of the logistic regression stated that 95% ECe of remifentanil for smooth intubation was 8.0 (5.0-14.3) ng/ml and 50% ECe for provoking hypotension equal to or under 55 mmHg before intubation was 5.0 (2.6-9.7) ng/ml. CONCLUSIONS: Remifentanil at 8.0 ng/ml provided good conditions for smooth intubation without muscle relaxants but could provoked hypotension.Consequently, we recommend the careful observation of the blood pressure with the use of remifentanil and the evaluation of the suitable measures to maintain the blood pressure for nonrelaxant tracheal intubation.

Intubating Conditions and Hemodynamic Changes during Tracheal Intubation with Propofol Followed by Remifentanil without the Use of Muscle Relaxant / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that tracheal intubation can be facilitated safely and effectively after induction of anesthesia with hypnotic and opioid without employing any muscle relaxants. Remifentanil is a new, ultra-short acting, selective mu-receptor agonist. The goal of our present study was to evaluate the appropriate induction dose of remifentanil with propofol for tracheal intubation without employing any muscle relaxants. METHODS: We have assessed intubating conditions in three groups of 45 ASA I or II Patients. Each group received intravenous dosage of 2 mg/kg of propofol with remifentanil 1microgram/kg (Group I), 2microgram/kg (Group II) or 3microgram/kg (Group III), respectively. No muscle relaxant was administered. Intubating conditions were assessed based on jaw relaxation, vocal cord position, vocal cord movement, airway reaction, and movement of limbs. Intubating conditions, mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate were measured just before induction (T00, baseline), before intubation (T0), 1 minute after intubation (T1), 2 minutes after intubation (T2) and 3 minutes after intubation (T3). RESULTS: Intubating conditions were clinically acceptable in 26.7, 86.7 and 93.3% of patients, after 1, 2 or 3microgram/kg administration of remifentanil, respectively. Clinically acceptable intubating conditions were significantly more in Group II and III when compared with Group I (P<0.05). Both HR (heart rate) and MAP (mean arterial pressure) were significantly lower in Group III when compared with Group I before intubation (T0), 1 minute after intubation (T1), 2 minutes after intubation (T2) and 3 minutes after intubation (T3) (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that 2-3microgram/kg of remifentanil may reliably provide 'good' to 'excellent' conditions for tracheal intubation when administered after administration of 2 mg/kg propofol. The conditions for intubation were significantly better in patients receiving 2 mg/kg of propofol followed by 2-3microgram/kg of remifentanil than those receiving 1microgram/kg of remifentanil.

Intubating Conditions and Hemodynamic Changes according to Induction Agent and Tracheal Intubation Time after Rocuronium / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Intubating conditions would be excellent and hemodynamic variables would be relatively stable during rapid- sequence anesthesia induction if tracheal intubation was performed at a proper time. The purpose of this study was to identify the ideal intubation time after rocuronium with either thiopental or propofol. METHODS: 113 patients, ASA physical status I or II, were randomly divided into four groups. Patients in group TR60 (thiopental-rocuronium) and in group PR60 (propofol-rocuronium) were intubated within 60 s, while groups TR90 and PR90 were intubated within 90 s after the administration of rocuronium. Intubating conditions were graded by an experienced anesthesiologist, and hemodynamic variables were noted just before induction (baseline), immediate after induction, immediate after intubation, and 5 min after intubation. RESULTS: Clinically acceptable intubating conditions (good or excellent) were not statistically different among the four groups. However, 55 and 64% of patients in groups TR90 and PR90, respectively, had excellent intubating conditions compared to only 39 and 38% in groups TR60 and PR60 (P < 0.05). Mean arterial pressure and rate pressure product (RPP) immediately after intubation were relatively stable in groups TR90 and PR90 compared to those in groups TR60 and PR60 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The intubation time after rocuronium, rather than the choice of induction agent, is the deciding factor affecting intubating conditions and hemodynamic variables during rapid-sequence anesthesia induction. Ninety seconds after the administration of rocuronium with either thiopental or propofol might be an ideal intubation time.