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ObjectiveTo observe the effect of Huangqi Baihe granules on the hypoxia-inducible factor 1α （HIF-1α）/nuclear factor-κB （NF-κB）/NOD-like receptor hot protein domain related protein 3 （NLRP3） signaling pathway in a rat model of high altitude hypoxia. MethodSixty male SPF SD rats were randomly divided into blank group， model group， dexamethasone group （5 mg·kg-1）， and high， middle， and low-dose groups of Huangqi Baihe granules （4.1， 2.05， 1.025 g·kg-1）. Among them， each Chinese medicine group was administrated orally for continuously 14 d， once a day， and the dexamethasone group was injected intraperitoneally for continuously 3 d as the positive control group. On the 15th d， the model group， dexamethasone group， and high， middle， and low dose groups of Huangqi Baihe granules were exposed to the simulated high altitude， low pressure， and low oxygen environment in the animal low-pressure simulation cabin， and the exposure lasted for 3 d. Blood was collected from the abdominal aorta and serum was separated， and the brain tissue was taken after being killed. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was used to observe the pathological changes in brain tissue. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was used to detect the content of tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， interleukin-6 （IL-6）， and interleukin-1β （IL-1β） in rat serum. Western blot was used to detect HIF-1α， NLRP3， phosphorylated nuclear factor-κB （p-NF-κB）， NF-κB， desquamation D （GSDMD）， and cysteine aspartate-specitis protein-1（Caspase-1） in rats of each group. The mRNA expression levels of HIF-1α， NLRP3， NF-κB p65， GSDMD， and Caspase-1 were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）. ResultThe results of HE staining showed that as compared with the normal group， the pathological sections of brain tissues in the model group showed that pyramidal cells were loosely arranged and distributed in disorder， with different sizes. Compared with the model group， the pathological changes in pyramidal cells in the dexamethasone group and high and middle-dose groups of Huangqi Baihe granules were reduced. The results of ELISA showed that as compared with the normal group， the content of TNF-α， IL-6， and IL-1β in the serum of rats in the model group was significantly higher （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the content of TNF-α， IL-6， and IL-1β in the serum of rats in the dexamethasone group and high and middle-dose groups of Huangqi Baihe granules decreased significantly （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The results of Western blot showed that as compared with the normal group， the relative protein expression levels of HIF-1α， NLRP3， p-NF-κB p65， GSDMD， and Caspase-1 in the brain tissue of the model group were significantly higher （P<0.01）. As compared with the model group， the relative expressions of HIF-1α， NLRP3， p-NF-κB p65， GSDMD， and Caspase-1 in the brain tissue of rats in the dexamethasone group and the high-dose group of Huangqi Baihe granules were significantly decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The relative protein expression levels of HIF-1α， NLRP3， p-NF-κB p65， and Caspase-1 in the brain tissue of rats in the middle-dose group of Huangqi Baihe granules decreased significantly （P<0.01）， and the relative protein expression of HIF-1α in the brain tissue of rats in the low-dose group of Huangqi Baihe granules was reduced （P<0.05）. The Real-time PCR analysis showed that as compared with the normal group， the mRNA expression levels of HIF-1α， NLRP3， NF-κB p65， GSDMD， and Caspase-1 in the brain tissue of the model group were significantly increased （P<0.01）. As compared with the model group， the mRNA expression levels of HIF-1α， NLRP3， NF-κB p65， GSDMD， and Caspase-1 in the brain tissue of rats in the dexamethasone group were significantly decreased （P<0.01）. The mRNA expression levels of HIF-1α， NF-κB p65， GSDMD， and Caspase-1 in the brain tissue of rats in the high-dose group of Huangqi Baihe granules decreased significantly （P<0.01）. The mRNA expression levels of HIF-1α， NLRP3， and Caspase-1in the brain tissue of rats in the middle-dose group of Huangqi granules decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionThe protective effect of Huangqi Baihe granules on acute brain injury in low-pressure hypoxic rats may be related to the HIF-1α/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway.
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Background Plateau environment may pose a serious impact on the physiological and psychological stress of people stationed on a plateau, especially for those engaged in military training and occupational activities. There is an urgent need to find drugs to prevent and treat injuries caused by high-altitude environment. Objective To analyze the current status, hotspots, and future trends of domestic and international research in the field of prevention and treatment of high-altitude disease (HAD) by traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and provide references for scientific research. Methods Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were searched for literature on TCM and HAD published from inception to 2022. Excel, CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and RStudio softwares were used to conduct visual analysis on the number of publications, types of publications, journals, authors, research institutions, and keywords. Results A total of 501 publications were evaluated in the present study, including 443 Chinese publications and 58 English publications. The annual number of publications showed a rising trend. MA Huiping was the leading author in number of publications in Chinese (37 publications), and ZHANG Yi and MENG Xianli were the leading authors in the number of publications in English (both 8 publications), respectively. The institutions with the most publications in Chinese were The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army and Lanzhou General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Region (both 32 publications), and the institution with the most publications in English was Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (8 publications), respectively. The Chinese and English journals with the largest number of publications were the Journal of High Altitude Medicine (39 publications) and the Journal of Ethnopharmacology (10 publications), respectively. The most highly cited Chinese and English literature included Effects of rhodiola on the free radical metabolism and serum creatine kinase after exercise at plateau (61 citations) and Anti-hypoxic activity at simulated high altitude was isolated in petroleum ether extract of Saussurea involucrate (68 citations) , respectively. The most frequent keywords in the Chinese and English literature were high altitude polycythemia and oxidative stress, respectively. The keyword time zone and emergence maps showed that the research hotspots in this field shifted from prevention and treatment of HAD to animal experiments, and then to mechanisms of action, in which oxidative stress, hypoxic injury, inflammation, and apoptosis were the main focuses. Conclusion The research of TCM against HAD is identified from early clinical observation to associations between clinical outcome variation and pharmacological mechanisms, and further to applying multi-omics techniques to explore the physical basis of TCM efficacy and mechanisms of action with focuses like TCM formula and single herb active ingredients, so as to elaborate potential scientific connotation of TCM against HAD.
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Due to factors such as low pressure, low oxygen and cold in the plateau environment, people who enter the plateau rapidly are susceptible to digestive system diseases, such as upper abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting and other gastrointestinal dysfunction, which seriously affect the health and work ability of people who enter the plateau rapidly. The gastrointestinal dysfunction caused by the rapid advance to the plateau is mainly reflected in three aspects: gastrointestinal motility dysfunction, impaired mucosal barrier function, and intestinal flora imbalance. At present, the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal dysfunction is still not very clear, and there are fewer drugs for targeted prevention and treatment. Gastrointestinal hormones, oxygen free radicals, inflammatory factors, intestinal flora and other factors, as well as the protective effects of related drugs were reviewed in this paper to provide treatment options and theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of the gastrointestinal emergency response caused by entering the plateau.
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Hypoxia is one of the factors restricting the survival of people at high altitudes, which can cause various symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, palpitations, shortness of breath and acute coma. About 80% of patients with acute mountain sickness have at least one symptom of a gastrointestinal distress (e. g., anorexia, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, etc.). The pathological characteristics, pathogenesis and drug treatment of intestinal injury caused by high-altitude hypoxia were studied, which is conducive to the diagnosis and treatment of plateau gastrointestinal diseases. Therefore, by summarized relevant literature and systematically expounds the related researches on intestinal damage caused by high altitude hypoxia. We summarized the changes of intestinal morphology, intestinal cells, intestinal flora and other intestinal homeostasis caused by high altitude hypoxia, the mechanism of intestinal inflammation and oxidative damage, and the treatment of traditional Chinese medicine, which provide reference and information for reference for scientific research workers and clinicians.
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Aim To explore the effect of salidroside on the learning and memory ability of mice under high altitude hypoxia. Methods Forty-eight C57BL/6J male mice were randomly divided into plain control group, plateau model group and salidroside group according to their body weight, with 16 mice in each group. The animals in each group were given prophylactic doses for three days and then rushed to a plateau with an altitude of 4 010 m. After one day of hypoxia exposure, Morris water maze was performed to test the learning and memory ability of mice; malondialdehyde(MDA), hydrogen peroxide(H
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The function of the central nervous system was significantly altered under high-altitude hypoxia, and these changes lead to central nervous system disease and affected the metabolism of drugs in vivo. The blood-brain barrier is essential for maintaining central nervous system stability and plays a key role in the regulation of drug metabolism, and barrier structure and dysfunction affect drug transport to the brain. Changes in the structure and function of the blood-brain barrier and the transport of drugs across the blood-brain barrier under high-altitude hypoxia are regulated by changes in brain microvascular endothelial cells, astrocytes and pericytes, and are regulated by drug metabolism factors such as drug transporters and drug metabolizing enzymes. This article reviews the effects of high-altitude hypoxia on the structure and function of the blood-brain barrier and the effects of changes in the blood-brain barrier on drug metabolism. We investigate the regulatory effects and underlying mechanisms of the blood-brain barrier and related pathways such as transcription factors, inflammatory factors and nuclear receptors on drug transport under high-altitude hypoxia.
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As the main carrier of oxygen delivery in the blood circulation system, hemoglobin (Hb) plays a key role in the adaptation of animals to high altitude hypoxia.In this paper, we combined analysis of genome, transcriptome, molecular evolution, homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulation, and explored the molecular mechanisms of increased blood oxygen affinity of Pseudopodoces humilis.Our results showed that the prenatal expressed p gene was highly expressed in the adult Pseudopodoces humilis (RPKM = 32.22) compared to Parus major (RPKM = 0), and this may result in the presence of two additional p-type Hbs with high oxygen affinity in the blood of P.humilis, i.e.(al>p)2 and (aAp)2.The PA25G-A and pA55L-I mutations may increase the van der Waals force between the B and D helices, which might eventually make the entire Pv subunit more compact and finally reduce the number of hydrogen bonds between a dimers, hence the transition from T state to R state is prone to occur.The two mutations of (3a43A-S and pA44S-N could change the conformation and polarity of the heme pocket opening, thus making the solution easier to flow into/out of the heme pocket and therefore facilitating the gas exchange.The pA90E-K mutation in P.humilis has undergone strong positive selection, which could increase the basicity of pA-type Hb, thereby offsetting the decrease in Hb-02 affinity caused by the Bohr effect.In addition, we also found that aA44P-S and pA43A-S mutations may increase the hydrophilicity of otA and pv type Hbs, which is beneficial to the accumulation of Hb to a higher concentration in red blood cells.Collectively, the prenatal Hb genes highly expressed in the adult together with the genetic based changes in intrinsic 0, affinity and physicochemical property of aA and pA Hb could be the main causes for the increase in blood oxygen affinity of P.humilus.
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Objective To investigate anti-hypoxia activity and protective effects of Lishukang capsule on rat brain tissue at simulated high altitude hypoxia.Methods The anti-hypoxic activity of Lishukang capsule was evaluated with normobaric hypoxia test and acute hypobaric hypoxia test in mice.In addition,rats were exposed to large hypobaric hypoxia chamber stim-ulating 8 000 m altitude.The pathological changes of rat brain tissue before and after hypoxia were observed.The oxidative stress indicators and metabolism parameters in brain were measured.Results The low,medium and high Lishukang doses can effectively prolong the survival time of mice(P<0.01)in the dose dependent manner.The medium and high Lishukang doses were significantly better than those of Rhodiola rosea capsules(P<0.05 or P<0.01).The low,medium,high Lishukang dose groups reduced the mortality of acute hypobaric hypoxia mice(P<0.01)with dose dependent effects.The mice mortality in medium and high dose groups was lower than that of Rhodiola rosea group(P< 0.01).Compared with normal control group,the hypoxic model rats exhibited pathological injury in the brain tissue after exposure to hypobaric hypoxia stimulating 8 000 m altitude.The contents of MDA,H2O2,NO,LD and LDH activity increased significantly(P<0.05 or P<0.01), while the activities of SOD,CAT,GPX were significantly decreased(P<0.05 or P<0.01).After pretreatment with Lishu-kang capsule,the pathological damage of rat brain tissue was alleviated and the content of MDA,NO in the brain tissue was re-duced(P<0.05 or P<0.01).The levels of H2O2,LD content and LDH activity in medium and high dose groups were signifi-cantly decreased(P<0.05 or P<0.01).The activities of SOD,CAT and GPX in high dose group were significantly increased(P<0.05).Conclusion Lishukang capsule has good anti-hypoxia activity.It provides protective effect for the injuries induced by hypobaric hypoxia in rats.The mechanism may related to the improvement of antioxidant capability,reduction of free radical damage and amelioration of energy metabolism.
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Objective To investigate the effects on myocardial mitochondria-related indexes in rats after rapid elevation to 3 400 m altitude and myocardial protection effects with metoprolol.Methods Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups with 12 rats in each group as follows,group A(normal group,55 m above sea level),group B(hypoxia group, 3 400 m above sea level),group C(metoprolol group,3 400 m above sea level).Heart rate and blood pressure were measured during the rapid transfer from the plain(Shanghai 55 m)to plateau of 3 400 m.Then,the rats were anesthetized with chloral hydrate.The blood was collected from the abdominal aorta and blood gas indexes were measured.The heart tissue was homog-enized.The oxidativee stress related parameters,such as superoxide dismutase(SOD),malondialdehyde(MDA)and nitric ox-ide(NO)were assayed.The mitochondrial function related parameters,such as complexes-Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ,succinate dehydro-genase(SDH),malate dehydrogenase(MDH)and adenosine triphosphate(ATP)were measured.Results After the rats were exposed to high altitude,the blood oxygen tension and oxygen saturation in the metoprolol group were increased in com-parison with the hypoxia group.Compared with the normal group,the content of MDA in the hypoxia group was increased sig-nificantly,while the content of SOD and NO were decreased significantly(P<0.01),the mitochondrial complex Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲand Ⅳ were also decreased 44.49%,32.38%,34.43% and 20.16%.Compared with hypoxia group,the MDA was decreased by 13.72%,while SOD and NO were increased by 25.73% and 168.55%,the activity of mitochondrial complexes were also increased by 44.92%,33.73%,37.11% and 10.09% for metoprolol group.The respiratory chain SDH and MDH in hypoxic group were decreased by 29.51% and 42.79% and the activity of Na+-K+-ATPase,Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase and T-ATPase were decreased by 20.24%,27.56% and 33.32% in comparison with the normal group.After intervention with metoprolol,SDH and MDH were increased by 47.36% and 88.57% separately,the activities of Na+-K+-ATPase,Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase and T-ATPase were also increased by 31.92%,26.95%,44.93% in comparison with hypoxia group.Those results indicated that metoprolol can increase ATPase activity.Conclusion Under the condition of acute hypoxia at 3 400 m above sea level,myocar-dial injury is related to the changes of oxidative stress and mitochondrial-related enzyme activity.Metoprolol helps to normalize the related indicators and provides the protection for myocardial injury caused by hypoxia.
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@#AIM: To observe morphological changes of retinal tissues, early apoptosis rates and expressions of caspase-3 and p53 in rats, so as to analyze the mechanism of apoptosis in retinal damage of rats under stimulated hypoxic conditions at high altitude.<p>METHODS: Experimental rats were randomly divided into the control and experimental groups. Ten rats in the control group were bred in an indoor environment with the altitude of 1,500 meters; 60 in the experimental group were divided into 6 groups with each group of 10 rats, which were bred in a simulated experimental cabin of a simulated plateau environment with the altitude of 5,000 meters for 2, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72h, respectively. After rats were killed in all groups, pathomorphological changes of rats' retinas were observed with hematoxylin eosin staining, expressions of caspase-3 and p53 in rats' retinas were noticed with immunohistochemical staining, and flow cytometry was used to detect early apoptosis rates. <p>RESULTS: The simulated hypoxic conditions at high altitude could cause rats' retinal tissues damage, and the longer hypoxic conditions were, the more obvious retinal pathological damage was. Expressions of caspase-3 and p53 were detected at 2h, and gradually increased with oxygen lack time increasing, the differences showed statistical significance(<i>P</i><0.05). Early apoptosis rates of retinal cells gradually rose with oxygen lack time, and rose obviously at 48h.<p>CONCLUSION: Apoptosis may involve in the mechanism of rats' retinal damage induced by stimulated hypoxic conditions at high altitude, and play this role by the caspase-3-dependent apoptotic pathway.
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Objective To investigate the effect of high altitude hypoxia on chronic inflammation in rats.Methods Forty SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group (Con),chronic inflammation group (CI),high altitude hypoxia group (HH),high altitude hypoxia+chronic inflammation group (HH+CI).Rats in CI group were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (0.5 mg/kg) through the caudal vein twice a week for 4 weeks.Rats in HH+CI group were treated just as CI group was,but together with HH group rats were settled in a hypoxic environment of 6000 m altitude for three days.Pathological changes in lung tissues were observed by hematoxylin eosin stain.The peripheral white blood cell count and classification were measured.The levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in serum and lung tissues were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Changes in IL-6 expression in rat lung tissues were observed by Western blotting.Results After LPS and high altitude hypoxia exposure,inflammatory cells infiltration and alveolar capillary expansion were observed in rats' lung tissue.Compared with Con group,not only the peripheral white blood cell count,but also the level of IL-6 and TNF-α in serum and lung tissue increased in CI and HH group(P<0.01).IL-6 expression levels observed by Western blotting were also increased in HH and CI group(P<0.01).High altitude hypoxia and chronic inflammation interacted(P<0.01).The peripheral white blood cell count was higher in HH+CI group than in other groups,and IL-6 and TNF-α expressions in lung tissue were increased(P<0.05).Conclusion An LPS-induced chronic inflammation model in rats is successfully obtained,and high altitude hypoxia could aggravate chronic inflammation.
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Objective To observe the molecular mechanism of adaptive response of the kidney and skeleton and brain issues in the high altitude hypoxia; To discuss the unity of yin and yang oscillation relationship of kidney and brain marrow.Methods SPF KM mice were randomly divided into control group and model group according to random number table method. Mice in the model group were exposed to high altitude hypoxia cabin for successive 21 d. On the 22nd day, mice got out of the cabin and their body weight was measured, and then they were put to death through eyeball blood sampling. The activities of lactic LDH and Na+-K+-ATPase in brain tissue were detected by spectrophotometric colorimetry. The PFK activities of brain and skeletal muscle were detected by ELISA. Meanwhile the contents of EPO and EPOR in the kidney were measured by ELISA. The mRNA expressions of HIF-1α and AQP-4 in brain were assessed by RT-PCR. At the same time, the protein expressions of HIF-1α and AQP-1 in brain and the protein expression of Mb in skeletal muscle were detected by Western blot.Results Compared with the normal group, the LDH and PFK in brain tissue and the content of EPO in kidney tissue were all raised in the model group(P<0.05). Meanwhile the mRNA expressions of HIF-1α and AQP-4 and the protein expressions of HIF-1α and AQP-1 in brain were all increased in the mice from the model group; the activities of PFK and the protein expression of Mb in skeletal muscle were also raised in the model group. But the activity of Na+-K+-ATPase in brain tissue and the content of EPOR in kidney tissue both decreased in the model group (P<0.05,P<0.01).Conclusion Adaptive response and the unity of yin and yang oscillation relationship between kidney, skeleton and brain tissue happen in high altitude hypoxia.
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Objective To investigate the protective effect of Astragalus-Lily Granules on intestinal mucosa and intestinal flora homeostasis in mice under high altitude hypoxia condition. Methods We put mice into high altitude hypoxia cabin to establish high altitude hypoxia model mice. Sixty Kunming mice were randomly divided into control group, model group, Astragalus- Lily particles (ALP) low, medium and high dose groups [1.75, 3.5, 7g/(kg·d)] respectively. After three days of routine feeding, the ALP mice received drug by intragastric administration, once a day for continuous 17 days, control group and model group were given double distilled water in same volume. From the 15th day, all the mice but control group were exposed to simulated high altitude hypoxia condition for 3 days in a high altitude hypoxia cabin after they were gavaged for half an hour daily. By the 18th day, the fresh mouse feces were collected and smeared to observe the changes of microflora. The pathological changes of intestinal tissues were observed by HE staining and the expression of HIF-1α protein in intestines was detected by immunohistochemistry. Results The enterococci and gram negative bacteria showed a higher proportion (65.2%±2.4% and 56.7%±3.3%, respectively) in the model group compared with the control group (24.7%±1.2%, 23.2%±1.5%, respectively, P<0.05). The pathological score of intestinal mucosal necrosis and edema (3.10±0.99, 3.30±0.67 respectively) and inflammatory cell count (15.93±3.30, 16.40±3.97/ HP respectively) was higher compared with the model group (0.70±0.67, 0.80±0.78; 4.07±2.12, 4.28±2.16/HP respectively; P<0.05). HIF-1α expression increased significantly compared with the model group (P<0.05). The enterococci (46.7%±2.0%, 32.0%±2.6% respectively) and gram negative bacteria rate (34.2%±1.6%, 38.0%±2.8% respectively) in the ALP medium and high dose groups were lower compared with the model group (24.7%±1.2%, 23.2%±1.5% respectively, P<0.05). The pathological score of intestinal mucosal necrosis and edema in small intestine (2.30±1.33, 2.10±0.94 respectively) and colon (2.50±1.08, 1.90±0.99) were lower than those of model group and inflammatory cell count (small intestine 13.26±2.34, 10.93±3.67/HP, colon 14.40±2.02, 11.33±2.96/HP, respectively) were lower than those of the model group (P<0.05), and the HIF-1α expression in the intestinal tissues increased significantly compared with the model group (P<0.01). Conclusion ALP has certain protective effect on intestinal mucosa and microecology of mice under high altitude hypoxia condition.
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Objective To study the change of the peripheral blood cells of soldiers in high altitude hypoxia,to analyze its influ-ence on the blood cells.Methods The blood cell were compared among the soldiers in the plains,entered plateau after 6 months and stationed plateau for a long time,and to analyzed the effect of high altitude hypoxia environment on blood cells.Results WBC, RBC,hemoglobin,hematocrit and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were obviously above plain group and long staff group (P 0.05).platelet,mean platelet volume,platelet distribution width was clearly higher than that of plain group (P <0.05 ).Conclusion Blood cells of soldiers training in the high altitude hypoxia environment are significantly increased,and changes in blood cells are closely related to emplacement time and altitude.
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Objective To explore the intervention effect of active fraction of Angelica Sinensis Radix in mice under high altitude hypoxia condition. Methods Totally 72 healthy SPF mice were randomly divided into control group (K), model group (M), Rhodiola rosea group, and active fraction of Angelica Sinensis Radix groups (B, C, X). The mice were administerted corresponding treatment by gavage for 21 days. Control mice were given normal saline in same volume. From the 8th day, all mice excepted control mice were exposed to high altitude hypoxia cabin after 0.5 hour gavage treament. On the 22nd day, after got out of the cabin and their body weight were measured, mice were put to death through eyeball blood sampling to prepare splenic lymphocyte suspension. The proliferation and transformation capacities of lymphocyte cell and killing activity of NK cells were detected by MTT. The content of IL-2 in the serum of mice in each group were detected by ELISA. Results Compared with the control group, the body weight of mice, the proliferation and transformation capacities of lymphocyte cell, the killing activity of NK cells, and the content of IL-2 were all significantly decreased (P<0.05, P<0.01). Experiment tests showed that the proliferation and transformation abilities of lymphocyte cell and the killing activity of NK cells were all increased in the mice of group B, C, and X compared with those of the model group (P<0.05, P<0.01). The stimulate index of lymphocyte cell was raised after X intervention compared with those of the model group (P<0.05). The content of IL-2 in the serum was enhanced after intervention of active fraction C and X of Angelica Sinensis Radix compared with those of the model group (P<0.05, P<0.01). Conclusion Active fraction of Angelica Sinensis Radix shows increasing immunological function of mice exposed to hypoxia.
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Objective To investigate the histological changes of the right ventricular remodeling in Xinjiang Mar-mota baibacina which are adapted to high-altitude hypoxia .Methods Hematoxylin and eosin and Masson staining was used to examine the pathological changes and degree of fibrosis , and immunohistochemical technique was used to detect connexin 43 ( CX43) expression in the right ventricular myocardium .Results In the right ventricular myocardium , cardio-myocyte hypertrophy and increased amount of collagen fibers were observed .The right ventricular hypertrophy index and weight index of Marmota baibacina were significantly higher , and expression of CX43 was significantly reduced than that of normal rats ( P<0.05 for both ) .Conclusions High-altitude hypoxia induces right ventricular remodeling in Xinjiang Marmota baibacina.It can be used as an ideal animal model for studies on the mechanisms of hypoxia adaptation on high -altitude plateau .
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Objective: To investigate the effects of simulated altitude acute hypoxia on appetite and orexin mRNA expression in rats. Methods: Rats were exposed to hypobaric chambersimulating different high altitude (3000m,4000m,5000m,6000m) for different times (8h/d;1d,3d and 7d respectively), and the changes of appetite, weight gain, and the orexin mRNA expression in hypothalamus of rats were examined. Results: With the increasement of hypoxia time and simulated altitude, the total food intake of rats and the orexin A and B mRNA expression in hypothalamus decreased gradually as compared with control. After 7 days of hypoxia, the weight gain of rats was significantly different(P