A dietary intervention study on the effects of different dietary structures on postprandial drowsiness / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo find the type of dietary structure that can effectively prevent or improve postprandial sleepiness in the Chinese population， and provide scientific basis and solutions for improving or avoiding postprandial sleepiness. MethodsIn this study， a six-day dietary intervention trial was conducted for 20 volunteers on four different diets （normal diet， high-fat diet， high-carbohydrate diet and healthy diet）. ResultsThe results showed that sleepiness increased after all four types of meals， but decreased after 30 minutes in the healthy balanced diet group； meanwhile， it increased for 60 minutes before it declined in the high-carbohydrate， high-fat， and normal diet （control） group. At 60 minutes after meal， the drowsiness of the healthy balanced diet group was the weakest， and that of the high carbohydrate diet groups was the strongest， while that of the normal diet group and the high fat diet group was intermediate （P<0.000 1）. Postprandial sleepiness was positively correlated with intake of carbohydrate and manganese， and negatively correlated with intake of protein， some mineral elements and vitamins. ConclusionThese results suggest that controlling carbohydrate and fat intake and appropriately increasing the intake of mineral elements and vitamins in a healthy and balanced diet can significantly improve and prevent postprandial sleepiness.

Efeito da ingestão de sucos de laranja, variedades Moro e Pera, sobre o estresse oxidativo de camundongos saudáveis e com resistência à insulina induzida por dieta hiperlipídica e hiperglicídica / Effect of orange juices intake, cv. Moro and Pera, in oxidative stress of healthy and insulin resistant mice induced by high-fat and high carbohydrate diet

As laranjas, das variedades Moro e Pera, são conhecidas por sua composição de flavonoides, em especial, a subclasse flavanona, além das antocianinas na laranja Moro. Ambas as subclasses apresentam capacidade antioxidante, anti-inflamatória e hipolipidêmica, podendo atenuar as alterações metabólicas decorrentes do consumo de uma dieta hiperlipídica e hiperglicídica. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da ingestão de sucos de laranja, das variedades Moro e Pera, sobre os parâmetros oxidativos de camundongos saudáveis e com resistência à insulina, esta última induzida por uma dieta hiperlipídica e hiperglicídica. Camundongos machos, da linhagem C57Bl/6, foram distribuídos em seis grupos, três grupos receberam uma dieta controle e três grupos uma dieta hiperlipídica e hiperglicídica, durante 12 semanas. Concomitante às dietas, dois grupos de cada tratamento receberam suco de laranja Pera e o outro suco de laranja Moro em substituição à água de beber. Na 10ª e 11ª semana, foram realizados o ipITT e o ipGTT. No final do tratamento, foram coletados o sangue, fígado e coração. As flavanonas majoritárias caracterizadas em ambos os sucos foram a narirutina e hesperitina. Além das flavanonas, a cianidina 3-glucosídeo foi a antocianina majoritária no suco de laranja Moro. O consumo de dieta hiperlipídica e hiperglicídica acarretou em ganho de peso e adiposidade corporal, além de alterações metabólicas, como intolerância à insulina e a glicose, com o desenvolvimento da resistência insulínica, de acordo com o índice de HOMA-IR. Contudo, o suco de laranja, da variedade Pera, foi capaz de atenuar os parâmetros metabólicos como a sensibilidade à insulina, além da adiposidade e peso corporal. No tecido hepático, foi observado redução da peroxidação lipídica e da expressão proteica da enzima catalase nos animais tratados com dieta hiperlipídica e hiperglicídica, quando comparado à dieta controle; e aumento na atividade de superóxido dismutase no tecido cardíaco. Não se observou diferenças significativas nas demais enzimas antioxidantes, bem como no dano oxidativo ao DNA avaliado pelo ensaio do cometa. No tecido cardíaco, foi observado aumento da peroxidação lipídica e de glutationa peroxidase nos animais tratados com dieta controle mais suco de laranja Pera e suco de laranja Moro, respectivamente. Assim, a dieta hiperlipídica e hiperglicídica não acarretou em estresse oxidativo e, de maneira geral, os sucos não alteraram este quadro. Como conclusão, o suco de laranja Pera, atenuou as alterações metabólicas relacionadas ao metabolismo de carboidratos, mas não alterou os parâmetros de estresse oxidativo

Oranges, Moro and Pera varieties, are known for their composition of flavonoids, especially the subclass flavanone, beyond the anthocyanins in the Moro variety. Both subclasses present antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hypolipidemic capacities, and may attenuate the metabolic alterations due to the consumption of a hyperlipidemic and hyperglycemic diet. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of orange juice intake, Moro and Pera varieties, on the oxidative parameters of insulin resistant mice induced by a high-fat and high carbohydrate diet. Mice (C57Bl/6 strain) were distributed in six groups: three groups received a control diet and three groups received a high-fat and high carbohydrate diet during 12 weeks. Concomitantly to the diets, two groups of each treatment received Pera and Moro orange juice in replacement of water. The ipITT and ipGTT were done at 11 e 12 week. At the ending of the treatment, blood, liver and heart were collected. The flavanones narirutine and hesperitin were the major flavanones in both juices. In addition, cyanidin 3-glycoside was the major anthocyanin in Moro orange juice. The consumption of high-fat and high carbohydrate diet resulted in weight gain and body adiposity, and metabolic alterations, such as decrease in insulin tolerance and development of insulin resistance, according to the HOMA-IR index. However, orange juice of the Pera variety was able to attenuate metabolic parameters increasing insulin sensitivity and decreasing adiposity and body weight. In hepatic tissue, decrease on lipid peroxidation and protein expression of the catalase were observed in animals treated with high-fat and high carbohydrate diet when compared to the control diet; and an increase activity of the superoxide dismutase in cardiac tissue. No significant differences were observed in the other antioxidant enzymes, as well as in the oxidative DNA damage assessed by the comet assay. In cardiac tissue, lipid peroxidation and glutathione peroxidase were increased in animals treated with control diet plus Pera and Moro orange juice, respectively. Thus, the high-fat and high carbohydrate diet did not promote oxidative stress and, in general, the juices did not alter oxidative parameters. In conclusion, Pera orange juice attenuate the metabolic alterations related to the metabolism of carbohydrates, but not alter oxidative stress parameters

Blood Sugar Control and Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat Diet / 임상당뇨병

Diabetes patients and pre-diabetic patients are increasing worldwide. Type 2 diabetes starts with insulin resistance, and the long-term habit of stimulating insulin secretions causes insulin resistance and accumulates body fat to develop obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver into diabetes. It also causes a variety of chronic diseases such as high blood pressure, polycystic ovary diseases, cancer and dementia. Insulin resistance is caused by an unbalanced lifestyle, and among other factors, the balance of the macronutrient is a very important factor. Koreans are characterized by high carbohydrate intake. Given the increasing prevalence of diabetes and the characteristics of Korean physical and eating habits, a more effective balance of diet education is needed. Therefore, it is very important for clinical dietitian to understand the carbohydrate and fat metabolism caused by insulin, and the concept of balanced diet for blood sugar control needs to be shifted from low-fat high-carbohydrate diet to low-carbohydrate high-fat diet.

High-Carbohydrate Diets and Food Patterns and Their Associations with Metabolic Disease in the Korean Population

PURPOSE: Although an Asian diet is typically high in carbohydrate and low in fat, there has been a steady increase in the rate of cardiometabolic disease in Asian countries over the past decade. We evaluated food patterns of a high-carbohydrate diet and examined their associations with metabolic disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using data from the 2013–2015 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we included a total of 13106 subjects aged 20 years or older in this study. Diet was divided into seven groups according to the percentage of energy from carbohydrates. Food patterns were evaluated as individual servings per food group. Multivariate logistic regression was conducted to estimate odds ratios (OR) for metabolic disease. RESULTS: The proportions of men and women exceeding the recommended range of carbohydrate intake were 58.0% and 60.0%, respectively. A higher carbohydrate diet was associated with intake of low energy and saturated fats, with more grains and fruit, but less meat, fish, egg, bean (MFEB), and dairy consumption. Carbohydrate intake decreased by 3.0–3.4% per serving of MFEB and milk. In men, the highest carbohydrate group showed an OR of 1.35 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.91 to 1.99] for metabolic syndrome, although this failed to show statistical significance. In women, the highest carbohydrate group had an OR of 1.38 (95% CI, 1.06 to 1.80) for a reduced level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that a very-high-carbohydrate diet for the Korean population is attributable to lower consumption of MFEB and dairy products and is associated with several metabolic risk factors. The appropriate distribution of macronutrients for the prevention and management of metabolic disease should be explored.

The effect of high-carbohydrate diet and low-fat diet for the risk factors of metabolic syndrome in Korean adolescents: Using the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) 1998-2009 / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome has increased in both the adult population and in adolescents. How-ever, few studies have been conducted for adolescents. The aim of this study was to examine the association of metabolic syndrome and its risk factors with high carbohydrate diet and high fat diet using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1998-2009). METHODS: Using the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for Korean Dietary Reference Intakes, subjects whose energy intake from carbohydrate was greater than 70% and from fat was less than 15% were classified as the 'High-carbohydrate & low-fat diet (HCLF)' group and subjects whose energy intake from carbohydrate was less than 60% and from fat was 25% or more were classified as the 'Low-carbohydrate & high-fat Diet (LCHF)' group. Among 5,931 eligible subjects, HCLF included 853 subjects and LCHF included 1,084 subjects. RESULTS: The mean age in both groups was 14 years and significant difference in age, BMI, sex, physical activity, and household income was observed between the HCLF and LCHF groups. Regarding the energy intake compared to Estimated Energy Re-quirement, the HCLF group met 79.0% and the LCHF group met 100.3%. Regarding nutrient intake per 1,000 kcal, carbo-hydrate, iron, potassium, and vitamin C intake in the HCLF group were significantly higher, but protein, fat, calcium, phos-phorus, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin intakes were significantly lower in the HCLF group compared to the LCHF group. After adjusting for age, sex, BMI, study year, household income, physical activity, and energy intake, the serum tri-glycerides level and systolic blood pressure were slightly higher, while the serum HDL-cholesterol level was significantly lower in HCLF than LCHF. The odds ratio of metabolic syndrome did not differ significantly between HCLF and LCHF. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate an association of a high carbohydrate diet with increased risks for metabolic syndrome components. Conduct of future studies would be necessary in order to explore the underlying mechanism and to confirm our findings in a prospective study.

A high-carbohydrate diet enhances the adverse effect of the S2 allele of APOC3 SstI polymorphism on the TG/HDL-C ratio only in young Chinese females

Both genetic background and diet have profound effects on plasma lipid profiles. We hypothesized that a high-carbohydrate (high-CHO) diet may affect the ratios of serum lipids and apolipoproteins (apo) differently in subjects with different genotypes of the SstI polymorphism in the apoCIII gene (APOC3). Fifty-six healthy university students (27 males and 29 females, 22.89 ± 1.80 years) were given a washout diet of 54 percent carbohydrate for 7 days, followed by a high-CHO diet of 70 percent carbohydrate for 6 days without total energy restriction. Serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apoB100, apoAI, and the APOC3 SstI polymorphism were analyzed. The ratios of serum lipids and apoB100/apoAI were calculated. At baseline, the TG/HDL-C ratio was significantly higher in females, but not in males, with the S2 allele. The differences in the TG/HDL-C ratio between genotypes remained the same after the washout and the high-CHO diet in females. When compared with those before the high-CHO diet, the TC/HDL-C (male S2 carriers: 3.13 ± 1.00 vs 2.36 ± 0.65, P = 0.000; male subjects with the S1S1 genotype: 2.97 ± 0.74 vs 2.09 ± 0.55, P = 0.000; female S2 carriers: 2.68 ± 0.36 vs 2.24 ± 0.37, P = 0.004; female subjects with the S1S1 genotype: 2.69 ± 0.41 vs 2.09 ± 0.31, P = 0.000) and LDL-C/HDL-C (male S2 carriers: 1.44 ± 0.71 vs 1.06 ± 0.26, P = 0.012; male subjects with the S1S1 genotype: 1.35 ± 0.61 vs 1.01 ± 0.29, P = 0.005; female S2 carriers: 1.18 ± 0.33 vs 1.00 ± 0.18, P = 0.049; female subjects with the S1S1 genotype: 1.18 ± 0.35 vs 1.04 ± 0.19, P = 0.026) ratios were significantly decreased after the high-CHO diet regardless of gender and of genotype of the APOC3 SstI polymorphism. However, in female S2 carriers, the TG/HDL-C (1.38 ± 0.46 vs 1.63 ± 0.70, P = 0.039) ratio was significantly increased after the high-CHO diet. In conclusion, the high-CHO diet has favorable effects on the TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratios regardless of gender and of genotype of the APOC3 SstI polymorphism. Somehow, it enhanced the adverse effect of the S2 allele on the TG/HDL-C ratio only in females.

Regulation of acetyl CoA carboxylase mRNA in rat liver by high carbohydrate diet and insulin

Acetyl CoA carboxylase contents in liver cytosol of rats refed a high carbohydrate diet or injected with insulin were measured by an immunoassay method in order to evaluate the effects of dietary carbohydrate and insulin treatment on the control in the amount of acetyl CoA carboxylase. Acetyl CoA carboxylase was purified 1,552 folds with a specific activity of 3.88 units/mg protein from livers of rats refed a high carbohydrate diet for 3 days following a 3-day fasting and the antibody was generated against the purified acetyl CoA carboxylase in a rabbit. Treatment of insulin (1.5 units/100g BW) and a high carbohydrate diet increased the amount of acetyl CoA carboxylase in liver cytosol by 3 times and 10 times, respectively, when compared to the enzyme content found in the control. The synthetic ratio of acetyl CoA carboxylase to total cytosolic proteins was 4 times higher in the insulin-treated group and 10 times higher in the high carbohydrated diet-treated group than the control group. The polysomal RNA contents in liver cytosols were 279% of the control in the insulin-treated group and 365% of the control in the high carbohydrate diet group. Also, the nascent chain of acetyl CoA carboxylase in polysome were 158% of the control in the insulin-treated group and 311% of the control in the high carbohydrate treated group. From these results, it is assumed that the increase of acetyl CoA carboxylase content in the rat liver cells by insulin treatment, or high carbohydrate diet refeeding has resulted from the increased polysomal acetyl CoA carboxylase mRNA, which is directly related to the biosynthesis of this enzyme.

Regulation of acetyl CoA carboxylase mRNA in rat liver by high carbohydrate diet and insulin

Acetyl CoA carboxylase contents in liver cytosol of rats refed a high carbohydrate diet or injected with insulin were measured by an immunoassay method in order to evaluate the effects of dietary carbohydrate and insulin treatment on the control in the amount of acetyl CoA carboxylase. Acetyl CoA carboxylase was purified 1,552 folds with a specific activity of 3.88 units/mg protein from livers of rats refed a high carbohydrate diet for 3 days following a 3-day fasting and the antibody was generated against the purified acetyl CoA carboxylase in a rabbit. Treatment of insulin (1.5 units/100g BW) and a high carbohydrate diet increased the amount of acetyl CoA carboxylase in liver cytosol by 3 times and 10 times, respectively, when compared to the enzyme content found in the control. The synthetic ratio of acetyl CoA carboxylase to total cytosolic proteins was 4 times higher in the insulin-treated group and 10 times higher in the high carbohydrated diet-treated group than the control group. The polysomal RNA contents in liver cytosols were 279% of the control in the insulin-treated group and 365% of the control in the high carbohydrate diet group. Also, the nascent chain of acetyl CoA carboxylase in polysome were 158% of the control in the insulin-treated group and 311% of the control in the high carbohydrate treated group. From these results, it is assumed that the increase of acetyl CoA carboxylase content in the rat liver cells by insulin treatment, or high carbohydrate diet refeeding has resulted from the increased polysomal acetyl CoA carboxylase mRNA, which is directly related to the biosynthesis of this enzyme.