Nothing is impossible if you have the right tools and techniques to support

Background: Zonular weakness is a known complication that a surgeon can encounter during cataract surgery. Purpose: The purpose of this video is to make surgeons aware about the different tools and techniques available to handle zonulopathy. Synopsis: This video describes the various causes of zonular weakness and different tools available to manage zonular weakness intraoperatively. The surgical technique of using the tools is also demonstrated in the video. Highlights: Causes of zonular weakness and surgical techniques to handle it intraoperatively.

A novel Y-shaper and chopper for small pupil management in cataract surgery: The initial experience

Small pupil is a well-known risk factor for causing cataract surgery complications such as vitreous loss, anterior capsular tear, increased inflammation, and an irregular pupil shape. Because all currently available pharmacological approaches of dilating the pupil before or during cataract surgery cannot guarantee the result, the surgeon sometimes resorts to the use of mechanical pupil-expanding devices. However, these devices can increase the overall surgical cost and operative time. Very frequently, a combination of the two is needed; thus, we present the Y-shaped chopper designed by the authors, which serves the purpose of managing the intra-operative miosis and allows simultaneous nuclear emulsification.

Redescription of Moenkhausia melogramma (Characiformes: Characidae), a poorly known tetra from the western Amazon basin

Moenkhausia melogramma is herein redescribed, based on the examination of the holotype plus additional specimens from the western Amazon basin in Brazil, Colombia, Peru, and Ecuador. Moenkhausia melogramma shares with M. collettii, M. conspicua, M. copei, M. venerei, and M. flava a broad dark longitudinal stripe across the eye, and a well-defined dark stripe on the anal-fin base. It can be promptly distinguished from these species by having two humeral blotches. Additionally, we provide comments on the putative relationships of Moenkhausia melogramma with the aforementioned congeners and the Hemigrammus lunatus species-group.(AU)

RESUMO Moenkhausia melogramma é redescrita com base no exame do holótipo e exemplares adicionais da bacia amazônica ocidental no Brasil, Colômbia, Peru e Equador. Moenkhausia melogramma compartilha com M. collettii, M. conspicua, M. copei, M. venerei e M. flava a presença de uma faixa larga longitudinal escura que atravessa os olhos e uma linha escura bem definida na base da nadadeira anal. Ela pode ser prontamente distinguida dessas espécies por ter duas manchas umerais. Adicionalmente, fornecemos comentários sobre as possíveis relações filogenéticas de Moenkhausia melogramma com as congêneres supramencionadas e com o grupo de espécies Hemigrammus lunatus.

A new species of Astyanax Baird & Girard (Ostariophysi: Characidae) from the rio Taquari-Antas basin, Southern Brazil

A new Astyanax is described from the rio Taquari-Antas basin, rio Jacuí drainage, laguna dos Patos system, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The new species is distinguished from its congeners inhabiting the rio Uruguay, laguna dos Patos and rio Tramandaí basins by the presence of two vertically elongated humeral spots, the anterior humeral spot with the upper portion wider than the lower portion and slightly directed forward, 37-39 perforated scales along the lateral line, 14 scale rows around caudal peduncle, 2-4 maxillary tricuspid teeth, 24-28 branched anal-fin rays, bony hooks on all fins of mature males, and conspicuous caudal peduncle spot. Furthermore, the new species differs from its congeners by body depth (37.9-45.9% of standard length), preanal distance (62.4-69.1% of SL), anal-fin base length (29.7-35.6% of SL), and orbital diameter (29.5-38.2% of head length).

Uma nova espécie de Astyanax é descrita da bacia do rio Taquari-Antas, drenagem do rio Jacuí, sistema da laguna dos Patos, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A espécie nova distingui-se das suas congêneres que habitam as bacias do rio Uruguai, laguna dos Patos e rio Tramandaí pela presença de duas manchas umerais verticalmente alongadas, a mancha anterior com a porção superior mais larga que a porção inferior e levemente direcionada a frente, 37-39 escamas perfuradas na linha lateral, 14 séries de escamas ao redor do pedúnculo caudal, 2-4 dentes tricuspidados no maxilar, 24-28 raios ramificados na nadadeira anal, ganchos ósseos em todas as nadadeiras dos machos maduros e mancha no pedúnculo caudal conspícua. Além disso, a espécie nova difere de suas congêneres pela altura do corpo (37,9-45,9% do comprimento padrão), distânciapré-anal (62,4-69,1% do CP), comprimento da base da nadadeira anal (29,7-35,6% do CP) e diâmetro orbital (29,5-38,2% do comprimento da cabeça).

Captura de peces no comerciales con espinel experimental de fondo en Isla Gorgona, Colombia, y su área de influencia / Non-commercial fish catches with experimental bottom long line fishing in Gorgona Island, Colombia, and its surroundings areas

Eels and moray eels are among the species that lack commercial value but that are important as bait. However, little information is available about Colombian fishing by-products. Between 2005 and 2009, field work was done in Gorgona National Natural Park and its surrounding areas, with a fishing line made of traditional “J” and circular or curve hooks. We analyzed the catch composition, comparing both types of hooks, emphasizing whether the circular hook modified or not non-commercial captures. Overall, 189 fishing throws where analyzed, standardizing the Catch Per Effort (CPUE) in number of individuals and in kilograms per 100 hooks per hour of task. A total of 50 species where captured, of which 14 are part of the non-commercial category. There were no significant differences for hook types (U=25228, P>0.1), and Gymnothorax equatorialis and Echiophis brunneus were the most abundant species. Both were concentrated in the northern sector of the study area, a rocky banks sector. The mean sexual maturity size was 57.0cm in G. equatorialis, and at 85.6cm in E. brunneus. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (Suppl. 1): 391-405. Epub 2014 February 01.

Durante los años 2005 a 2009 se realizaron faenas experimentales de pesca en el Parque Nacional Natural Gorgona y su área de influencia, con un espinel compuesto por anzuelos tradicionales J y circulares o curvos. Este estudio analiza la composición de las capturas comparando los dos anzuelos y enfatiza en si el anzuelo circular modifica o no las capturas no comerciales (descarte). En total se analizaron 189 lances de pesca estandarizándose la captura por unidad de esfuerzo (CPUE) en número de individuos y en kilogramos por 100 anzuelos por hora de faena. Se capturaron en total 50 especies, de las cuales 14 hacen parte de la categoría no comercial o de descarte. No se detectaron diferencias significativas en la CPUE de estas especies considerando el tipo de anzuelo (U=25228, p>0.1) siendo Gymnothorax equatorialis y Echiophis brunneus las especies más abundantes Al evaluar el patrón espacial de variación de la CPUE para estas especies, se encontró que ambas se concentran en el sector norte del área de estudio, asociada a la zona de bancos rocosos. Finalmente, se estableció la talla media de madurez sexual para G. equatorialis en 57.0cm y de E. brunneus en 85.6cm.

Floppy iris syndrome with oral imipramine: A case series.

Intraoperative floppy iris syndrome (IFIS) has commonly been seen with long-term use of α1-adrenoceptor blocking agents. We observed IFIS in three patients during phacoemulsification due to oral imipramine therapy. The three patients took imipramine for 25 years, 10 months and 1 year, respectively. However, only the first patient was on oral therapy at the time of surgery, while the other two patients had stopped 4 months and 2 months prior to undergoing phacoemulsification. The first and third patients developed complete IFIS features, while the second had only partial IFIS characteristics. Phacoemulsification could be completed in all three patients without any complication. None of these patients had history of taking any of the α1-adrenoceptor blocking agents. This is the first anecdotal report of IFIS with the oral use of imipramine and hence further evidences are required to ascertain the association of oral imipramine therapy and IFIS. However, ophthalmologists undertaking phacoemulsification on patients on imipramine therapy should be alert for the occurrence of IFIS.

Astyanax jordanensis (Ostariophysi: Characidae), a new species from the rio Iguaçu basin, Paraná, Brazil

Astyanax jordanensis, new species, is described from the rio Jacu and rio das Torres, both tributaries to the lower rio Jordão, in the rio Iguaçu basin, Paraná, Brazil. The new species is a member of the A. scabripinnis species complex. Astyanax jordanensis differs from its congeners by several meristic and morphometric characters. Mature males possess bony hooks in the dorsal, pectoral, pelvic, and anal fins, and mature females have a few small bony hooks on the first rays of the anal fin. The presence of these bony hooks in females and the endemism of the ichthyofauna in the rio Jordão are discussed.

Astyanax jordanensis, espécie nova, é descrita do rio Jacu e do rio das Torres, ambos tributários do baixo rio Jordão na bacia do rio Iguaçu, Paraná, Brasil. A nova espécie é membro do complexo de espécies Astyanax scabripinnis. Astyanax jordanensis difere das congêneres por vários caracteres merísticos e morfométricos. Machos maduros apresentam ganchos ósseos nas nadadeiras dorsal, peitoral, pélvica e anal, e as fêmeas maduras possuem poucos ganchos ósseos pequenos nos primeiros raios da nadadeira anal. A presença destes ganchos nas fêmeas e o endemismo da ictiofauna no rio Jordão são discutidos.

Estructura de tallas, selectividad y composición específica de las capturas en trampas para peces marinos en el Golfo de California

Size structure, selectivity and specific composition of the catch in traps for marine fish in the Gulf of California. We analyzed the performance of three traps for marine fish between October 2005 and August 2006 in the Gulf of California, Mexico. The performance was measured as difference in selectivity, fish diversity, size structure and yield. The samples were collected with quadrangular traps 90 cm wide, 120 cm long and 50 cm high. Trap type 1 had a 5 x 5 cm mesh (type 2: 5 x 5 cm including a rear panel of 5 x 10 cm; trap 3: 5 x 10 cm). Most abundant in our traps were: Goldspotted sand bass (Paralabrax auroguttatus), Ocean whitefish (Caulolatilus princeps), Spotted sand bass (P. maculatofaciatus) and Bighead tilefish (C. affinis); there was no bycatch. The number of fish per trap per haul decreased when mesh size was increased. We also observed a direct relationship between mesh size and average fish length. By comparing our traps with the authorized fishing gear (hooks-and-line) we found that the size structure is larger in traps. Traps with larger mesh size were more selective. Consequently, we recommend adding traps to hooks-and-line as authorized fishing gear in the small scale fisheries of the Sonora coast, Mexico. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1403-1417. Epub 2008 September 30.

Se realizó un estudio orientado a evaluar tres tipos de trampas (eficiencia de captura, estructura de tallas, selectividad y composición de especies) para la captura de peces marinos en el Golfo de California. La recolecta de muestras se efectuó con trampas de 90 cm de ancho, 120 cm de largo y 50 cm de alto, con malla galvanizada cuadrangular en tres tamaños: una trampa completamente construida con abertura de malla de 5 x 5 cm (trampa 1); otra con malla de 5 x 5 cm, pero con el panel trasero de 5 x 10 cm (trampa 2) y la tercera con malla de 5 x 10 cm (trampa 3). Los experimentos se llevaron a cabo entre octubre del 2005 y agosto del 2006. Las especies que presentaron mayor incidencia de captura en cuanto a proporción del volumen total fueron el extranjero (Paralabrax auroguttatus), pierna (Caulolatilus princeps), cabrilla arenera (P. maculatofaciatus) y conejo (C. affinis) y prácticamente todas las capturas tuvieron valor comercial. El número de organismos por trampa por lance decreció al aumentar el tamaño de malla, mientras que la talla media se incrementó con el tamaño de malla de las trampas. Además las tallas son más grandes en cualquiera de las trampas que las obtenidas con piola de mano con anzuelos (el arte de pesca autorizado). Los resultados de la selectividad de tallas indicaron que las trampas de malla grande fueron más selectivas que las de malla más pequeña. En consecuencia, la captura con tram-pas es mejor que con los anzuelos y línea de mano, por lo que las trampas serían una muy útil adición al conjunto de artes de pesca usados en la pesca artesanal de la costa de Sonora, México.

Characidium xanthopterum (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Crenuchidae): a new species from the Central Brazilian Plateau

Characidium xanthopterum is described from tributaries of the upper rio Paraná and upper rio Tocantins basins, in the Central Brazilian Plateau, Goiás State, Brazil. The new species is diagnosed among congeners by the absence of dark bars on the sides of the body in adult specimens, and by the deep yellow coloration in all fins. Ontogenetic change of color pattern is recorded for the first time for Characidium species. Specimens smaller than 32 mm SL possess dark bars on body. These bars disappear with growth between 32 and 35 mm SL, and are always absent in individuals larger than 35 mm SL.

Characidium xanthopterum é descrita de tributários das bacias do alto Paraná e do alto Tocantins, no Planalto Central do Brasil, Estado de Goiás, Brasil. Entre as congêneres, a nova espécie é diagnosticada pela ausência de barras escuras nas porções laterais do corpo em exemplares adultos, e pela presença de todas as nadadeiras fortemente amareladas, sem marcas ou manchas. Exemplares menores de 32 mm CP apresentam barras escuras no corpo. Estas barras desaparecem com o crescimento entre 32 e 35 mm CP, e estão sempre ausentes em indivíduos maiores do que 35 mm CP.

Reproductive biology of Bryconamericus stramineus Eigenmann, 1908 (Ostariophysi: Characidae) from the Rio Ibicuí, RS, Brazil

Reproduction of Bryconamericus stramineus was described based on the analysis of 208 females and 166 males collected monthly in the Rio Ibicuí, from April 2001 through March 2002. Reproduction occurred between September and December, with a lower peak in February. The mean absolute fecundity was 371.3 (± 244.6) oocytes and the mean relative fecundity was 0.35 (± 0.08) oocytes/mg of total weight and the fish was a multiple spawner. A weak correlation between GSI of males and day length was observed. Other parameters (stomach repletion and hepatosomatic index, rainfall and temperature) did not show any correlation with GSI. However, some of these factors might act as "starters" of gonadal maturation. The presence and frequency of fin ray hooks on the males was compared with the gonadal maturation stages, months and standard length classes. Well-developed hooks were found mainly in the mature males during the reproductive period and in the largest individuals.

A reprodução de Bryconamericus stramineus é descrita baseada na análise de 208 fêmeas e 166 machos coletados mensalmente no rio Ibicuí, RS, de abril/2001 a março/2002. A reprodução ocorreu entre setembro e dezembro, com um pico menor em fevereiro. A fecundidade absoluta média é de 371.3 (± 244.6) ovócitos e a fecundidade relativa média é de 0.35 (± 0.08) ovócitos/mg de peso total e a espécie tem desova parcelada. Foi observada uma fraca correlação entre IGS de machos e fotoperíodo; os índices de repleção estomacal e hepatossomático, a pluviosidade e temperatura não mostraram nenhuma correlação. Porém, sugerimos que alguns destes fatores possam agir como "desencadeadores" da maturação gonadal. A presença e freqüência de ganchos nas nadadeiras de machos foi comparada com as fases de maturação gonadal, meses e classes de comprimento padrão. Ganchos bem-desenvolvidos foram encontrados principalmente em machos maduros, durante o período reprodutivo e nos indivíduos maiores.

New Hyphessobrycon from the upper rio Pardo drainage in eastern Brazil (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae)

A new species of characid, Hyphessobrycon vinaceus, is described from the upper rio Pardo, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The new species is distinguished from all other Hyphessobrycon species by the combination of the following characters: the body red or reddish pigmented in live specimens, an anterior and conspicuous vertically elongate black humeral spot followed by a second faint humeral spot, 5 teeth in the inner series of premaxilla, maxilla with 2-3 pentacuspidate teeth, 15-17 branched anal-fin rays, 4-5 scale rows above and 3-4 scale rows below lateral line, lateral line with 10-26 perforated scales, 32-34 scales in a longitudinal series, and by a smaller head length in relation to standard length (23.9-26.7 percent).

Uma nova espécie de caracídeo, Hyphessobrycon vinaceus é descrita para o alto rio Pardo, Minas Gerais, Brasil. A nova espécie distingue-se das demais espécies de Hyphessobrycon pela combinação dos seguintes caracteres: coloração avermelhada do corpo em vida, uma mancha umeral preta e conspícua verticalmente alongada seguida de uma segunda mancha umeral fracamente pigmentada, 5 dentes na série interna do pré-maxilar, 2-3 dentes pentacuspidados no maxilar, 15-17 raios ramificados na nadadeira anal, 4-5 escamas acima e 3-4 escamas abaixo da linha lateral, 10-26 escamas perfuradas na linha lateral, 32-34 escamas em uma série longitudinal e menor comprimento da cabeça em relação ao comprimento padrão (23,9-26,7 por cento).

A new species of Hemibrycon (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae) from the río Ucayali drainage, Sierra del Divisor, Peru

A new characid species, Hemibrycon divisorensis, is described from the río Ucayali drainage, Loreto, Peru. The new species is distinguished from all Hemibrycon species by the presence of a wide black asymmetrical spot covering base of caudal-fin rays and extending along entire length of caudal-fin rays 9 to 12-13 (except from H. surinamensis), and a black band in the lower half of the caudal peduncle extending from the region above the last anal-fin rays to the caudal-fin base. Furthermore, it is distinguished from most species of the genus by the number of scale rows below the lateral line (4-5 vs 5-9), except H. jabonero, H. microformaa, H. orcesi, and H. surinamensis. It differs from these species by scale and fin ray counts and color pattern. The lack of a supraorbital in Hemibrycon species is discussed and confirmed

Uma nova espécie de caracídeo, Hemibrycon divisorensis, é descrita para a bacia do río Ucayali, Loreto, Peru. A nova espécie distingue-se das demais espécies de Hemibrycon pela presença de uma ampla mancha preta assimétrica na base dos raios da nadadeira caudal estendida até a extremidade dos raios 9 a 12 ou 13 (exceto de H. surinamensis), e de uma faixa preta na metade inferior do pedúnculo caudal desde a região acima dos últimos raios da nadadeira anal até a base da nadadeira caudal. Ela distingue-se da maioria das espécies do gênero pelo número de escamas abaixo da linha lateral (4-5 vs 5-9), exceto de H. jabonero, H. microformaa, H. orcesi e H. surinamensis. Ela difere destas espécies pela contagem de escamas, raios das nadadeiras e colorido padrão. Discute-se e confirma-se a ausência do osso supraorbital em Hemibrycon

Analysis of Anterior-posterior Distance of Sacral Canal on MRI to See the Possibility of Sacral Laminar Hook Insertion

OBJECTIVE: Achieving successful posterolateral fusion across the lumbosacral junction is particularly problematic. In our hospital, bilateral S2 laminar hooks coupled with bilateral S1 screws have been appeared to provide successful posterolateral fusion of lumbosacral junction in high non-fusion risk patients. Therefore we study about the safety of sacral lamina hooks insertion. METHODS: We measured the anterior-posterior(A-P) diameter of sacral canal at a point where median sacral crest of S1 and S2 meet on lumbar magnetic resonance(MR) sagittal images. The number of analyzed subjects was one hundred and minimum A-P diameter of sacral canal to insert laminar hooks safely was thought to be 9mm. RESULTS: In 78% of study cases, the sacral canal diameter was 9mm or more. There were no statistically significant difference of sacral canal diameter with age, sex, weight and height. CONCLUSION: Preoperative analysis of the sagittal MR image may be helpful for the safe insertion of the sacral laminar hooks to enhance posterolateral fusion of lumbosacral junction in high non-fusion risk patients. And, safe sacral laminar hooks insertion may be possible in about 78% of study cases.

Identification of Acanthocephala discovered in changran-pickles and myungran-pickles

To identify acanthocephala found in 'Changran-pickles' and 'Myungran-pickles' each organ was measured in permanent slides. In the present report, the results obtained were as follows: 1. Morphology of male worms: Worms possessed 18-19 longitudinal rows, with 4 hooks per row, which became smaller towards the base of proboscis. Each worm contained two testis and six cement glands arranged linearly. Body 22.0 by 0.8-0.6 mm and 15.0 by 0.6-0.4 mm, proboscis 284.8 by 227.6 microgram and 524.9 by 151.4 microgram, proboscis sheath 1570.7 by 72.7 microgram and 751.9 by 280.4 microgram, lemnisci length 2566.7 and 1085.6, testis 2202.9-1860.5 by 737.0-575.7 microgram and 1033.8-981.1 by 463.1-351.6 microgram, cement glands 940.2 by 441.2 microgram and 610.0 by 369.1 microgram. 2. Morphology of female worms: Worms possessed 14-18 longitudinal rows, with 6-10 hooks per row and become smaller toward the base of proboscis. Each worm contained an uterine bell and uterus in the posterior portion and the eggs filled the body cavity. Body 14.0~51.0 mm by 0.7-0.5~2.2-1.4 mm, proboscis 466.1-268.9 microgram by 259.9-252.0 microgram, proboscis sheath 1550.7-506.0 by 298.8-231.1 microgram, lemnisci length 1325.7-473.1 microgram, eggs 112.4 by 28.5 microgram~51.7 by 14.0 microgram. In this present study, the acanthocephala collected in 'Changran-pickles' and 'Myungran-pickles' were identified as Echinorhynchus gadi by morphological features.