ABSTRACT
The fight against pestilence has been the major theme of both western and eastern medicine since ancient times, and bacteriology has been founded on the modern scientific idea of ensuring reproducibility, the socalled Koch's four postulates, by identifying and isolating pathogenic bacteria, then proving their infectious cause.However, although the major factors surrounding infectious disease are host/parasite relationships and drugrelated causes, more importance has been placed on developing new drugs. With the emergence of compromised hosts as treatment methods become widespread, such thinking is no longer valid.There is now no clear logic to the question of reproducibility in clinical medicine, against a background of the enormous contributions the human system makes. Kampo medicine, the study of therapeutics in humans, has long been used to treat people through an understanding of the pathological conditions humans express as a system, with their Six Stages of Disease (rikkei) theory, yin-yang, hypo- and hyper-function sho (symptoms), and through those sho that people present with, it can provide highly reproducible therapies. Moreover, the oral traditions (koketsu, gugyeol) of Japanese Kampo which bring increased therapeutic efficacy and reproducibility through the achievements of predecessors, provide indispensable therapeutic bias. In future, the systematic medical concepts of Kampo will also become essential in Western medicine.
ABSTRACT
The fight against pestilence has been the major theme of both western and eastern medicine since ancient times, and bacteriology has been founded on the modern scientific idea of ensuring reproducibility, the socalled Koch's four postulates, by identifying and isolating pathogenic bacteria, then proving their infectious cause.<br>However, although the major factors surrounding infectious disease are host/parasite relationships and drugrelated causes, more importance has been placed on developing new drugs. With the emergence of compromised hosts as treatment methods become widespread, such thinking is no longer valid.<br>There is now no clear logic to the question of reproducibility in clinical medicine, against a background of the enormous contributions the human system makes. Kampo medicine, the study of therapeutics in humans, has long been used to treat people through an understanding of the pathological conditions humans express as a system, with their Six Stages of Disease (<I>rikkei</I>) theory, yin-yang, hypo- and hyper-function <I>sho</I> (symptoms), and through those <I>sho</I> that people present with, it can provide highly reproducible therapies. Moreover, the oral traditions (<I>koketsu, gugyeol</I>) of Japanese Kampo which bring increased therapeutic efficacy and reproducibility through the achievements of predecessors, provide indispensable therapeutic bias. In future, the systematic medical concepts of Kampo will also become essential in Western medicine.
ABSTRACT
New species of bat-ectoparasite insects are added to the fauna of Argentina and distributional limits are extended for others, based on information obtained from 21 species of bats collected. New data is reported for the distribution of 23 species of bat ectoparasites, of which 17 belong to the Order Diptera [14 Streblidae: Anastrebla caudiferae Wenzel, Anatrichobius scorzai Wenzel, Aspidoptera phyllostomatis (Perty), Megistopoda aranea (Coquillett), M. proxima (Sèguy), Metelasmus pseudopterus Coquillett, Noctiliostrebla aitkeni Wenzel, N. dubia (Rudow), Paradyschiria fusca Speiser, Paradyschiria sp., Strebla chrotopteri Wenzel, Strebla diaemi Wenzel, Trichobius parasiticus Gervais y Xenotrichobius noctilionis Wenzel, and three Nycteribiidae: Basilia carteri Scott, B. plaumanni Scott y B.neamericana Schuurmans Stekhoven (Jr)], three belong to the Order Siphonaptera [one Ischnopsyllidae: Myodopsylla isidori (Weyenbergh), one Tungidae: Rhynchopsyllus pulex Haller, and one Stephanocircidae: Craneopsylla m. minerva (Rothschild)] and three belong to Order Hemiptera [two Polyctenidae: Hesperoctenes fumarius (Westwood) and H. vicinus Jordan, and one Cimicidae: Latrocimex spectans Lent]. Some records are new for Argentina, while others are new for the provinces of Corrientes, Chaco, Entre Ríos, Jujuy, Misiones and Salta. Also new host-parasite relationships are reported.
Se agregan nuevas especies de insectos ectoparásitos de murciélagos a la fauna de Argentina y se extiende los límites de distribución de otras, mediante ejemplares colectados de 21 especies de murciélagos. Se reportan novedades distribucionales para 23 especies de ectoparásitos de las cuáles 17 pertenecen al Orden Diptera [14 Streblidae: Anastrebla caudiferae Wenzel, Anatrichobius scorzai Wenzel, Aspidoptera phyllostomatis (Perty), Megistopoda aranea (Coquillett), M. proxima (Sèguy), Metelasmus pseudopterus Coquillett, Noctiliostrebla aitkeni Wenzel, N. dubia (Rudow), Paradyschiria fusca Speiser, Paradyschiria sp., Strebla chrotopteri Wenzel, Strebla diaemi Wenzel, Trichobius parasiticus Gervais y Xenotrichobius noctilionis Wenzel, y tres Nycteribiidae: Basilia carteri Scott, B. plaumanni Scott y B.neamericana Schuurmans Stethoven (Jr)], tres pertenencen al Orden Siphonaptera [un Ischnopsyllidae: Myodopsylla isidori (Weyenbergh), un Tungidae: Rhynchopsyllus pulex Haller y un Stephanocircidae: Craneopsylla m. minerva (Rothschild)] y tres al Orden Hemiptera [dos Polyctenidae: Hesperoctenes fumarius (Westwood) y H. vicinus Jordan, y un Cimicidae: Latrocimex spectans Lent]. Algunos registros son nuevos para Argentina, mientras que otros son nuevos para las provincias de Corrientes, Chaco, Entre Ríos, Jujuy, Misiones y Salta. Además se registran nuevas asociaciones hospedador-ectoparásito.