Repair of alpha-particle-induced DNA double strand breaks and their localization in chromatin in human lymphocytes / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective To investigate the characteristics of repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSB) induced by high-LET α-particle irradiation and their relationship with chromatin structure in the G0 lymphocytes of human peripheral blood,in order to provide the experimental basis for the judgement and dose evaluation of internal α-particle radiation.Methods Peripheral whole blood were collected from four healthy adults and lymphocytes were separated.A monocellular layer of human lymphocytes attached in Mylar film were irradiated with 0 and 0.5 Gy of α-particles and the lymphocytes suspensions were irradiated with 0 and 0.5 Gy of γ-rays.The formations of γH2AX foci as a surrogate marker of DSB and Rad51 foci as a marker of homologous recombination (HR) repair and their spatial localization in chromatin structure were measured by immunofluorescence staining technique at 10 min-48 h post-irradiation.Results Linear-γH2AX foci tracks were observe at 10 min-2 h post-irradiation in lymphocytes exposed to α-particle irradiation(t =11.12,14.40,16.56,P ＜ 0.05),and almost completely disppeared at 6 h postirradiation.The frequencies of γH2AX foci peaked at 30 min after α-particle irradiation (t =51.72,P ＜0.05) and then decreased rapidly during 6 h post-irradiation (t =29.83,P ＜ 0.05).The average number of foci remained only about 16％ at 24-48 h post-irradiation.Moreover,27％ of γH2AX foci located at DAPI-bright heterochromatin region at 10 min after α-particle radiation,suggesting that the efficacy of DSB repair may be decreased.In contrast,at 10 min-48 h after γ-ray irradiation,no linear γH2AX foci track was observed and the γH2AX foci diffused randomly in nucleus and predominantly located in DAPI-weak euchromatin region.The numbers of formative and residual γH2AX foci after γ-ray irradiation were significantly less than those after α-particle radiation.During 30 min-2 h after α-particle and γ-ray irradiation,the frequencies of Rad51 foci slightly but not significantly increased in comparison with background level,and the frequencies of co-localization of Rad51 foci and γH2AX foci were only 3％-8％.Conclusions The formation of linear γH2AX foci tracks induced by high-LET α-particle irradiation in Go human lymphocyte could be used as biological indicator to estimate whether a person has been exposed to internal α-particle radiation.Prolonged persistence of residual γH2AX foci may be applicable for biological dosimetry.

Genotoxicidad de la furazolidona y la forma libre de su metabolito 3-amino-2-oxazolidona, mediante la prueba de micronúcleos en linfocitos humanos / Genotoxicity of furazolidone and the free form of the metabolite: 3-amino-2-oxazolidone, based on human lymphocytes micronucleus test

The aim of this trial was to assess the genotoxic effects of the main metabolite of furazolidone (3-amino-2-oxazolidone-AOZ), which is usually protein-bound (PB-AOZ). Because PB-AOZ is not available as a tool for biomedical research, the synthetic free form of AOZ (F-AOZ) was used to challenge human lymphocytes in the genotoxic quantification test of induced micronuclei on human lymphocytes. The level of exposure of lymphocytes to F-AOZ was calculated by determining the residual quantity of the Bg-AOZ (from liver and muscle) by HPLC, derived from broilers fed furazolidone included at 0.11% and 0.22% in feed, and allowing a seven day withdrawal time. Then F-AOZ and furazolidone as positive genotoxic group were added at various concentrations higher than the residual level indication to the in vitro preparations diluted both in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as follows: for furazolidone (FZD) groups of 10 μM (225 mg/g), 1.0 μM (225 mg/g), 0.1 μM (22.5 mg/g), and 0.001 μM (0.225 mg/g), as well as a negative control group and positive control with DMSO 10-3 M (0.130 mg/g) and arsenic 10-3 M (0.747 mg/g), respectively; for F-AOZ 0.01 μM (1.020 mg/g); 0.102 μM; 0.0005 μM (0.051 mg/g); and 0.0001 μM (0.001 mg/g) were tested, having the same controls groups as for FZD. Results show that furazolidone from 10.0 μM through 0.1 μM possesses a well defined genotoxic effect. Association frequency, relative risk and ANOVA test showed a statistically significant effect vs the negative control group (P = 0.001; P = 0.03 and P = 0.04, respectively). For F-AOZ the same statistical tests showed that only 0.01 μM was capable of inducing a genotoxic effect. These results suggest that furazolidone as parent compound is potentially capable of inducing genotoxicity in consumers. In contrast, only the highest concentration of F-AOZ was shown to induce a similar effect. Yet this concentration is well above the expected residual concentration after a 7-day withdrawal period. These results do not support the use of furazolidone in humans as it is now accepted and reveals that F-AOZ is a considerably lower hazard to public health than the parent compound. Yet, lack of evidence of the effect of bound-AOZ in a similar setting precludes further comparisons, but these results suggest that it seems unlikely that PB-AOZ is a real risk to public health. Further studies are warranted.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos genotóxicos del metabolito principal de la furazolidona 3-amino-2-oxazolidona (AOZ) que usualmente se encuentra unido a la proteína (AOZ-UP). Debido a que no se dispone para investigación biomédica de AOZ-UP, se utilizó la forma libre de AOZ (AOZ-L) como desafío genotóxico por medio de la técnica de cuantificación de micronúcleos inducidos en linfocitos humanos. El nivel de exposición de linfocitos a AOZ-libre fue establecido con base en la determinación por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (CLAR) de los residuos de AOZ-UP encontrados en músculo e hígado de pollos, producidos en forma comercial, expuestos a furazolidona (FZD) por medio del alimento a dosis de 0.11% y 0.22%, permitiendo un tiempo de retiro de 7 días. Se conformaron dos grupos furazolidona (FZD) con las siguientes concentraciones de 10 μM (225 mg/g), 1 μM (225 mg/g), 0.1 μM (22.5 mg/g), y 0.001 μM (0.225 mg/g), así como el grupo testigo negativo sulfoxido de dimetilo (DMSO) 10-3 μM (0.130 mg/g) y el testigo positivo arsénico 10-3 μM (0.747 mg/g). Para AOZ-libre las concentraciones fueron 0.01 μM (1.020 mg/g); 0.001 μM (0.102 mg/g); 0.0005 μM (0.051 mg/g); y 0.0001 μM (0.001 mg/g) con los mismos grupos testigo. Los resultados muestran que la furazolidona a concentraciones de 1.0 μM y 0.1 μM posee un efecto genotóxico bien definido. El grado de asociación se calculó por medio del riesgo relativo y prueba de ANDEVA, que mostró el efecto estadísticamente significativo al compararlo con el grupo testigo negativo (P = 0.001; P = 0.03 y P = 0.04, respectivamente). Para AOZ-L las mismas pruebas estadísticas mostraron que sólo la concentración 0.01 μM era capaz de inducir un efecto genotóxico. Estos resultados sugieren que la furazolidona como sal pura es potencialmente capaz de inducir efectos genotóxicos en humanos, en los que no se apoya su uso. En contraste, sólo la concentración más alta de AOZ-L mostró un efecto similar, pero dicha concentración es mayor que la encontrada como residual a los siete días de retiro y puede considerársele como un peligro mucho menor para la salud pública que el compuesto progenitor. Dada la falta de evidencia científica del efecto genotóxico del AOZ-UP no se pueden realizar comparaciones adicionales con lo obtenido aquí para AOZ-L, pero parecería poco probable calificar a los residuos de AOZ-UP como peligros reales para la salud pública, por lo que se requieren pruebas adicionales.

Evaluation of smoking genotoxicity in Turkish young adults.

BACKGROUND: For the past few decades, it has been widely known in developed countries that tobacco is dangerous, but it is still insufficiently realized how big these dangers really are. AIMS: To determine and evaluate micronuclei (MN) frequencies of young smokers and nonsmokers in three different tissues (peripheric blood lymphoctes, buccal mucosa, and exfoliative urothelial cells) at the same time. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MN assay was performed on buccal mucosa, urothelial cells, and peripheric blood lymphocyte samples obtained from 15 healthy male smokers (>5 pack-years) and 15 healthy male nonsmoker controls who had not been exposed to any known genotoxic agent. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: The statistical differences between smoker and nonsmoker groups were calculated by using student t test. The differences between smoker-group tissues were compared by ANOVA. RESULTS: It was found that MN frequency (mean value ± standard deviation) in oral mucosa cells from smokers and controls were 1.20 ± 0.22% and 0.26 ± 0.10%; in urothelial exfoliative cells, 1.29 ± 0.28% and 0.12 ± 0.08%; in peripheric blood lymphocytes, 1.53 ± 0.23% and 0.38 ± 0.12%, respectively. The mean MN frequencies in buccal mucosa, urothelial exfoliative cells, and peripheric blood lymphocytes were significantly higher in smokers than in those of controls (P<0.05). All tissues were affected from smoking, but the most destructive effect was seen in urothelial cells of smokers (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our data showed that cigarette smoke is a DNA damage causitive agent on exfoliative buccal mucosa and urothelial cells and peripheric blood lymphocytes of young smokers, but it has most destructive effect on urothelial cells.

Modulatory effects of garlic extract against the cyclophosphamide induced genotoxicity in human lymphocytes in vitro.

Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a commonly used chemotherapeutic and immunosuppressive agent which is used in the treatment of wide range of cancers and autoimmune diseases. Besides that it is a well known carcinogen. In this study by using chromosomal aberrations (CA) and sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) assays method, the modulatory effects exerted by the extract of garlic against the CP induced genotoxicity in the human lymphocyte cultures in vitro were tested. Three different doses of garlic extract were tested for their modulatory capacity on the mutagenecity exerted by 100 µg ml-1 of CP. The results indicate a significant decrease in the frequency of CA and SCE suggesting that the garlic extract modulates the CP induced genotoxicity in a dose dependent manner. These findings provide the future directions for the research on design and development of possible modulatory drugs containing garlic extract.

Efficacy of HUMN criteria for scoring the micronucleus assay in human lymphocytes exposed to a low concentration of p, p'-DDT

The cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay is one of the standard cytogenetic tools employed to assess chromosomal damage subsequent to exposure to genotoxic/cytotoxic agents, and is widely applicable to plant, animal and human cells. In the present study, the CBMN assay was used to assess the baseline damage in binuclear human peripheral blood lymphocytes exposed to 25 µg/L p,p'-DDT for 1, 2, 24, and 48 h by measuring the frequency of micronuclei, nucleoplasmic bridges and nuclear buds. These new scoring criteria facilitated the detection of different types of clastogenic and aneugenic effects induced by this type of pollutant. With these criteria, CBMN can also be used to measure nucleoplasmic bridges which are considered to be consequences of chromosome rearrangements and nuclear buds which are biomarkers of altered gene amplification and gene dosage. The total number of micronuclei observed in binuclear human peripheral blood lymphocytes of the exposed samples (ranging from 32 to 47) was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than that detected in the unexposed (0 time) control sample, where the total number of micronuclei was 7. The number of nucleoplasmic bridges and nuclear buds obtained after 24 and 48 h was also significantly (P < 0.05) greater in the samples treated with p,p'-DDT than in the unexposed control samples. Thus, our results confirmed the usefulness of the new criteria applicable for the CBMN assay employed in measuring the DNA damage and its role of a sensitive cytogenetic biomarker.

Lack of clastogenic effects of L-thyroxine in whole-blood cultured human lymphocytes

Thyroid hormones stimulate aerobic metabolism which may lead to oxidative stress accompanied by damage to various cellular macromolecules, including DNA. Previous comet assay studies have shown that thyroid hormones cause DNA damage due to the creation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, cytogenetic studies have been equivocal because although an increase in the sister-chromatid exchange frequency per cell has been reported increased micronuclei frequency has not. We used cytogenetic examination of chromosome breakage and aberrations in whole-blood cultures of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to investigate possible clastogenic effects when lymphocytes were exposed to 0.002 µM to 50 µM of L-thyroxine for 24 h and 48 h, these concentrations being chosen because they had been used in previous studies of sister-chromatid exchange and micronuclei frequency. Under our experimental conditions thyroxine did not induced any statistically significant increase in chromosome breakage or aberrations. This lack of clastogenic effects is in contrast to the reported comet assay results obtained using purified lymphocytes, possibly because whole-blood cultures contain catalase and glutathione peroxidase capable of reducing the effects of reactive oxygen species.

Effect of F1KN preparation extracted from lonicera dasystyla flower on transformation of human lymphocytes

Materials and methods: The flowers of Lonicera dasystyla were collected at the suburbs of Ha Noi city. The total flavonoid extract of the flowers was chromatographed to obtain the fraction F1KN, which was submitted to the examination for the stimulatory effect on the blast transformation of human lymphocytes. Results: At the dose of 30 mcg/ml in PBS, F1KN was proved to have a good effect. After 72h in vitro culture, the 30 mcg/ml dose increased the potential transformation of human lymphocytes by about 7 times compared with the control samples (1600 versus 230 pulses/min, respectively), while in the same condition, phytohemagglutinin (PHA) at the dose of 10 mcg/ml, increased the redioactivity by about 13000 pulses/min.

Cytogenetic Radiation Adaptive Response Assessed by Metaphase Analysis and Micronuclei Test in Human Lymphocytes and Mouse Bone Marrow Cells / 대한핵의학회잡지

PURPOSE: Radiation adaptive response in human peripheral lymphocytes and mouse bone marrow cells was investigated using both metaphase analysis and micronucleus assay. We assessed the correlation between both tests. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two groups of the human peripheral lymphocytes and mouse bone marrow cells were exposed to low dose (conditioning dose, 0.18 Gy) or high dose (challenging dose, 2 Gy) gamma-rays. The other 4 groups were exposed to low dose followed by high dose after several time intervals (4, 7, 12, and 24 hours, respectively). The frequencies of chromosomal aberrations in metphase analysis and micronuclei in micronucleus assay were counted. RESULTS: Chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei of preexposed group were lower than those of the group only exposed to high dose radiation. Maximal reduction in frequencies of chromosomal aberrations were observed in the group to which challenging dose was given at 7 hour after a conditioning dose (p<0.001). Metaphase analysis and micronucleus assay revealed very good correlation in both human lymphocytes and mouse bone marrow cells (r=0.98, p<0.001; r=0.99, p=0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: Radiation adaptive response could be induced by low dose irradiation in both human lymphocytes and mouse bone marrow cells. There was a significant correlation between metaphase analysis and micronucleus assay

ANTIMUTAGENIC EFFECT OF P—AMINOBENZOIC ACID AND SODIUM EISULFITE ON THE MUTAGNICITY OF N-METHYL-N-NITRO-N-NITROSOGUANIDINE / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

Antimutagenic effect of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and sodium bisulfite (NaHSO_3)on the mutagenicity of N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) was detected by the mehod of human lymphocytes unscheduled DNA Sythesis (LIDS). The results showed that when the concentration of PABA and NaHSO_3 was varied in presence of a constant concentration of MNNG, 5 ?10~(-5) mol/L concentration of PABA, 3 ? 10~(-4) mol/L concentration of NaHSO_3 were the most effective, while the concentration of MNNG varied in the presence of a constant concentration of PABA and NaHSO_3, antimutagenicity was the most effective at high concentration of MNNG. The results indicated that the PABA and NaHSO_3 exhibited antimutagenic activity towards MNNG-induced mutagenicity in LIDS and the extents of antimutagenicity were related with the concentration of MNNG.

HLA Type in Minimal Lesion Nephrotic Syndrome (MLNS) in Childhood

Association of HLA antigens with certain diseases provide insights into genetically determined susceptibility to disease. Although nephrotic syndrome is one of the commonest diseases, it is poorly understood. A group of 57 patients suffering from a minimal lesion nephrotic syndrome (33 patients) and mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis (24 patients) was studied for immunologic markers. The incidence of HLA-A w 24 is significantly greater in the minimal lesion nephrotic syndrome patients than in controls (18.7% in patients, 0% in controls, p < 0.01). This report fails to show a high incidence of specific HLA antigen in mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis patients. We believe that the high incidence of HLA-Aw 24 in minimal lesion nephrotic syndrome is indicative of a congenital predisposition to nephrotic syndrome.