Study on quality standard for vinegar-steamed Corydalis rhizoma / 药学实践杂志

Objective To set up the quality standards for vinegar-steamed Corydalis rhizome, which can be used for the quality control of production, supervision, circulation and application of the steam processed Corydalis rhizoma with vinegar. Methods The moisture content, total ash, ethanol extract content and active ingredients of the steam processed Corydalis rhizoma with vinegar were determined according to the related assay method in Part IV of Chinese Pharmacopeia 2015. Results According to the guidelines from the traditional Chinese medicine quality standards and related testing methods, the moisture content of steam processed Corydalis rhizoma with vinegar should be less than 15.0%, the total ash content less than 4.0%, the ethanol extract content more than 11.0%, and the representative component of tetrahydropalmatine more than 0.05%. Conclusion The established process with this study for the quality standard of vinegar-steamed Corydalis rhizoma was conformed to the state requirements for traditional Chinese medicine. It can be used as a reference for the quality standard of vinegar-steamed Corydalis rhizoma.

Sampling bias in Brazilian studies on transgender and gender diverse populations: the two-step measure for assessing gender identity in surveys / Viés amostral em estudos brasileiros sobre populações transgênero e não binárias: a medida de dois passos para avaliar a identidade de gênero / Muestras con sesgo en estudios brasileños sobre poblaciones transgénero o de género diverso: modelo de dos etapas para evaluar la identidad de género

Abstract: Correctly recognizing gender identity in population-based surveys is essential to develop effective public health strategies to improve the living conditions of transgender and gender-diverse populations, as well as to adequately collect data on cisgender individuals. This study aims to present the two-step measure as the best strategy for assessing gender identity in Brazilian surveys, thus we performed two separate analyses. Firstly, we conducted a systematic review concerning HIV-related care among Brazilian transgender and gender-diverse populations to assess the strategy used to identify participants' gender identity. Secondly, we re-analyzed data from a recent survey that included Brazilian transgender populations, comparing characteristics and health outcomes from the sample identified by single-item and by the two-step measure. Concerning the systematic review, from 6,585 references, Brazilian research teams published seven articles, and only one study used the two-step measure. Regarding this survey, the two-step measure recognized 567 cisgender and 773 transgender and gender diverse participants among the 1,340 participants who answered the questionnaire, whereas the single-item measure was able to recognize only 540 transgender and gender diverse people. Furthermore, 31 transgender women self-identified as "transgender men" on the single-item measure. Therefore, although scarcely used in Brazil, the two-step measure is a more accurate strategy to recognize gender identity.

Resumo: O reconhecimento correto da identidade de género em inquéritos populacionais é essencial para desenvolver estratégias eficazes de saúde pública para melhorar as duras condições de vida das populações transgênero e não binárias, além de coletar dados adequados sobre pessoas cisgênero. O estudo tem como objetivo apresentar a medida de dois passos como a melhor estratégia para avaliar a identidade de gênero em inquéritos brasileiros. Para tanto, fizemos duas análises separadas. Primeiro, realizamos uma revisão sistemática sobre a assistência relacionada ao HIV em populações transgênero e não binárias brasileiras para avaliar a estratégia aplicada ao reconhecimento da identidade de gênero dos participantes. Depois, reanalisamos os dados de um inquérito recente que incluiu populações transgênero brasileiras, comparando as características e os desfechos de saúde na amostra identificada com as medidas de item único e de dois passos, respectivamente. Quanto à revisão sistemática, entre 6.585 referências, sete artigos foram publicados por pesquisadores brasileiros, e apenas um estudo aplicou a medida de dois passos. Com relação ao inquérito, a medida de dois passos reconheceu 567 pessoas cisgênero e 773 pessoas transgênero e não binárias entre os 1.340 participantes que iniciaram o questionário, enquanto a medida de item único reconheceu somente 540 pessoas transgênero e não binárias. Além disso, 31 mulheres transgênero se identificaram como "homens transgênero", quando foi usada a medida de item único. Portanto, embora a medida de dois passos seja pouco aplicada no Brasil, é uma estratégia mais precisa para reconhecer a identidade de gênero.

Resumen: Reconocer correctamente la identidad de género en las encuestas basadas en población es esencial para desarrollar estrategias públicas de salud efectivas, con el objeto de mejorar las duras condiciones de vida de las poblaciones transgénero y de género diverso, así como recabar adecuadamente datos sobre personas cisgénero. El objetivo de este estudio es presentar un modelo de dos etapas como la mejor estrategia para evaluar la identidad de género en encuestas brasileñas. Para tal fin, se realizaron dos análisis separados. En primer lugar, se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática relacionada con los cuidados recibidos por la población transgénero brasileña con VIH y poblaciones de género diverso, con el fin de evaluar la estrategia aplicada para reconocer la identidad de género de los participantes. En segundo lugar, volvimos a analizar los datos de una encuesta reciente, que incluyó a poblaciones transgénero brasileñas, comparando características y resultados de salud de la muestra identificada por un modelo de ítem único y por el modelo de dos etapas. Respecto a la revisión sistemática, de las 6.585 referencias se publicaron siete artículos por parte de equipos de investigación brasileños, y solamente un estudio donde se aplicó el modelo de dos etapas. Respecto a esta encuesta, el modelo de dos etapas reconoció a 567 cisgénero y 773 transgénero, así como a participantes de género diverso, entre los 1.340 participantes que realizaron el cuestionario, aunque el modelo de un único ítem fue capaz de reconocer solo a 540 personas transgénero y de género diverso. Además, 31 mujeres transgénero se autoidentificaron como "hombres transgéneros" en el modelo de un único ítem. Por consiguiente, a pesar de que se aplicó escasamente en Brasil, el modelo de dos etapas es una estrategia más precisa para reconocer la identidad de género.

Estrategia didáctica para el desarrollo de la habilidad "identificar" en estudiantes de la carrera de Medicina

RESUMEN Introducción: En Cuba es una exigencia social la búsqueda de vías dirigidas al desarrollo de habilidades lógicas en los estudiantes de la Educación Superior en la Salud, con énfasis en la habilidad "identificar" en los estudiantes de la carrera de Medicina. Objetivo: Diseñar una estrategia didáctica para el desarrollo de la habilidad "identificar" en estudiantes de Medicina. Método: Durante el período septiembre de 2018 - julio de 2020, el Proyecto Institucional para el desarrollo del capital intelectual en salud realizó una investigación acción con una integración de métodos empíricos, teóricos y matemáticos estadísticos centrada en la solución del problema científico cómo contribuir al desarrollo de la habilidad "identificar" en estudiantes de Medicina. Resultados: Con la aplicación de estos métodos científicos, se obtuvo información primaria del problema, los fundamentos teóricos para el desarrollo de habilidades en los estudiantes de la educación Superior en el pregrado y certezas sobre la posibilidad de solución al problema, favorecedores del diseño de una estrategia didáctica a modo de vía para el desarrollo de la habilidad "identificar" en estudiantes de Medicina, aplicada en un preexperimento pedagógico con fiables resultados en la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de Guantánamo y los Policlínicos Universitarios "Omar Ranedo Pubillones" y "Emilio Daudinot Bueno". Conclusiones: Se ofrece una estrategia didáctica como vía para el desarrollo de la habilidad "identificar" en los estudiantes de la carrera de Medicina, factible para otros usuarios y beneficiarios externos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Look for new routes to develop logical skills in students of Health Higher Education it's a social demand in Cuba, focused directly on the skill "Identify" in medical students. Objective: To design a didactic strategy to develop the skill "Identify" in medical students. Method: From September 2018 throughout July 2020, the Project for Health professionals' development at the Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de Guantánamo carried out an empiric, theoritical, and mathematics-statistical Research, focused on how to develop the skill "Identify" in medical students. Results: With the use of these scientific methods, the primary outcomes of the scientific problem, the theoretical basics to develop skills in the undergraduated students of Health higher education, and the real odds of the problem solution were found. All methods helping on the performance of a didactic strategic to develop the skill "Identify" in medical students. These scientific methods were previously applied, as a pedagogic pre-experimental Research and with confidence outcomes at the following health intitutions: Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de Guantánamo, Policlínico Universitario "Omar Ranedo Pubillones" and Policlínico Universitario "Emilio Daudinot Bueno". Conclusions: A didactic strategy used as a route to develop the skill "Identify" in medical students was presented. Able to other users and external beneficiaries.

RESUMO Introdução: Em Cuba, é uma exigência social a busca de formas de desenvolver habilidades lógicas nos estudantes da Educação Superior em Saúde, com ênfase na habilidade "identificar" nos estudantes de Medicina. Objetivo: Desenhar uma estratégia didática para o desenvolvimento da habilidade "identificar" nos estudantes de Medicina. Método: No período de setembro de 2018 a julho de 2020, o Projeto Institucional para o desenvolvimento do capital intelectual em saúde realizou uma pesquisa-ação com integração de métodos empíricos, teóricos e matemáticos estatísticos voltados para a solução do problema científico como contribuir para o desenvolvimento da habilidade "identificar" em estudantes de Medicina. Resultados: Com a aplicação desses métodos científicos, foram obtidas informações primárias do problema, os fundamentos teóricos para o desenvolvimento de habilidades em estudantes da Educação Superior na graduação e certezas quanto à possibilidade de resolução do problema, favorecendo o desenho de uma estratégia didática como forma de desenvolver a habilidade "identificar" nos estudantes de Medicina, aplicada num pré-experimento pedagógico com resultados fiáveis na Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Guantánamo e nas Policlínicas Universitárias "Omar Ranedo Pubillones" e "Emilio Daudinot Bueno". Conclusões: Uma estratégia didática é oferecida como forma de desenvolver a habilidade "identificar" nos estudantes de Medicina, viável para outros usuários e beneficiários externos.

Overview on the identification and compensation criteria of work-related musculoskeletal disorders abroad / 中国职业医学

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders(WMSDs) are common disorders that endanger the occupational health of workers in the world. Some foreign countries have included it in the categories of occupational diseases or compensable work-related diseases. In the lists of occupational diseases in European countries, Australia, Japan, South Korea and other countries, the inclusion of WMSDs in the occupational disease classifications, related diagnostic items and included diseases is not inconsistent. Individual countries assign WMSDs based on a causal relationship between work-related exposures and musculoskeletal disorders. Assessing the relationship between occupational risk and diseases involves two issues: the extent to which a disease can be attributed to an occupational risk, and the extent to which claimants with such occupational risk can demonstrate its existence. Compensation for WMSDs mainly includes three types: medical care expenses incurred during workers′ medical treatment, wage losses during worker′s absence from work due to the diseases(temporary and permanent), and benefits for family members whose death due to occupational diseases. Compensation is mainly paid in the form of daily allowance, retirement pension, disability pension, funeral expenses, survivor′s pension, and others, which varies from country to country. At present, our country has planned to include WMSDs in the categories of occupational diseases. It is suggested that the WMSDs diagnosis/identification and compensation standards should be formulated based on the actual situation of our country and the experience of relevant countries and regions in the world, so as to do a good job in the identification, prevention and control of WMSDs and ensure the occupational health of workers.

Sexualidad, género y percepción del riesgo a la infección por VIH en mujeres indígenas de México / Sexuality, gender and HIV risk perception among Mexican indigenous women

Resumen La presente investigación pretende conocer las prácticas en torno a la sexualidad y el género de las mujeres indígenas, sus conocimientos y percepción de riesgo a la infección por VIH. Para ello, se realizó una investigación descriptiva exploratoria, con método cualitativo, en la cual se aplicó entrevista semiestructurada a mujeres indígenas de comunidades rurales en México. Los resultados muestran que los estereotipos de género marcan diferencias sustanciales entre hombres y mujeres. Los cambios tecnológicos y la migración han originado cambios en el acceso a la información y en las dinámicas familiares. A las mujeres se les da más información sobre salud sexual y reproductiva en el ámbito público, pero esto no se refleja en el ámbito privado, en que les resulta difícil hablar estos temas con sus familiares, principalmente su pareja, lo cual impide que tengan control sobre su salud sexual y reproductiva. Existe un desconocimiento sobre el VIH y otras infecciones de transmisión sexual; la mayoría de las mujeres no se percibe en riesgo de infección, y a nivel comunitario se segrega a las personas con VIH. Es necesario diseñar, en colaboración con ellas, intervenciones con un enfoque intercultural y con perspectiva de género.

Abstract This research aims to understand the sexuality and gender practices of indigenous women, their knowledge and perception about HIV infection risk. For this purpose, an exploratory descriptive research was carried out, with a qualitative method, in which a semi-structured interview was applied to indigenous women from rural communities in Mexico. The results show that gender stereotypes mark substantial differences between men and women. Technological changes and migration have led to changes in access to information and family dynamics. Women are provided with more information on sexual and reproductive health in the public sphere, but this is not reflected in the private sphere, where it is difficult for them to discuss these issues with their family members, mainly their partner, which limits their control over their sexual and reproductive health. There is a lack of knowledge about HIV and others STI. Most women do not perceive themselves to be at risk of infection, and, at the community level, people with HIV are segregated. It is necessary to design, in collaboration with them, interventions with an intercultural approach and a gender perspective.

Cargos de Gestão em Saúde: a (in)visibilidade de Gênero, Raça e Profissão / Healthcare Management Jobs: the (in)visibility of Gender, Race and Occupation

Objetivo: Este estudo objetiva conhecer as características dos profissionais que ocuparam os cargos de diretoria de um hospital de grande porte localizado na região sul do país e vinculado ao Ministério da Saúde entre 1975 até 2015, além de analisar as políticas de equidade e inclusão em cargos de gestão nas instituições de saúde. Método: Foram analisadas as variáveis de gênero, raça e profissão a partir da abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa dos profissionais que ocuparam cargos de gestão na Diretoria, realizada em três etapas: 1) coleta de informações sobre o perfil dos Diretores; 2) realização da entrevista com membro da secretaria executiva da diretoria; 3) realização de entrevistas com dois membros das comissões de igualdade. Resultados: Foram analisadas as características de 47 diretores no período de 1975 a 2015, sendo 96% homens e apenas 4% mulheres. Nenhum deles era negro. Em relação à profissão, a maioria era médico (70,2%), seguido de advogados (12,7%). Deste total, 53,2% profissionais não eram funcionários do hospital. Conclusão: Por fim, identificou ­- se que não há políticas institucionais que garantam equidade no acesso aos cargos de tomada de decisão, no que diz respeito à raça, gênero e profissão. Além disso, o combate às desigualdades de gênero e raça está fortemente direcionado ao cuidado com o usuário, não priorizando o olhar para o percurso dos trabalhadores na instituição. Entende-se que discutir equidade de raça e gênero na sociedade está no centro dos atuais debates emergentes mundiais.

Objective: This study aims to know the characteristics of the professionals who held the directorships of a large hospital located in the southern region of the country and linked to the Ministry of Health from 1975 to 2015, and to analyze the policies of equity and inclusion in positions. management in health institutions. Method: The variables of gender , race and profession were analyzed from the quantitative and qualitative approach of the professionals who held management positions in the Board, performed in three stages: 1) gathering information about the profile of the Directors; 2) conducting the interview with a member of the executive board of directors; 3) interviews with two members of the equality committees. Results: The characteristics of 47 directors from 1975 to 2015 were analyzed, 96% men and only 4% women. None of them were black. Regarding the profession, most were doctors (70.2%), followed by lawyers (12.7%). Of this total, 53.2% professionals were not hospital staff. Conclusion: Finally, it was identified that there are no institutional policies that guarantee equity in access to decision­ making positions, regarding race, gender and profession. In addition, the fight against gender and race inequalities is strongly directed to the care with the user , not priori zing the look at the workers' path in the institution. It is understood that discussing race and gender equity in society is at the center of the current emerging world debates.

Contribuições técnicas e socioculturais da prevenção quaternária para a atenção primária à saúde: caminhos e desafios / Technical and socio-cultural contributions of quaternary prevention for primary health care: paths and challenges / Contribuciones técnicas y socioculturales de prevención cuaternaria para la atención primaria de salud: caminos y desafíos

Introdução: No contexto do Sistema Único de Saúde, o conceito da prevenção quaternária adentra timidamente os níveis de atenção à saúde, no entanto, sofre expansão significativa no âmbito da atenção primária à saúde. Objetivo: Identificar por meio da sistematização de evidências científicas, as contribuições técnicas e socioculturais da prevenção quaternária no âmbito da atenção primária à saúde no Brasil. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa de estudos presentes nas bases de dados científicas da Scientific Electronic Library Online, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, biblioteca virtual da Comissão de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal do Nível Superior e MEDLINE via PubMed com a utilização dos descritores "prevenção quaternária" e "atenção primária à saúde", em inglês e português. Resultados: O corpus de análise foi composto por 22 artigos, sendo que a produção científica sobre o tema se deu de forma mais intensa a partir do ano de 2015 e, em sua maioria, possuíam como abordagem metodológica ensaios teóricos. Dentre as contribuições técnicas destacaram-se a introdução do ensino da prevenção quaternária de modo continuado aos graduandos e profissionais; a construção de protocolos e documentos de amparo profissional; a utilização de modelos explicativos dinâmicos na socialização do quadro clínico; a conduta profissional com os usuários e as contribuições socioculturais envolvendo mudanças na percepção profissional e comunitária sobre o fenômeno saúde-doença, assim como o incentivo a práticas de desmedicalização sociocultural em relação à dor, incapacidade, desconforto, envelhecimento, nascimento e morte. Conclusão: Apesar do reconhecimento das potencialidades da prevenção quaternária, faz-se necessário fortalecer estratégias que possibilitem o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas para fomentar e gerenciar alianças estratégicas com tomadores de decisão, profissionais de saúde e cidadãos, para fomentar a redução de diagnósticos e tratamentos excessivos, contribuindo com a qualidade do cuidado.

Introduction: In the context of the Unified Health System, the concept of quaternary prevention shyly enters the levels of health care, however, undergoes significant expansion in the scope of primary health care. Objective: To identify, through the systematization of scientific evidence, the technical and socio-cultural contributions of quaternary prevention within the scope of primary health care in Brazil. Methods: This is an integrative review of studies present in the scientific databases of the Scientific Electronic Library Online, Regional Portal of the Virtual Health Library of the Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information of the Pan American Health Organization, virtual library of the Higher Education Personnel Improvement Commission, and MEDLINE through PubMed using the descriptors "quaternary prevention" and "primary health care", in English and Portuguese. Results: The corpus of analysis consisted of 22 articles, and the scientific production on the topic took place more intensively from the year 2015 and, for the most part, had theoretical essays as methodological approach. Among the technical contributions, we highlight the introduction of teaching on quaternary prevention in a continuous way to undergraduates and professionals; the construction of protocols and documents of professional support; the use of dynamic explanatory models in the socialization of the clinical picture and professional conduct with users and socio-cultural contributions involve changes in the professional and community perception about the phenomenon of illness and health conception, as well as the incentive to practices of socio-cultural demedicalization in relation to pain, disability, discomfort, aging, birth, and death. Conclusion: Despite the recognition of the potential of quaternary prevention, it is necessary to strengthen strategies that enable the development of public policies to foster and manage strategic alliances with decision makers, health professionals and citizens, to promote the reduction of excessive diagnoses and treatments, contributing to the quality of care.

Introducción: En el contexto del Sistema Único de Salud, el concepto de prevención cuaternaria entra tímidamente en los niveles de atención de salud, sin embargo, experimenta una expansión significativa en el alcance de la Atención Primaria de Salud. Objetivo: Identificar, a través de la sistematización de evidencia científica, las contribuciones técnicas y socioculturales de la prevención cuaternaria en el ámbito de la Atención Primaria de Salud en Brasil. Métodos: Esta es una revisión integradora de estudios presentes en las bases de datos científicas de la Biblioteca Electrónica Científica en línea, Portal Regional de la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud del Centro Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Información en Ciencias de la Salud de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud, biblioteca virtual de la Comisión de Mejoramiento del Personal de Educación Superior y MEDLINE a través de PubMed utilizando los descriptores de prevención cuaternaria y atención primaria de salud, en inglés y portugués. Resultados: El corpus de análisis estuvo conformado por 22 artículos, siendo la producción científica sobre el tema más intensiva desde 2015 y, en su mayor parte, tuvo ensayos teóricos como abordaje metodológico. Entre los aportes técnicos, destacamos la implantación de la docencia en prevención cuaternaria de forma continua a estudiantes de pregrado y profesionales; construcción de protocolos y documentos de apoyo profesional, uso de modelos explicativos dinámicos en la socialización del cuadro clínico y conducta profesional con los usuarios y los aportes socioculturales implican cambios en la percepción profesional y comunitaria sobre el fenómeno de la enfermedad y la concepción de la salud, así como el incentivo a prácticas de desmedicalización sociocultural en relación al dolor, discapacidad, malestar, envejecimiento, nacimiento y muerte. Conclusión: A pesar del reconocimiento del potencial de la prevención cuaternaria, es necesario fortalecer estrategias que permitan el desarrollo de políticas públicas para fomentar y gestionar alianzas estratégicas con los tomadores de decisiones, profesionales de la salud y ciudadanos, para promover la reducción de diagnósticos y tratamientos excesivos, contribuyendo a la calidad de la atención.

Desvendando barreiras de gênero no acesso de adolescentes à informação sobre saúde sexual e reprodutiva na Venezuela / Unveiling gender barriers to adolescents' access to information on sexual and reproductive health in Venezuela / Desvelando barreras de género en el acceso de adolescentes a la información sobre salud sexual y reproductiva en Venezuela

Resumo: O objetivo foi analisar os discursos de adolescentes e profissionais de saúde em um estado da Venezuela acerca do acesso desta população à informação sobre saúde sexual e reprodutiva. Realizaram-se 12 entrevistas com adolescentes e 12 com profissionais, trabalhadas com a Análise de Discurso Crítica de Fairclough. Os resultados estruturaram-se em 3 temas: desigualdades de gênero; estratégias utilizadas pelos adolescentes e dificuldades dos serviços de saúde. Nos argumentos identificados, observa-se que a cultura das famílias matricentradas limita o acesso das meninas à informação sobre saúde sexual. Das meninas e dos adolescentes homossexuais, exige-se maior esforço no acesso à informação. Ambos os grupos procuram serviços fora de sua área de residência por temor à família ou por não confiar no sigilo profissional. As fontes privilegiadas pelos adolescentes para obter informação são: amigos e Internet. Um dos principais desafios é reconhecer os dispositivos institucionais que atuam na sociedade venezuelana, com maior força nas relações de poder na família, na escola e serviços de saúde. Tais barreiras reforçam o sexual double standard, perpetuando modelos de dominação patriarcal. Sua naturalização possibilita uma reprodução silenciosa de crenças/atitudes, provocando desigualdades de gênero no acesso aos serviços de saúde. As mudanças na prestação dos serviços oferecidos para adolescentes envolveriam renegociação das posições subjetivas tradicionais na interação profissional-usuário e desconstrução das relações de poder. É com participação de novas gerações de adolescentes, profissionais, pais, professores, produzindo discursos e normas de gênero mais equitativas, que possíveis mudanças serão engendradas.

Abstract: The objective was to analyze the discourses of adolescents and health professionals in a state of Venezuela concerning this age group's access to information on sexual and reproductive health. Interviews were conducted with 12 adolescents and 12 health professionals and processed with Fairclough's Critical Discourse Analysis. The results were structured in three themes: gender inequalities; strategies used by adolescents; and difficulties in the health services. The arguments revealed that matricentric family culture limits girls' access to information on sexual health. Greater effort is required of girls and homosexual adolescents to access information. Both of them seek health services outside their area of residence, due to fear of the family or lack of trust in professional secrecy. The prime sources for adolescents to information are friends and the Internet. One of the main challenges is to recognize the institutional devices acting in Venezuelan society, with greater force in power relations in the family, school, and health services. Such barriers reinforce the "sexual double standard", perpetuating models of patriarchal domination. The naturalization of such models allows the silent reproduction of beliefs and attitudes, causing gender inequalities in access to health services. Changes in the provision of services offered to adolescents involve renegotiation of traditional subjective positions in user-provider interaction and deconstruction of gender relations. Possible changes will be engendered with participation by new generations of adolescents, health professionals, parents, and teachers, producing more equitable gender discourses and norms.

Resumen: El objetivo fue analizar los discursos de adolescentes y profesionales de salud, en un estado de Venezuela, sobre el acceso de esta población a la información sobre salud sexual y reproductiva. Se realizaron 12 entrevistas con adolescentes y 12 con profesionales, trabajadas con Análisis del Discurso Crítico de Fairclough. Los resultados se estructuraron en 3 temas: desigualdades de género; estrategias utilizadas por los adolescentes y dificultades de los servicios de salud. En los argumentos identificados se observa que la cultura de las familias matricentradas limita el acceso de las niñas a la información sobre salud sexual. De las niñas y de los adolescentes homosexuales se exige mayor esfuerzo en el acceso a la información. Ambos grupos buscaron servicios fuera de su área de residencia por temor a la familia o por no confiar en el secreto profesional. Las fuentes privilegiadas por los adolescentes para obtener información son: amigos e Internet. Uno de los principales desafíos es reconocer los dispositivos institucionales que actúan en la sociedad venezolana, con mayor fuerza en las relaciones de poder en la familia, en la escuela y servicios de salud. Tales barreras refuerzan el sexual double standard, perpetuando modelos de dominación patriarcal. Su naturalización posibilita una reproducción silenciosa de creencias/actitudes, provocando desigualdades de género en el acceso a los servicios de salud. Los cambios en la prestación de los servicios ofrecidos para adolescentes implicarían la renegociación de las posiciones subjetivas tradicionales en la interacción profesional-usuario y la deconstrucción de las relaciones de poder. Es con la participación de nuevas generaciones de adolescentes, profesionales, padres, profesores, produciendo discursos y normas de género más equitativas, que posibles cambios serán generados.

Núcleo básico en el análisis de datos cualitativos: pasos, técnicas de identificación de temas y formas de presentación de resultados / Basic Core in the Analysis of Qualitative Data: Steps, Techniques to Identify Themes, and Data Display Forms

Resumen En la investigación cualitativa, el análisis y la interpretación de los datos es una tarea de difícil manejo, incluso para los investigadores más experimentados. Si bien existen muchas técnicas disponibles para llevar a cabo el análisis de datos cualitativos, algunos autores relevantes del área proponen que es posible identificar un núcleo básico sin necesidad de hacer coincidir las distintas perspectivas del método cualitativo. Hacer foco en esta comunalidad permitirá hacer más comprensible la tarea de análisis para los investigadores noveles. El objetivo principal del presente trabajo es mostrar en qué consiste este núcleo básico de análisis, dando cuenta de los pasos necesarios para llevarlo a cabo. Además, se revisan técnicas concretas para la detección de temas, se presentan ejemplos haciendo uso del software Atlas.ti, y se muestran las formas posibles de presentación de los resultados.

Abstract Within the research process, the analysis of the data emerges as one of the most important steps. In qualitative research, the analysis of data is a difficult task for even the most experienced researchers and often brings up many doubts about the way to implement it. It is therefore necessary to have material that facilitates the analysis process. Even though there are numerous manuals that focus on the analysis of qualitative data, researchers often can be confused with the large number of names that this type of analysis receives (e.g. Thematic Analysis, Content Analysis) or with the various qualitative methods (e.g. Phenomenology, Grounded Theory) that are available. Each of these qualitative approaches presents a particular language to detail the research process, which makes it difficult to recognize common aspects shared by these methods. Recently, the American Psychological Association has emphasized the need to identify, within the various qualitative methods and procedures, shared standards for reporting this type of work. In agreement with the above, several qualitative researchers have pointed out that beyond the aforementioned diversity it is possible to identify a basic core with regard to qualitative analysis, without having to match the different perspectives of the qualitative method, such as Grounded Theory, Ethnography ore Phenomenology. Focusing on this communality will facilitate a simpler and clearer approach to the data analysis process. The analysis process mainly involves 1) data condensation, and 2) presentation of results. Following this line, the present manuscript aims to: (a) develop what the basic core of data analysis consists of, (b) show the necessary steps to carry out this analysis process, (c) review specific techniques for the detection of categories, (d) present examples using the Atlas.ti software, and (e) show the possible ways of presenting the results. Researchers have realized the importance of having methodological works that facilitate the analysis of qualitative data, and allow answering the question: What does qualitative analysis look like in practice?. The development of this type of work pretends on the one hand to facilitate the understanding of the process of qualitative data analysis and, on the other hand, serve to shape better and in a more standard way which was the data analysis procedure applied in the respective investigations. This material should be taken as a first step in the understanding of the process, and it should not be understood that the qualitative analysis is reduced only to what is developed in this article. For example, in the first level grouping step or first coding cycle, the researcher can make use of 25 different types or forms of coding (e.g., live coding). Even so, the development of works such as the present manuscript is intended to facilitate the understanding and reporting the process of qualitative data analysis. Beyond the name with which the researcher calls the analysis procedure carried out, it is relevant to report in his works the basic steps (i.e. Identification, First and Second Level of Categorization), and the specific techniques used to detect categories or topics (e.g. repetition or similarities). Likewise, it is advisable to follow the guidelines recently published by the APA for the publication of qualitative research. We hope that this material will be useful especially for new researchers who need an introductory text to carry out the qualitative data analysis.

Igualdade de gênero e análise da comunicação motora nas tarefas de educação física / Igualdad de género y análisis de la cominicación motriz en las tareas de la educación física / Gender equality and analysis of motor communication in physical education tasks

Este artigo analisa as tarefas motoras propostas no âmbito da Educação Física, tanto pelo professor quanto no jogo livre, a partir de uma perspectiva de gênero. A partir de uma observação participante, obtêm-se as tarefas propostas nas sessões de Educação Física de uma escola na cidade de Meliana, na província de Valência (Espanha). São analisadas e contextualizadas 134 tarefas motoras na estrutura educacional. Os resultados mostram que há uma tendência a promover um certo modelo de comportamento comum quando o professor exerce maior diretividade. Por outro lado, quando o professor oferece liberdade para escolher, há uma tendência a reproduzir os estereótipos de gênero dominantes

El presente artículo analiza las tareas motrices propuestas en el ámbito de la Educación Física, tanto por el maestro como en el juego libre, desde una perspectiva de género. A partir de una observación participante se obtienen las tareas propuestas en las sesiones de Educación Física de una escuela en la localidad de Meliana, en la provincia de Valencia (España). Se constatan 134 tareas motrices que se analizan y contextualizan en el marco educativo. Los resultados muestran que se tiende a impulsar un cierto modelo de comportamiento común cuando el docente ejerce mayor directividad. En cambio, cuando el profesor ofrece libertad para escoger, se tienden a reproducir los estereotipos de género dominantes

This article looks into the motor tasks proposed in Physical Education ­ both by teachers and in free play ­ from a gender perspective. Using participant observation, it collected the tasks proposed during Physical Education classes at a school in Meliana, in the Spanish province of Valencia: 134 motor tasks are analyzed and contextualized within the educational framework. The results show a tendency to promote a certain model of common behavior when teachers exercise greater directivity. On the other hand, when they offer freedom to choose, dominant gender stereotypes tend to be reproduced

A trajetória pessoal de Tifanny Abreu no esporte de alto rendimento / Tifanny Abreu's personal history in high performance sport / La trayectoria personal de Tifanny Abreu en el deporte de alto rendimento

O objetivo deste trabalho é compreender a trajetória pessoal de Tifanny Abreu em seu processo de inserção e permanência no voleibol de alto rendimento. Desenvolvemos um estudo de caso descritivo e qualitativo. Para coletar nossos dados, realizamos uma entrevista semiestruturada, posteriormente transcrita e analisada através da técnica de análise de conteúdo. Como resultados, encontramos resistências ao longo da trajetória pessoal de Tifanny envolvendo sua transição de gênero e manutenção no Esporte, o tratamento por parte da mídia e das torcidas e o usufruto do vestiário

This study looks into the personal history of Tifanny Abreu in her process to enter and remain in high performance volleyball. We conducted a descriptive and qualitative case study. To collect our data, we used a semi-structured interview, later transcribed and submitted to content analysis. As results, we found resistance throughout Tifanny's personal history involving her gender transition and permanence in volleyball, her treatment by the media and fans, and her use of the changing room

El objetivo de este trabajo es entender la trayectoria personal de Tifanny Abreu en su proceso de inserción y permanencia en el voleibol de alto rendimiento. Desarrollamos un estudio de caso descriptivo y cualitativo. Para recopilar nuestros datos, realizamos una entrevista semiestructurada, posteriormente transcrita y analizada a través de la técnica de análisis de contenido. Como resultados, encontramos resistencias a lo largo de la trayectoria personal de Tifanny involucrando su transición de género y su permanencia en el deporte, el trato por parte de los medios y de las hinchadas y la utilización de los vestuarios

Body construction and health itineraries: a survey among travestis and trans people in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / A construção do corpo e itinerários de saúde: um estudo entre travestis e pessoas trans no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / Construcción corporal e itinerarios de salud: una encuesta entre travestis y personas trans en Río de Janeiro, Brasil

The article examines health itineraries followed by Brazilian travestis, trans men and trans women in the affirmation of their gender, based on the survey Trans Uerj: Health and Citizenship of Trans People in Brazil. The survey's main objectives were to gauge the trans/travesti population's diversity and sociodemographic profile; and to map the various ways they access their rights as citizens, especially to healthcare services and body modification technologies. Interviewers, mainly trans people and travestis, applied 391 questionnaires in the city of Rio de Janeiro and its metropolitan region to interviewees of different social classes, schooling levels and gender identity configurations, contacted through the interviewers' social networks. For defining respondents' gender identities the survey used an original method based on self-definitions, which were then aggregated into 6 categories for data analysis purposes. This article discusses the multiple strategies used by this trans population in gender affirmation processes to gain access to regulated and/or unregulated use of hormones and surgical procedures.

O artigo examina os itinerários de saúde seguidos por travestis e mulheres e homens trans brasileiros na afirmação do seu próprio gênero, com base no inquérito Trans Uerj: Health and Citizenship of Trans People in Brazil. O inquérito teve como objetivos avaliar a diversidade e o perfil sociodemográfico da população trans/travesti e mapear as diversas maneiras pelas quais garantem seus direitos de cidadania, principalmente nos serviços saúde e em tecnologias de modificação do corpo. Os entrevistadores, majoritariamente pessoas trans e travestis, aplicaram 391 questionários na cidade e Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, com entrevistados/as de diferentes classes sociais, níveis de escolaridade e configurações de identidade de gênero, contatados através das redes sociais dos entrevistadores. A definição da identidade de gênero dos entrevistados usou um método original baseado nas autodefinições; as definições foram agregadas depois em seis categorias para fins de análise dos dados. O artigo discute as múltiplas estratégias utilizadas pela população trans nos processos de afirmação de gênero para obter acesso ao uso regulado e/ou não regulado de hormônios e procedimentos cirúrgicos.

El artículo examina los itinerarios de salud seguidos por travestis brasileños, hombres trans y mujeres trans para la afirmación de su género, está basado en la encuesta Trans Uerj: Health and Citizenship of Trans People in Brazil. Los objetivos principales de esta encuesta fueron evaluar la diversidad de la población trans/travesti y su perfil sociodemográfico; así como mapear los diferentes caminos gracias a los que consiguen tener acceso a sus derechos como ciudadanos, especialmente en lo que concierne a servicios de salud y técnicas de modificación corporales. Se entrevistaron principalmente a personas trans y travestis, de quienes se recabaron 391 cuestionarios en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro y su región metropolitana, procedentes de diferentes clases sociales, niveles educacionales y configuraciones de identidad de género, que fueron contactados a través de redes sociales por parte de los entrevistadores. Con el fin de definir las identidades de género de quienes respondieron la encuesta, se usó un método original basado en autodefiniciones, que posteriormente fueron añadidas a 6 categorías para fines de análisis de datos. Este artículo discute las múltiples estrategias utilizadas, por parte de esta población trans en procesos de afirmación de género, para conseguir acceso al uso de hormonas reguladas y/o irregulares, así como procedimientos quirúrgicos.

Study on Chemical Constituents of n-Butanol Part from the Roots of Camellia oleifera / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE： To study the chemical constituents of n-Butanol part from the roots of Camellia oleifera， and to provide reference for elucidating the pharmacodynamic substance basis of it’s anti-tumor effect. METHODS： The ethanol extracts were obtained by using 95％ ethanol as extraction solvent to extract the roots of C. oleifera， and the n-Butanol part was obatined after the extracts were extratced with ethyl acetate and water-saturated n-butanol solution in turn. The chemical constituents of n-butanol part were isolated and purified by D101 macroporous resin column， silica gel， atmospheric pressure reversed phase column chromatography， sephadex gel SephadexLH-20 column chromatogram and preparative HPLC. The structure of the compounds was identified by spectroscopic analysis of physicochemical constants， electrospray ionization mass spectrometry， 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. RESULTS： Eight compounds were isolated from the roots of C. oleifera and elucidated as quercetin 3′ -O-β-D-glucoside （compound 1）， apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucoside （compound 2）， （+）-lyoniresinol-3α-O-β-D-glucopyranoside （compound 3）， rubusoside （compound 4）， dulcoside B （compound 5）， 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenol 1-O-β-D-[6-O-（4-hydroxy-3，5-dimethoxylbenzoate）-glucopyranoside （compound 6）， 3，4，5-trimethoxyphenyl-6-O- syringoyl-β-D-glucopyranoside （compound 7）， gordonoside P （compound 8）.  CONCLUSIONS： Compounds 1-8 were isolated from this plant for the first time. This not only enriches the chemical constituents of this genus， but also provides a reference for elucidating the anti-tumor bioactive substances in this part.

Gender-Based Differences in Anxiety and Depression Following Acute Myocardial Infarction / Diferenças por Sexo na Ansiedade e Depressão após Infarto Agudo do Miocárdio

Abstract Background: Among patients with heart disease, depression and anxiety disorders are highly prevalent and persistent. Both depression and anxiety play a significant role in cardiovascular disease progression and are acknowledged to be independent risk factors. However, there is very little gender-related analysis concerning cardiovascular diseases and emotional disorders. Objective: We aimed to evaluate depression and anxiety levels in patients suffering from myocardial infarction [MI] within the first month after the MI and to assess the association between cardiovascular disease risk factors, demographic indicators and emotional disorders, as well as to determine whether there are gender-based differences or similarities. Methods: This survey included demographic questions, clinical characteristics, questions about cardiovascular disease risk factors and the use of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HADS]. All statistical tests were two-sided, and p values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: It was determined that 71.4% of female and 60.4% of male patients had concomitant anxiety and/or depression symptomatology (p = 0.006). Using men as the reference point, women had an elevated risk of having some type of psychiatric disorder (odds ratio, 2.86, p = 0.007). The HADS-D score was notably higher in women (8.66 ± 3.717) than men (6.87 ± 4.531, p = 0.004). It was determined that male patients who developed depression were on average younger than those without depression (p = 0.005). Conclusions: Women demonstrated an elevated risk of having anxiety and/or depression disorder compared to men. Furthermore, depression severity increased with age in men, while anxiety severity decreased. In contrast, depression and anxiety severity was similar for women of all ages after the MI. A higher depression score was associated with diabetes and physical inactivity, whereas a higher anxiety score was associated with smoking in men. Hypercholesterolemia was associated with both higher anxiety and depression scores, and a higher depression score was associated with physical inactivity in women.

Resumo Fundamento: Os pacientes com doença cardíaca, depressão e transtornos de ansiedade são altamente prevalentes e persistentes. A depressão e a ansiedade desempenham um papel significativo na progressão da doença cardiovascular e são reconhecidas como fatores de risco independentes. No entanto, há muito pouca análise relacionada ao gênero em relação às doenças cardiovasculares e transtornos emocionais. Objetivo: Avaliar os níveis de depressão e ansiedade em pacientes com infarto do miocárdio (IM) no primeiro mês após o IM e avaliar a relação entre os fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular, indicadores demográficos e distúrbios emocionais, bem como determinar se existem diferenças ou semelhanças baseadas no sexo do paciente. Métodos: Esta pesquisa incluiu questões demográficas, características clínicas, questões sobre fatores de risco de doença cardiovascular e a Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão [HADS]. Todos os testes estatísticos foram bilaterais, e valores de p < 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Resultados: Determinou-se que 71,4% dos pacientes do sexo feminino e 60,4% dos pacientes do sexo masculino apresentavam sintomatologia concomitante de ansiedade e/ou depressão (p = 0,006). Utilizando os homens como o ponto de referência, as mulheres mostraram um risco elevado de apresentar qualquer distúrbio psiquiátrico (odds ratio, 2,86, p = 0,007). O escore da HADS-D foi notavelmente maior nas mulheres (8,66 ± 3,717) do que nos homens (6,87 ± 4,531, p = 0,004). Foi determinado que os pacientes do sexo masculino que desenvolveram depressão eram em média mais jovens do que aqueles sem depressão (p = 0,005). Conclusões: As mulheres demonstraram risco mais elevado de apresentar distúrbio de ansiedade e/ou depressão em comparação aos homens. Além disso, a gravidade da depressão aumentou com a idade entre os homens, enquanto o gravidade da ansiedade diminuiu. Em contraste, a gravidade da depressão e ansiedade foram semelhantes para mulheres de todas as idades após o IM. Um maior escore de depressão foi associado com diabetes e inatividade física, e o maior escore de ansiedade foi associado ao tabagismo nos homens. A hipercolesterolemia foi associada tanto aos maiores escores de ansiedade e depressão, enquanto um maior escore de depressão foi associado à inatividade física entre mulheres.

How to identify protracted bacterial bronchitis from chronic wet cough in children / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Chronic cough is a very common symptom of children presenting to pediatric practitioners,moreover,chronic wet cough is especially troublesome for children's health.Since protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB) is a common cause of chronic wet cough in children,it is of great importance to timely identify PBB from children with chronic cough.Now,the clinical features and diagnostic clues of PBB,as well as the diagnostic criteria of PBB based on microbiology are introduced;it is also proposed that comprehensive and reliable consultation,detailed physical examination and related laboratory tests are needed when identifying PBB out of children with chronic wet cough.For infants and young children,in particular those with persistent wet cough and without any specific changes of chest radiography and other specific cough pointers (eg,upper airway cough syndrom,cough type asthma,respiratory tract infection with specific pathogen,foreign body),the diagnosis of PBB should be taken into consideration and clinical observation and follow-up are needed to reevaluate.

Study of recombinant GRA5 protein onimmuno-diagnosis of Toxoplasma infection / 安徽医科大学学报

Objective To investigate the immunodiagnostic valueofrecombinant granulocvte protein 5(rGRA5) protein in prokaryotic Toxoplasma gondii.Methods The PCR was used to ampliify GRA5 gene,then insert the target gene into the prokaryotic expression vector pET28a,and identified by double digestion and sequencing, then transfecte the correct targert gene into BL21 competent cells, SDS-PAGE and Western blot were used to detect the expression of the recombinant protein in BL21.ELISA was used to detect the serum of 100 cases of serologically Toxoplasma-positive individuals.Results The products of GRA5 gene of 363 bp in length was successfully amplified by PCR,the prokaryotic expression vector pET28a-GRA5 was constructed successfully, the result of double digestion showed that the insert fragment size was correct, and DNA sequencing results showed that the homology of GRA5 gene with GenBank was 100%.Also the expression of GRA5 protein was successfully detected in BL21 by Western blot(about 14 ku).ELISA method was used to detect 100 cases of patients with 73 cases showed positive results, the positive diagnosis rate was 73.0%.Among them, the positive detection rate of IgG positive samples was 72.5% in 40 cases,the positive detection rate of IgM positive samples was 53.3% in 30 cases,the positive detection rate of IgG and IgM positive samples was 93.3% in 30 cases.Conclusion The prokaryotic expression vector pET28a-GRA5 is constructed successfully, and the recombinant protein has potential for immunological diagnosis of toxoplasmosis.

Identification of Ranae Oviductus original animal based on COI sequences / 中国中药杂志

Ranae Oviductus has a high economic and social value, but its adulterants are more numerous, which causes a great confusion to the market. Using DNA bar code technology based on COI sequence for PCR amplification and sequencing of the identified Rana dybowskii, R. chensinensis, R. huanrensis and R. amurensiss, the COI gene database of four species of Rana was established, and comparing the measured sequence with the sequence of GenBank, four kinds of Rana were identified. The MEGA (molecular evolutionary genetics analysis) 7 .0 software was used to calculate the genetic distance of K2P and construct the NJ (neighbor-joining) system cluster tree. The sequence of the four species of Rana measured were clustered into one group with the sequence of the four kinds of Rana downloaded from GenBank, but separated from the two outer groups downloaded from GenBank. The COI gene of the R. dybowskii was likely to have regional differences, however this technique failed to distinguish male and female Rana. The results showed that DNA bar code technology could accurately identify the base of original animal of R. oviductus. It indicates that DNA bar code COI provides a new method for the identification of R. oviductus.

Construction of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG particles surface display system / 生物工程学报

To describe a novel particles surface display system which is consisted of gram-positive enhancer matrix (GEM) particles and anchor proteins for bacteria-like particles vaccines, we treated Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG bacteria with 10% heated-TCA for preparing GEM particles, and then identified the harvested GEM particles by electron microscopy, RT-PCR and SDS-PAGE. Meanwhile, Escherichia coli was induced to express hybrid proteins PA3-EGFP and P60-EGFP, and GEM particles were incubated with them. Then binding of anchor proteins were determined by Western blotting, transmission electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy and spectrofluorometry. GEM particles preserved original size and shape, and proteins and DNA contents of GEM particles were released substantially. The two anchor proteins both had efficiently immobilized on the surface of GEM. GEM particles that were bounded by anchor proteins were brushy. The fluorescence of GEM particles anchoring PA3 was slightly brighter than P60, but the difference was not significant (P>0.05). GEM particles prepared from L. rhamnosus GG have a good binding efficiency with anchor proteins PA3-EGFP and P60-EGFP. Therefore, this novel foreign protein surface display system could be used for bacteria-like particle vaccines.

Construction and identification of Stathmin gene Pichia pastoris expression system / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To provide the experimental basis for the further research of the interacting proteins with Stathmin ,the Stathmin gene Pichia pastoris expression system was constructed ,the expressed Stathmin product was purified and identified .Meth‐ods Stathmin gene was amplified from tumor cell line of SKBR3 by PCR method and cloned into the yeast expression vector pPIC3 .5K .The recombinant vector pPIC3 .5K‐Stathmin was constructed and transformed into Pichia pastoris GS115 .The positive clones were screened by YPD medium containing Geneticin 600 μg/mL .Expression was induced with 0 .5% methanol and expres‐sion products were identified by SDS‐PAGE and Western Blotting .Results DNA sequencing result showed that the gene fragment was consistent with Stathmin gene sequence .pPIC3 .5K‐Stathmin was selected from YPD culture medium containing Geneticin ,and the positive clones were identified by PCR .SDS‐PAGE showed that a 37 × 103 protein band could be seen on the PAGE gel after Coomassie Blue staining ,which was further confirmed and identified as Stathmin protein by Western Blotting .Conclusion Stathmin yeast expression vector is successfully constructed and expressed in Pichia pastoris ,which laid the foundation for the study of inter‐acting proteins with Stathmin ,and for the preparation of the biological treatment drugs of Stahtmin target .

Application of Plato analysis method in identifying the security risks of the clinical cases / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To apply Plato analysis method to clinical cases which were reported from clinical nursing, finding out the key link of the risks which were related to the cases:the key age, the key period, the key spectrum of disease and the key projects, etc. To carry out the feedforward control of the quality of care, and ensure the quality and safety of nursing. Methods A database were set up including clinical special cases, high-risk cases, security hidden danger cases and emergency cases. Thetwo eightprinciple of Plato analysis method was used to find out the main factors, the principal contradiction, the key hazard and the key problems of the cases, etc. The aim was to provide guidelines of risk analysis, risk prevention and risk aversion for nurses, and improve their consciousness of security hidden danger, and reduce security hidden danger cases. Results The results of 207 cases collected from 2014 to 2015 showed that the main risks involved the age groups were 41-80 years old and 21-30 years old. The major risks involved the spectrum of disease were the nervous system, cardiovascular disease, surgical anesthesia related problems, kidney disease, cancer and respiratory system. The major risks involved the time were the midnight, morning and afternoon. The major risks involved the locations were sickroom, emergency room, auxiliary inspection departments and outpatient. The major risks involved items were disease mutation, psychological problems, medication safety and instrument safety, among the disease mutation, timely discovered, rescued 13 patients with heart and breathing pause, stop 13 patients who attempted suicide. Since the Plato analysis method was applied to identify the security risks of the clinical cases, the number of falling, all kinds of pipe shed, skin problems and suicides were decreased from 6, 6, 7, 5 in 2014 to 2, 2, 2, 1 in 2015, declining trend year by year. Conclusions Applying the Plato analysis method to identify the security risks of the clinical cases which can find out the main problems of cases and improve nursing quality and management efficiency.