Imaging study on thoracic and lumbar physiological curvature in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the alteration of thoracic and lumbar physiological curvature in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis(AIS) and the difference of physiological curvature between different types of scoliosis.@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis was conducted on 305 adolescent patients taken full spine X-ray in our hospital from January 2017 to December 2021. The patients were divided into normal group and scoliosis group. The normal group was composed of 179 patients, 79 males and 100 females, aged 10 to 18 years old with an average of (12.84±2.10) years old, with cobb agle less than 10 degrees. The scoliosis group was composed of 126 patients, 33 males and 93 females, aged 10 to 18 years old with an average of (13.92±2.20) years old. The gender, age, Risser sign, thoracic kyphosis(TK) and lumbar lordosis(LL) in 2 groups were compared, and the TK and LL were also compared between different genders, different degrees of scoliosis and different segments of scoliosis.@*RESULTS@#The female ratio(P=0.001) and age (P<0.001) in scoliosis group were higher than them in normal group; the ratio of low-grade ossification was higher in normal group than in scoliosis group(P=0.038). TK was significantly smaller in scoliosis group than in normal group(P<0.001), but there was no significant difference in LL between the 2 groups(P=0.147). There were no significant difference in TK and LL between male and female. The TK was significantly bigger in mild AIS patients than in moderate AIS patients(P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in LL between mild and moderate patients(P>0.05). The TK and LL in different segments scoliosis were not found significant difference.@*CONCLUSION@#The physiological curvature of thoracic and lumbar spine is independent of gender. The thoracic physiological curvature becomes smaller in AIS patients, but lumbar curvature remains unchanged. The thoracic physiological curvature in mild AIS patients is greater than that in moderate AIS patients, but the lumbar curvature is almost unchanged between mild and moderate scoliosis and is similar with that in normal adolescent. The alteration of thoracic and lumbar physiological curvature in AIS patients may be related to relative anterior spinal overgrowth, and the specific detailed mechanism needs to be further studied.

Validity Of Mobile Application Scoscreen for Early Screening of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis

@#Introduction: Scoliosis is characterized by an abnormal lateral curvature that may occur during a child’s growth period. Early detection and intervention are needed to prevent the progression of abnormal curvatures. While the gold standard for diagnosing idiopathic scoliosis is x-ray imaging, there is a quick and easy way to perform screening, i.e., using a smartphone. A mobile application with a built-in inclinometer and simple scoliosis tests may help detect scoliosis. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the ScoScreen mobile application’s content for early screening of AIS. Methods: We recruited five physiotherapists with more than five years of experience in paediatric and musculoskeletal and one spinal surgeon. The validity of this study was assessed using a content validity form. Content validity was assessed by calculating the Item-level Content Validity Index (I-CVI), Scale-level Content Validity Index (S-CVI), and modified kappa. Results: The results show that the content validity of ScoScreen has an excellent level of content validity (I-CVI=0.83 – 1.00). The average approach’s overall content validity index was high (S-CVI/Ave=0.94). All items in this study were excellent, with the kappa scores greater than 0.74 (kappa= 0.816 – 1). Conclusion: The development of ScoScreen for early screening of AIS was proven to have excellent content validity in this study. As a result, the Scoscreen mobile application is appropriate for early detection of AIS in terms of its content.

Research progress of perioperative surgical home model in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis / 中国实用护理杂志

In recent years, the perioperative surgical home model has been gradually applied to the posterior spinal fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. This review summarizes the application of perioperative surgical home model in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery, including the concept, connotation and elements, hoping to provide reference and reference for complex and high-risk surgical procedures.

Macroscopic and mesoscopic biomechanical analysis of the bone unit in idiopathic scoliosis / 生物医学工程学杂志

To investigate the effects of postoperative fusion implantation on the mesoscopic biomechanical properties of vertebrae and bone tissue osteogenesis in idiopathic scoliosis, a macroscopic finite element model of the postoperative fusion device was developed, and a mesoscopic model of the bone unit was developed using the Saint Venant sub-model approach. To simulate human physiological conditions, the differences in biomechanical properties between macroscopic cortical bone and mesoscopic bone units under the same boundary conditions were studied, and the effects of fusion implantation on bone tissue growth at the mesoscopic scale were analyzed. The results showed that the stresses in the mesoscopic structure of the lumbar spine increased compared to the macroscopic structure, and the mesoscopic stress in this case is 2.606 to 5.958 times of the macroscopic stress; the stresses in the upper bone unit of the fusion device were greater than those in the lower part; the average stresses in the upper vertebral body end surfaces were ranked in the order of right, left, posterior and anterior; the stresses in the lower vertebral body were ranked in the order of left, posterior, right and anterior; and rotation was the condition with the greatest stress value in the bone unit. It is hypothesized that bone tissue osteogenesis is better on the upper face of the fusion than on the lower face, and that bone tissue growth rate on the upper face is in the order of right, left, posterior, and anterior; while on the lower face, it is in the order of left, posterior, right, and anterior; and that patients' constant rotational movements after surgery is conducive to bone growth. The results of the study may provide a theoretical basis for the design of surgical protocols and optimization of fusion devices for idiopathic scoliosis.

Correlation analysis of Cobb angle and linear spinous process angle in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the correlation between Cobb angle and spinous process angle (SPA) on X-ray film and body surface in patients with mild to moderate adolescent idiopathic scoliosis(AIS). To explore the possibility of linear SPA to assess scoliosis.@*METHODS@#Retrospective study for correlation of Cobb angle and linear SPA on X-ray film. AIS patients treated and taken full spine anteroposterior X-ray from January 2019 to December 2021 were analyzed correlation of Cobb angle and linear SPA on X-ray film. Prospective study for correlation of Cobb angle and body linear SPA. AIS patients treated and taken full spine anteroposterior X-ray from December 1 to December 9 this year were analyzed correlation of Cobb angle and body linear SPA.@*RESULTS@#A total of 113 AIS patients with age an average of (14.02±2.16) years old(ranged from 10 to 18 years old) were recruited in retrospective study, involving 26 males and 87 females;there were 71 patients with mild AIS and 42 patients with moderate AIS. Cobb angle in AIS patients was significantly inversely associated with SPA(r=-0.564, P<0.001), the linear regression equation was:Cobb angle=169.444-0.878×SPA. Cobb angles in patients with mild scoliosis were significantly and inversely associated with SPA(r=-0.269, P=0.012), the linear regression equation was:Cobb angle=46.832-0.185×SPA. Cobb angles in patients with moderate scoliosis were also clearly correlated with SPA(r=-0.417, P=0.003), the linear regression equation was:Cobb angle=113.889-0.516×SPA. Thirty-eight patients were recruited in prospective study. The mean Cobb angle and body linear SPA were(18.70±6.98)°, ranged from 11.3° to 36.0° and (170.34±4.57)°, ranged from 162.1° to 177.7° respectively. There was significantly negative correlation(r=-0.651, P<0.001), the linear regression equation is:Cobb angle=187.91-0.99×SPA.@*CONCLUSION@#Linear SPA on X-ray film or on the body was significantly negatively correlated with Cobb angles, but the regression equation fits poorly, so it's not suitable for diagnosis of scoliosis;however, linear SPA is appropriate for self-controlled assessment of scoliotic therapy or for dynamic assessment of spinal flexibility.

Programa de ejercicios físicos correctivos para pacientes con escoliosis idiopática / Programa de exercícios físicos corretivos para pacientes com escoliose idiopática / Corrective physical exercises program for patients with idiopathic scoliosis

RESUMEN La problemática del estudio recae en que los tratamientos para niños con escoliosis en Chile carecen de la integración desde el ejercicio físico. El objetivo fue analizar el ejercicio físico para tratamiento de niños con escoliosis idiopática. Se estudiaron las diversas formas de tratamiento físico en la escoliosis idiopática a través de la revisión de documentos oficiales (historias clínicas de los pacientes, programas de ejercicios y métodos de intervención). La investigación se llevó a cabo en el Centro Cubano de Rehabilitación Física de Temuco, Chile. Se aplicó el método empírico indirecto o no interactivo: análisis a documentos oficiales, análisis-síntesis y modelación, que permitieron la sistematización teórica del ejercicio físico en el tratamiento. Como resultado fundamental se diseña el programa para el tratamiento de la escoliosis idiopática mediante ejercicios físicos correctivos en un período de 18 meses.

RESUMO O problema do estudo reside no facto de os tratamentos para crianças com escoliose no Chile carecerem da integração do exercício físico. O objectivo era analisar o exercício físico para o tratamento de crianças com escoliose idiopática. As várias formas de tratamento físico para a escoliose idiopática foram estudadas através da revisão de documentos oficiais (registos médicos dos pacientes, programas de exercício e métodos de intervenção). A investigação foi realizada no Centro Cubano de Reabilitação Física em Temuco, Chile. O método empírico indireto ou não-interativo foi aplicado: análise de documentos oficiais, análise-síntese e modelação, o que permitiu a sistematização teórica do exercício físico no tratamento. Como resultado fundamental, foi concebido um programa para o tratamento da escoliose idiopática através de exercícios físicos corretivos durante um período de 18 meses.

ABSTRACT The problem of the study lies in the fact that the treatments for children with scoliosis in Chile lack integration from physical exercise. The objective was to analyze physical exercise for the treatment of children with idiopathic scoliosis. The various forms of physical treatment in idiopathic scoliosis were studied through the review of official documents (patient medical records, exercise programs and intervention methods). The research was carried out at the Cuban Center for Physical Rehabilitation in Temuco, Chile. The indirect or non-interactive empirical method was applied: analysis of official documents, analysis-synthesis and modeling, which allowed the theoretical systematization of physical exercise in treatment. As a fundamental result, the program for the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis is designed through corrective physical exercises in a period of 18 months.

The reliability of the original smartphone scoliosis screening APP for measuring the Cobb angle of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective:To explore the accuracy and repeatability of the smartphone scoliosis screening APP developed by our team in the measurement of the Cobb angle of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).Methods:Clinical data of 60 patients with AIS admitted to Department of Spine and Spinal Surgery, Henan Province People′s Hospital from August 2020 to February 2021 were analyzed retrospectively.Three surveyors measured the coronal main curvature Cobb angle, sagittal thoracic kyphosis (TK) angle, thoracolumbar kyphosis (TLK) angle and lumbar kyphosis (LL) angle on whole-spine lateral X-ray films of 60 patients with AIS by means of the protractor, scoliosis screening APP and computerized Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS). The time and results of each measurement were recorded.The measurement was repeated once after 2 weeks.Paired t-test was used to compare the measurement time of the APP method and the protractor method.Taking the Cobb angle measurement results of the PACS system as the reference standard, the accuracy of Cobb angle measurement by the APP method was analyzed by paired t-test.The repeatability of the surveyor and the consistency between the surveyors was compared by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results:Among the 60 patients with AIS, there were 17 males and 43 females, aged from 10 to 16 years [(12.2±2.4) years]. The main bends were thoracic curvature (Lenke Ⅰ) in 23 cases, Lenke Ⅱ in 18 cases and thoracolumbar curvature/lumbar curvature (Lenke V) in 19 cases.The APP method took significantly less time to measure the Cobb angle than the protractor method ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the Cobb angle measured by the APP method and PACS method ( P>0.05). The results of the coronal main curvature Cobb angle, TK angle, TLK angle and LL angle measured by 3 surveyors through the APP method were all in good agreement (ICC=0.990, 0.988, 0.986, 0.987). The repeatability (ICC 0.973-0.982) of the coronal main curvature Cobb angle, TK, TLK and LL measured twice before and after the APP method were both better that of the protractor method (ICC 0.933-0.954). Conclusions:Compared with the traditional protractor, the smartphone scoliosis screening APP has the advantages of short measurement time, high efficiency, excellent accuracy and good repeatability in measuring the Cobb angle of AIS.

Morphological analysis of thoracic pedicle of 12-15-year-old idiopathic scoliosis and normal spine in northern Shaanxi province / 解剖学报

Objective To study the anatomical structure of normal and scoliotic thoracic vertebrae in adolescents aged 12-15 years in Northern Shanxi Province, to provide detailed information for pedicle screw placement, and to provide data references for screw size design. Methods Totally 120 cases of normal thoracolumbar CT of 120 adolescents aged 12 to 15 years and 30 cases of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis were collected in Northern Shaanxi Province. The raw data of thoracolumbar tomographic images scanned continuously were imported into Mimics16. 0 software for analysis and measurement in DICOM format. Measurement indicators: pedicle width, pedicle height, pedicle length, transverse diameter of spinal canal, longitudinal diameter of spinal canal, transverse pedicle angle,maximum transverse pedicle angle, sagittal pedicle angle and pedicle area. Results Pedicle width:12-13 years old, T

Preliminary Results of Instantaneous Centre of Rotation Change after Thoracic Instrumentation in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Patients

@#Introduction: The instantaneous centre of rotation (ICR) is the centre of motion with zero velocity where a rigid body moves in a particular plane. ICR, as a dynamic measurement, gives more accurate results in terms of quality and quantity of the vertebral motions compared to range of motion (ROM). We aimed to determine the effect of thoracic instrumentation on cervical movement of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients who had undergone thoracic level instrumentation by measuring pre-operative and post-operative ICR change in a pilot study Materials and methods: A total of 25 AIS patients were included in this study. C4-C5 and C6-C7 segmental ICR were determined by pre-operative and post-operative cervical flexion-extension radiographs. In addition, cervical sagittal parameters and global sagittal parameters were investigated. Results: There was no statistically significant change in ICR location post-operatively in both x and y coordinates at C4- C5 segment (p: 0.326 and p: 0.946, respectively) and C6-C7 segment (p: 0.209, p: 0.086, respectively). There was a positive correlation between LCL and C4-C5 ICR y coordinate (r: 0.481), but not with C6-C7 ICR y coordinate (r: -0.2, p: 0.398). T5-T12 kyphosis decreased (p: 0.002) and T1 pelvic angle (0.003), SVA (0.02) and sacral slope (0.049) increased significantly post-operatively. T1S was correlated with LCL (r: 0.595, p: 0.002), T5-T12 kyphosis (r: 0.423, p: 0.035), SVA (r: 0.658, p<0.001) and C2-C7 SVA (r: 0.416, p: 0.039). Conclusion: The ICR for cervical region was not changed post-operatively in AIS patients with thoracic instrumentation. There was no relationship found between the development of post-operative cervical kyphosis or lordosis and ICR, which represents the quality and quantity of intervertebral motion. The T1 vertebra plays a key role for cervical, thoracic, and global parameters interaction.

Finite Element Analysis on Treatment Effect of Additive Manufacturing Scoliosis Orthosis / 医用生物力学

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of additive manufacturing scoliosis orthosis, by simulation on interaction of the bone, trunk and orthosis using finite element method. Methods Combined with CT data of the patients, three-dimensional (3D) scanning model of the trunk and full length X-ray of the spine, the bone-trunk-orthosis finite element model was established and proved to be effective. The change and development trend of Cobb angle of the main thoracic scoliosis was calculated under different boundary and load conditions. Results The treatment effect of the additive manufacturing scoliosis orthosis was good. With the increase of orthotic preload, the improvement of Cobb angle and pelvic tilt was more obvious. The Cobb angle was expected to decrease by 6.18° after application of 70 N preload to the orthosis for 6 months. In the case of increasing system stiffness, Cobb angle improvement was not obvious and became even worse. Conclusions Additive manufacturing scoliosis orthosis is effective for treating adolescents with immature bones, while for patients with mature or degenerative bones, its treatment effect is poor.

Spine curvature and the cardiopulmonary exercise endurance of adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Objective:To quantify any correlation between the severity of spinal curvature of an adolescent with idiopathic scoliosis and their cardiopulmonary exercise endurance.Methods:The cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) results and the full-length spinal X-rays in a standing position of 64 adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis were reviewed retrospectively. Independent t-tests were used to compare the two datasets obtained from those with left or right thoracic scoliosis. The correlation between the Cobb angle and cardiopulmonary exercise endurance was analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficients, multiple factor linear regression and two-stage linear regression.Results:After adjusting for gender, age, height and weight, the multiple linear regression analysis showed that the Cobb angle was significantly negatively correlated with maximum tidal volume (β=-0.013) and significantly positively correlated with the rate of respiration (β=0.421). The relationship between the Cobb angle and cardiopulmonary exercise endurance was non-linear. With a Cobb angle > 34°, a 1° increase reduces cardiopulmonary exercise endurance by a factor of 1.4 on average. At smaller Cobb angles the corresponding increase is about 0.87 times.Conclusions:The Cobb angle is a negative predictor of ventilation during exercise among adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. The more severe a patient′s spinal curvature, the lower the cardiopulmonary exercise endurance is likely to be.

Effects of scoliosis-specific exercise therapy on idiopathic scoliosis / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo observe the effects of specific exercise therapy on spinal deformity and joint hypermobility of idiopathic scoliosis. MethodsFrom April to October, 2021, 100 children with idiopathic scoliosis in the Scoliosis Rehabilitation Center of Xinhua Hospital were divided into control group (n = 50) and experimental group (n = 50), who accepted routine exercise therapy or scoliosis-specific exercise therapy in accordance with their wishes, for six months. The maximum Cobb angle and bone mineral density were measured, and they were assessed with Beighton Scale and Chinese version of the Scoliosis Research Society-22 Questionnaire Scores (SRS-22) before and after treatment. ResultsThe change of the maximum Cobb angle was more in the experimental group than in the control group (Z = -2.202, P < 0.05) after treatment, and the incidence of respondent was more (χ2 = -2.405, P < 0.05). The bone mineral density decreased in the experimental group after treatment (|Z| > 2.127, P < 0.05). For SRS-22, the total scores increased in both groups after treatment (Ftime = 106.57, P < 0.001), and increased more in the experimental group than in the control group (F = 4.969, P < 0.05); the scores of function domain and self-image domain increased in the experimental group (|Z| > 2.149, P < 0.05), while the mental health domain score decreased in the control group (Z = -2.096, P < 0.05); and the mental health domain score was more in the experimental group than in the control group (Z = -2.260, P < 0.05). ConclusionThe scoliosis-specific exercise therapy is effective on spinal deformity and quality of life for children with idiopathic scoliosis, but less helpful for joint hypermobility and bone mineral density, which need to further improve.

Surgical correction of juvenile idiopathic scoliosis. our patients' perception of their quality of life / Correção cirúrgica da escoliose idiopática juvenil - percepção de nossos pacientes sobre sua qualidade de vida / Corrección quirúrgica de escoliosis idiopática juvenil - percepción de nuestros pacientes sobre su calidad de vida

ABSTRACT Objective: To report the results of our patients who underwent scoliosis correction surgery in relation to their quality of life. Introduction: Juvenile idiopathic scoliosis affects between 1 and 3% of the population during puberty. Treatment will be conservative in most cases. The goal of surgical treatment is to improve coronal and sagittal alignment. The SRS 22 questionnaire is a useful tool for assessing quality of life in these patients. Methods: A retrospective study of 22 patients submitted to corrective surgery for juvenile idiopathic scoliosis between October 2017 and January 2020 was conducted. All of them had curves greater than 45 degrees managed through instrumentation and arthrodesis. Post-surgical quality of life was assessed using the SRS 22 questionnaire. Results: The average age of our patients at the time of the intervention was 15.5 years with a predominance of female patients. The application of the SRS 22 questionnaire generated the following mean scores: pain 4.6, function 4.3, self-image 4.41, mental health 4.89, and satisfaction 5.0. Conclusions: The development of surgical techniques has allowed good results to be achieved in the treatment of scoliosis. The evaluation of our patients using the SRS 22 questionnaire reflects a good quality of life in the 5 parameters evaluated. The main limitations of this study were the small sample size and its retrospective nature. Level of Evidence III; Retrospective, longitudinal, descriptive, observational study.

RESUMO Objetivo: Relatar os resultados de nossos pacientes operados para correção de escoliose com relação à sua qualidade de vida. Introdução: A escoliose idiopática juvenil afeta entre 1% e 3% da população durante a puberdade. O tratamento será conservador na maioria dos casos. O tratamento cirúrgico terá como objetivo melhorar o alinhamento coronal e sagital. O questionário SRS 22 é uma ferramenta útil para avaliar a qualidade de vida desses pacientes. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo de 22 pacientes operados entre outubro de 2017 e janeiro de 2020 devido à escoliose idiopática juvenil. Todos tinham curvas superiores a 45 graus tratadas com instrumentação e artrodese. A qualidade de vida pós-operatória foi avaliada por meio do questionário SRS-22. Resultados: A média de idade dos nossos pacientes no momento da intervenção foi 15,5 anos, com predominância do sexo feminino. A aplicação do questionário SRS-22 gerou os seguintes escores médios: dor 4,6; função 4,3; autoimagem 4,41; saúde mental 4,89 e satisfação 5,0. Conclusões: O desenvolvimento das técnicas cirúrgicas permitiu obter bons resultados no tratamento da escoliose. A avaliação de nossos pacientes por intermédio do questionário SRS 22 reflete boa qualidade de vida nos cinco parâmetros avaliados. As principais limitações deste estudo foram o pequeno tamanho da amostra e seu caráter retrospectivo. Nível de Evidência III; Estudo retrospectivo, longitudinal, descritivo, observacional.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Reportar los resultados de nuestros pacientes operados para corrección de escoliosis en relación a su calidad de vida. Introducción: La escoliosis idiopática juvenil afecta entre el 1% y 3% de la población durante la pubertad. El tratamiento será, en la mayoría, de los casos conservador. El tratamiento quirúrgico tendrá como objetivo mejorar la alineación coronal y sagital. El cuestionario SRS 22 es una herramienta útil para la valoración de la calidad de vida en estos pacientes. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de 22 pacientes intervenidos entre octubre de 2017 y enero de 2020 debido a la escoliosis idiopática juvenil. Todos tenían curvas mayores de 45 grados manejadas mediante instrumentación y artrodesis. Se realizó la evaluación de la calidad de vida posquirúrgica mediante el cuestionario SRS-22. Resultados: La edad promedio de nuestros pacientes en el momento de la intervención fue de 15,5 años con predominio de pacientes del sexo femenino. La aplicación del cuestionario SRS-22 generó las siguientes puntuaciones medias: dolor 4,6; función 4,3; autoimagen 4,41; salud mental 4,89 y satisfacción 5,0. Conclusiones: El desarrollo de las técnicas quirúrgicas ha permitido obtener buenos resultados en el tratamiento de la escoliosis. La evaluación de nuestros pacientes mediante el cuestionario SRS 22 refleja una buena calidad de vida en los 5 parámetros evaluados. Las limitaciones principales de este estudio han sido el pequeño tamaño de la muestra y su carácter retrospectivo. Nivel de Evidencia III; Estudio retrospectivo, longitudinal, descriptivo, observacional.

Morphology and epidemiological study of idiopathic scoliosis among primary school students in Chaozhou, China

BACKGROUND@#Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) affects patients' quality of life, yet there have been few reports of its morphology and epidemiological study in the southeast region of China. The aim of this study is to access the curve characteristics, prevalence, and factors associated with IS in Chaozhou city.@*METHODS@#A cross-sectional study was performed in 2018, in which scoliosis screening was conducted among 5497 primary school students in Chaozhou city. Then, a case-control study based on the screening involving 2547 children was followed for the exploration of the associated factors. The questionnaires covering demographic characteristics, postural habits, cognition and self-sensation of scoliosis, and physical conditions were addressed for the investigation. ORs with 95%CIs were calculated based on logistic regression analysis to evaluate the factors associated with scoliosis.@*RESULTS@#The prevalence of IS among primary school students was 6.15% in Chaozhou city, with 4.04% for males and 8.71% for females. The average Cobb angle was 15° (range 8 to 37°). Multiple logistic regression analysis suggested that female (OR=2.45), BMI (OR=0.67), having myopia (OR=1.49), self-sensation of scoliosis with symptoms (OR=5.52), insufficient sleep time (OR=2.65, 3.33), and less exercise time (OR=7.09, 7.29) were significantly associated with IS.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The prevalence of IS among primary school students in Chaozhou was at an average level, and it was significantly higher in females than in males. Lower body mass, having myopia, insufficient sleep time, and lower physical activity were associated with IS.

Development of a scoliosis rehabilitation robot and a preliminary study of its effectiveness in treating coronal deformity / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Objective:To explore the appropriate use of a self-developed scoliosis rehabilitation robot in treating adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), and also its safety and effectiveness.Methods:The scoliosis rehabilitation robot consists of a closed-loop pneumatic control system and multi-segment torso, pelvis and upper extremity fixation devices. It provides three-dimensional synchronous correction. Eighteen AIS subjects first received 30min of robot-assisted treatment using the maximum tolerable orthotic force. The angles of their spinal processes were evaluated using ultrasound before the treatment and after 30 seconds, 5 minutes and 30 minutes of treatment, then 5min later. In a second 30sec course of treatment the transverse orthotic force was 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% of the patient′s body weight. Any adverse effects were observed and recorded.Results:The robot ran smoothly and could apply intelligent and precise correction. No severe adverse effects were reported. The mean correction of the spinal process angles showed a significant cumulative effect with treatment time, reaching 104% at 30min. The mean process angle correction increased with the applied force. Force at 25% of the patient′s weight produced an average correction of 104% in patients with mild AIS and 65% in those whose AIS was moderate.Conclusion:The scoliosis rehabilitation robot is safe and immediately effective. Setting the transverse force at 25% of a patient′s weight gives the best corrective effect with mild AIS. Moderate AIS requires more force.

Effect of Insoles on Patients with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective:To observe the effect of braces combined with insoles on scoliosis and walking performance in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Methods:From September, 2019 to September, 2020, 42 subjects with AIS were selected and randomly divided into brace group (n = 21) and brace combined with insole group (n = 21). Both groups received two-month routine rehabilitation, including braces for 22 to 23 hours a day and gymnastics for 30 minutes a day. The brace combined with insole group additionally wore insoles, at least eight hours a day for two months. Meanwhile, 32 even-aged adolescents were recruited as healthy controls. Firstly, gait and plantar pressure of 42 patients and 32 healthy adolescents were compared to find out abnormal indicators. Secondly, the scoliosis and above abnormal indicators were compared between the brace group and the brace combined with insole group Results:The center of pressure excursion index (CPEI) was higher in AIS group than in the healthy group (F = 3.120, P < 0.05), and there was no significant difference in walking speed, gait cycle and phase between two groups (P>0.05). An obvious imbalanced pressure was observed between the medial and lateral heel of the single foot and the bilateral foot in AIS patients (P < 0.05). After treatment, the Cobb's angle decreased in AIS patients (t > 7.552, P < 0.001), however, no difference was found between the brace group and the brace combined with insole group (t = 0.459, P > 0.05); the CPEI decreased (t = 2.209, P < 0.05), and the pressure in medial and lateral heel as well as the left and right foot tended to be balanced (t > 2.306, P < 0.05) in the brace combined with insole group, and were better than that of the brace group (|t| > 2.319, P < 0.05). Conclusion:Plantar pressure distribution shows obvious local and global asymmetric changes in AIS patients. The efficacy of insoles on the scoliosis is limited, but the insole can effectively improve the abnormal biomechanics and balance the force.

Associated Factors of Growth With the Prevalence of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Among Female Primary School Children in Kuala Langat

@#Introduction: Scoliosis is a deformity of the spine that presents with a ‘S’ or ‘C’ curve with the most common type called Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS). The deformity begins unnoticed and can rapidly progress into severe deformation during the adolescent’s growth spurt. Factors such as onset of puberty, dietary intake, physical activity and ethnicity contributes to the development of AIS. Therefore, this study aims to determine the association of these factors with the prevalence of AIS among female school children in Kuala Langat. Methods: A total of 374 students between age 10 and 12 from six different primary schools in Kuala Langat were recruited according to the inclusion criteria. Consent form and questionnaire was distributed to the student’s parents/guardian prior conducting the research. Adam’s Forward Bend Test was performed to measure the rotation of the trunk using a smartphone Scoliometer Application. Results:Out of 374 students, 21 students from schools in Kuala Langat were found positive for AIS with a prevalence rate of 5.6%. However, no association was seen between the student’s age of menarche, dairy intake, frequency in physical activity and ethnicity with the prevalence of AIS. Conclusion: The factors measured in this study showed no association with the prevalence of AIS among school children in Kuala Langat.

A comparative study of sagittal spinal-pelvic parameters between patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and healthy controls / Un estudio comparativo de los parámetros sagitales de la columna vertebral-pélvic entre pacientes adolescentes con escoliosis idiopática y controles sanos

This study aimed to investigate the sagittal spinal-pelvic morphological changes, as well as the relationship between pelvic anatomical changes and the spinal-pelvic plane in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), in order to provide guidelines for orthopedic surgery in AIS. X-ray data were collected for retrospective analysis from 30 patients diagnosed as AIS in the Departments of Radiology at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University and the Inner Mongolia International Mongolian Medical Hospital from April 2014 to November 2018, along with 30 normal adolescents as control. Pelvic parameters, including pelvic incidence (PI), pelvic tilt (PT), and sacral slope (SS), a spinal parameter, lumbar lordosis (LL), and anatomical parameters, including sacral width (SW) and femoral head- sacrum distance (FH-S), were measured. The spinal-pelvic parameters were compared between AIS patients and normal controls and also between male and female AIS patients. Pearson correlation was performed to analyze correlation between spinal-pelvic parameters and between spinal-pelvic parameters and anatomical parameters in both AIS patients and normal controls. PT was significantly lower in AIS patients than in normal controls (P < 0.05), whereas no significant difference was found in the other spinal-pelvic parameters, i. e. , LL, PI, and SS. There was a significant difference in PT between sexes in AIS patients. SS was significantly correlated with LL in EIA patients (P < 0.05, r > 0.5). SS was significantly correlated with LL and PI, and PT with LL, PI, and SS in normal controls (all P < 0.05), and there was no significant correlation between the other sagittal spinal-pelvic parameters (P > 0.05). FH-S was significantly correlated with LL, PI, SS, and PT in AIS patients (all P < 0.05). AIS affects some of the sagittal spinalpelvic parameters and anatomical parameters. In AIS, there is a significant correlation between the spinal-pelvic parameters, and the anatomical parameter is significantly correlated with multiple spinal-pelvic parameters.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar los cambios morfológicos sagitales de la columna vertebral-pélvica, así como la relación entre los cambios anatómicos pélvicos y el plano espinal-pélvico en pacientes con escoliosis idiopática adolescente (EIA), con el fin de proporcionar pautas para la cirugía ortopédica en AIS. Se obtuvieron los datos de rayos X para el análisis retrospectivo de 30 pacientes diagnosticados como EIA en los Departamentos de Radiología del hospital Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University y el hospital Inner Mongolia International Mongolian Medical Hospital, desde abril de 2014 hasta noviembre del 2018, junto con 30 adolescentes normales como control. Se midieron los parámetros pélvicos, que incluyeron incidencia pélvica (IP), inclinación pélvica (P) y pendiente sacra (PS), un parámetro espinal, lordosis lumbar (LL) y parámetros anatómicos, que incluyeron el ancho sacro (AS) y la distancia del sacro cabeza femoral (FH-S). Los parámetros espinalpélvicos se compararon entre los pacientes con EIA y los controles normales, como también entre pacientes con EIA masculinos y femeninos. La correlación de Pearson se realizó para analizar la correlación entre los parámetros espinal-pélvicos y entre los parámetros espinal-pélvicos y los parámetros anatómicos tanto en pacientes con EIA como en controles normales. PT fue significativamente menor en pacientes con EIA que en los controles normales (P <0,05), mientras que no se encontraron diferencias significativas en los otros parámetros espinal-pélvicos, i. mi. , LL, PI y SS. Hubo una diferencia significativa en PT en pacientes de ambos sexos con EIA. SS se correlacionó significativamente con LL en pacientes con EIA (P <0,05, r> 0,5). SS se correlacionó significativamente con LL y PI, y PT con LL, PI y SS en controles normales (todos P <0,05), y no hubo correlación significativa entre los otros parámetros sagitales de la columna vertebral-pélvica (P> 0,05) FH-S se correlacionó significativamente con LL, PI, SS y PT en pacientes con EIA (todos P <0,05). EIA afecta algunos de los parámetros sagitales de la columna vertebral-pélvica y los parámetros anatómicos. En EIA, existe una correlación significativa entre los parámetros espinal-pélvicos, y el parámetro anatómico se correlaciona significativamente con múltiples parámetros espinales-pélvicos.

Radiographical analysis of flexibility of idiopatic scoliosis in prono and supino / Análise radiográfica da flexibilidade da escoliose idiopática em prono e supino / Análisis radiográfico de la flexibilidad de la escoliosis idiopática en prono y supino

ABSTRACT Objective To determine if there is a statistically significant difference in the flexibility of the curves in the adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) by using lateral inclination radiographs in supine or prone decubitus. Methods We evaluated 19 patients with AIS, waiting for surgery. Radiographs of the patients were performed in orthostatic anteroposterior incidences and right and left lateral inclinations in prone and supine decubitus. The comparison between prone and supine decubitus was performed through the flexibility rates of the curves measured in each position. Results The mean flexibility rates measured in lateral inclination radiographs with the patient in the supine position were 54.4% ± 38.8% in the proximal thoracic curve, 45.8% ± 15.6% in the main thoracic curve, and 80.5% ± 20.7% in the thoracolumbar / lumbar curve. When the lateral inclination radiographs were performed with the patient in the prone position, we observed mean flexibility rates of 66.4% ± 34.3% in the proximal thoracic curve, 50.1% ± 12.8% in the main thoracic curve, and 80.6% ± 19.0% in the thoracolumbar / lumbar curve. Conclusion This present study did not find a statistically significant difference between the flexibility rates of the curves in the prone and supine positions, suggesting that the two radiographic methods analyzed are similar in the evaluation of the flexibility of the curves in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Level of evidence II; Development of diagnostic criteria in consecutive patients (with "gold" reference standard applied).

RESUMO Objetivo Determinar se há diferença estatisticamente significativa na flexibilidade das curvas na escoliose idiopática do adolescente (EIA), ao utilizar radiografias em inclinação lateral em decúbito supino ou prono. Métodos Foram avaliados 19 pacientes com EIA, em espera de cirurgia. Os pacientes realizaram radiografias em incidências anteroposterior em ortostase, inclinações laterais direita e esquerda em decúbito prono e supino. Realizou-se a comparação entre o decúbito prono e supino através das taxas de flexibilidade das curvas aferidas em cada posição. Resultados A taxa de flexibilidade média aferida, quando realizadas as inclinações laterais com o paciente em posição supino, foi de 54,4% ± 38,8% na curva torácica proximal, 45,8% ± 15,6% na curva torácica principal e 80,5% ± 20,7% na curva toracolombar/lombar. Quando realizadas as inclinações laterais com o paciente em posição prono, observou-se taxa de flexibilidade média de 66,4% ± 34,3% na curva torácica proximal, 50,1% ± 12,8% na curva torácica principal e 80,6% ± 19,0% na curva toracolombar/lombar. Conclusão O presente estudo não encontrou diferença com significância estatística nas taxas de flexibilidade das curvas nas posições prono e supino, sugerindo que os dois métodos radiográficos analisados são semelhantes na avaliação da flexibilidade das curvas na escoliose idiopática do adolescente. Nível de evidência II; Desenvolvimento de critérios diagnósticos em pacientes consecutivos (com padrão de referência "ouro" aplicado).

RESUMEN Objetivo Determinar si hay diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la flexibilidad de las curvas en la escoliosis idiopática del adolescente (EIA), al utilizar radiografías en inclinación lateral en decúbito supino o prono. Métodos Se evaluaron 19 pacientes con EIA, en espera de cirugía. Los pacientes realizaron radiografías en incidencias anteroposterior en ortostasis, inclinaciones laterales derecha e izquierda en decúbito prono y supino. Se realizó la comparación entre el decúbito prono y supino a través de las tasas de flexibilidad de las curvas medidas en cada posición. Resultados La tasa de flexibilidad promedio medida, cuando se realizaron las inclinaciones laterales con el paciente en posición supino, fue de 54,4% ± 38,8% en la curva torácica proximal, 45,8% ± 15,6% en la curva torácica principal, y 80,5% ± 20,7% en la curva toracolumbar/lumbar. Cuando se realizaron las inclinaciones laterales con el paciente en posición prono, se observó tasa de flexibilidad promedio de 66,4% ± 34,3% en la curva torácica proximal, 50,1% ± 12,8% en la curva torácica principal, y 80,6% ± 19,0% en la curva toracolumbar/lumbar. Conclusión El presente estudio no encontró diferencia con significancia estadística en las tasas de flexibilidad de las curvas en las posiciones prono y supino, sugiriendo que los dos métodos radiográficos analizados son semejantes en la evaluación de la flexibilidad de las curvas en la escoliosis idiopática del adolescente. Nivel de evidencia II; Desarrollo de criterios diagnósticos en pacientes consecutivos (con el estándar de referencia "oro" aplicado).

Association of ESRα XbaI A > G, ESRα PvuII T > C and ESRβ AlwNI T > C Polymorphisms with the Risk of Developing Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Systematic Review and Genetic Meta-analysis / Associação dos polimorfismos ESRα XbaI A > G, ESRα PvuII T > C e ESRβ AlwNI T > C com o risco de desenvolver escoliose idiopática da adolescência: Revisão sistemática e metanálise genética

Abstract Several association studies of genes polymorphisms on estrogen receptors-α and β with respect to adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) have been published in the past two decades. However, the association with AIS, especially among different ethnic subgroups, still remains controversial. Thus, we investigated these inconclusive data by performing a meta-analysis to systematically evaluate the association. A literature search was conducted in the PubMed, ISI Web of Science, EMBASE, SCOPUS, EBSCO, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Wanfang databases until January 20, 2018. The strength of relationship was assessed using odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs). A total of 12 case-control studies with 4,304 cases of AIS and 3,123 controls met our criteria. The pooled ORs indicated that the ESRα XbaI A > G, ESRα PvuII T > C and ESRβ AlwNI T > C polymorphisms were not significantly associated with the risk of developing AIS in the overall analysis. However, we found a significant association between the ESRα XbaI A > G polymorphism and AIS under the homozygote model (GG versus AA; OR = 1.448, 95%CI: 1.052-1.993; p = 0.023). The present meta-analysis suggests that the ESRα XbaI A > G, ESRα PvuII T > C and ESRβ AlwNI T > C polymorphisms may not be associated with the risk of developing AIS in the overall analysis. However, ESRα XbaI A > G might have an influence on the susceptibility to develop AIS among Asians. Considering the limited sample size and ethnicity, further larger studies are needed to provide a more precise estimation of the associations.

Resumo Vários estudos de associação entre os polimorfismos genéticos nos receptores α e β de estrogênio e a escoliose idiopática da adolescência (EIA) foram publicados nas últimas duas décadas. No entanto, a associação com a EIA, especialmente em diferentes subgrupos étnicos, continua a ser controversa. Assim, o presente estudo investigou esses dados inconclusivos por meio de uma metanálise para avaliar sistematicamente essa associação. Uma pesquisa bibliográfica foi realizada nas bases de dados PubMed, ISI Web of Science, EMBASE, SCOPUS, EBSCO, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) e Wanfang até 20 de janeiro de 2018. A força de associação foi avaliada por meio de razões de probabilidades (RPs) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (ICs95%). Um total de 12 estudos de caso-controle, com 4.304 casos de EIA e 3.123 controles, atenderam aos critérios de inclusão do presente estudo. As RPs combinadas indicaram que os polimorfismos ESRα XbaI A > G, ESRα PvuII T > C e ESRβ AlwNI T > C podem não estar significativamente associados ao risco geral de desenvolvimento de EIA. No entanto, observou-se uma associação significativa entre o polimorfismo ESRα XbaI A > G e a EIA sob o modelo homozigótico (GG versus AA; RP = 1,448; IC95%: 1,052-1,993; p = 0,023). Esta metanálise sugere que os polimorfismos ESRα XbaI A > G, ESRα PvuII T > C e ESRβ AlwNI T > C podem não estar associados ao risco geral de desenvolvimento de EIA. No entanto, ESRα XbaI A > G pode influenciar a suscetibilidade de desenvolver EIA entre indivíduos asiáticos. Considerando o tamanho e a variação étnica limitada da amostra, outros estudos de maior escala são necessários para obter uma estimativa mais precisa das associações.