ABSTRACT
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most important viral pathogen causing acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTI) in children under 5 years worldwide.RSV is also the primary viral factor leading to ALRTI hospitalization in infants under 1 year.Children are generally susceptible to RSV, and 90% of infants have been infected with RSV before 2 years, which seriously endangers children′s health.Since the discovery of RSV in 1950s, a large number of experiments and explorations on RSV vaccine have been conducted at home and abroad.Nevertheless, there is still no approved RSV vaccine.A breakthrough progress has been made on biological products for the prevention of RSV infection (maternal antibody vaccine, prophylactic monoclonal antibody, etc.), and some of them have entered phase 3 clinical trials.Therefore, it is expected to have effective interventions for preventing RSV infection via passive immune in the next 5-10 years.The Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization of the World Health Organization reviewed the development of two passive immune agents (maternal antibody vaccine and monoclonal antibody for prevention) in April 2016 to guide the follow-up research.This study systematically reviews the history of passive immunization for the prevention of infectious diseases and the progress in RSV preventive immunization, and summarizes the evidence-based evidence of passive immunity used to prevent RSV infection-related diseases.
ABSTRACT
New tumor antigens are continuously being discovered due to the improvement of immunologic techniques.Whether dendritic cells induce immune activation or immune inhibition after they capture tumor antigens depends on the danger signals(GM-CSF,MCP1,and HSP) or the inhibitory signals(TGF-?,IDO,and iNOS) released by tumor cells.Under the regulation of danger signals,dendritic cells activate Th1 immune response and eliminate tumors;under the regulation of inhibitory signals,they activate Th2 immune response and can not effectively eliminate tumors.Progress in tumor immunotherapy mainly is manifested by antibody-based therapy,T cell-based therapy,and tumor vaccine-based therapy.To day at least 7 antibodies have been confirmed effective when combined with chemotherapeutic agents in treatment of tumors.Despite of the progress made in antibody therapy,discovery of new targets,development of new antibodies,and expanding of the application scope to more tumors still need intensive research efforts.The clinical effects of T cell-based therapy have not been satisfactory;most tumor vaccine-based therapies are in phase Ⅰ and Ⅱ clinical trial,and the outcomes of few phase Ⅲ clinical trials are not satisfactory,leaving more work to be done for improvement.As we understand more about the roles of antibody in immune surveillance,it will help to make immunotherapy of tumors a promising strategy.