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Objective: to evaluate the prevalence of immunity to hepatitis B among nurses active on hemodialysis. Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted with 63 professionals from a hemodialysis private service and 29 public service ones that answered a questionnaire containing information on demographics, labor, adoption of biosecurity measures in hemodialysis and related to vaccination, immunity and occupational exposure and non-occupational at Hepatitis B vírus. Results: Among the professionals from the private service, the prevalence of immunity to hepatitis B was 93.7% and among the professionals in the public service, the prevalence was 86.2%; in both services were not found statistically significant differences when characteristics related to demographics, laboral and occupational and non-occupational exposure to hepatitis B were considered. Conclusion: Possibly these high prevalences were due to complete immunization schedule against hepatitis B found in over 80% of study participants.
Objetivo: avaliar a prevalência de imunidade à hepatite B entre profissionais de enfermagem atuantes em hemodiálise. Métodos: Estudo seccional desenvolvido com 63 profissionais de um serviço privado de hemodiálise e 29 de um serviço público que responderam um questionário contendo informações demográficas, trabalhistas, sobre adoção de medidas de biossegurança em hemodiálise e relativas à vacinação, imunidade e exposição ocupacional e não ocupacional ao vírus da hepatite B. Resultados: Entre os profissionais do serviço privado, a prevalência de imunidade à hepatite B foi de 93,7% e, entre os profissionais do serviço público, a prevalência foi de 86,2%; em ambos serviços diferenças estatisticamente significativas não foram encontradas quando características demográficas, trabalhistas e de exposição ocupacional e não ocupacional ao vírus da hepatite B foram consideradas. Conclusão: Possivelmente essas elevadas prevalências se deviam ao esquema vacinal completo contra a hepatite B encontrado em mais de 80% dos profissionais de enfermagem participantes do estudo.
Objetivo: evaluar la prevalencia de inmunidad a la hepatitis B entre los profesionales de enfermería que trabajan en hemodiálisis. Métodos: Estudio transversal con 63 profesionales de servicio privado y 29 de servicio público que respondieron un cuestionario que contiene información demográfica, laboral, sobre la adopción de medidas de bioseguridad en hemodiálises, relacionados con la vacunación, la inmunidad, la exposición ocupacional y no ocupacional al virus de la hepatitis B. Resultados: Entre los profesionales del servicio privado, la prevalencia de la inmunidad a la hepatitis B fue 93,7% y entre los profesionales del público, la prevalencia fue de 86,2%; en ambos no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas cuando se consideraron los datos demográficos, laboral, exposición ocupacional y no ocupacional a la hepatitis B. Conclusión: Posiblemente estas elevadas prevalencias se debieron a el completo esquema de vacunación contra la hepatitis B que se encontró en más del 80% de los participantes del estudio.
Subject(s)
Humans , Nursing, Team , Hepatitis B/epidemiology , Immunity, Active , Hemodialysis Units, Hospital , BrazilABSTRACT
Fundamento: la eficacia protectora de la actual vacuna contra la tuberculosis, sirve para contrarrestar las formas pulmonares de esta enfermedad, su reactivación resulta variable o poco eficiente, lo cual impone la búsqueda urgente de nuevas alternativas profilácticas contra la enfermedad. El avance en la obtención de vacunas y de nuevas drogas más efectivas, depende en gran medida del conocimiento de las características del microorganismo, así como la respuesta del sistema inmune en función del agente patógeno. Objetivo: realizar una revisión actualizada en bases de datos médicas sobre los candidatos vacunales contra Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica acerca del tema de un total de 60 artículos publicados en bases de datos médicas, se escogieron 38 artículos correspondientes a la última década para conformar la investigación. Se mostraron los temas más usados referentes al agente patógeno, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, candidato vacunal y los mecanismos de acción sobre el sistema inmune. Se profundizó sobre los tipos de vacunas y las potencialidades terapéuticas específicas para el Mycobacterium tuberculosis, además de evaluar la implicación inmunológica con relación al candidato vacunal. Conclusiones: la simulación de la infección y los eventos inmunes que le suceden en el establecimiento de la inmunidad natural sin causar la enfermedad, son condiciones esenciales de una vacuna clásica.
Background: The tuberculosis constitutes a serious sanitary problem. The vaccination is a powerful method to prevent the infections. The effectiveness protector of the current vaccine against the tuberculosis, to counteract the lung forms of this illness and its reactivation, is variable or not very efficient, that which imposes the urgent search of new alternative prophylaxes against this illness. The advance in the obtaining of bovine and of new more effective drugs, it depends in great measure of the knowledge of the characteristics of the microorganism as well as the answer of the immune system in the pathogen agent's function. Objectives: to carry out an up-to-date revision on the Candidates vaccinates them against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Methods: you real it hoisted a bibliographical revision of a total of 60 published articles, of them 40 articles corresponding to the last decade were chosen to conform the investigation. The relating more used topics were shown to pathogen agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis candidate vacunal and the mechanisms of action on the immune system. It was deepened on the types of vaccine and the therapeutic potentialities, specific for the M. tuberculosis, besides, to evaluate the immunologic implication with relationship to the candidate vacunal. Conclusions: The simulation of the infection and the immune events that happen him in the establish ment of the natural immunity, without causing the illness are essential conditions of a classic vaccine.
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After the infection with HBV, the host′s antiviral immune response is a key factor for the outcome of infection. At present, it is widely believed that the host′s innate immunity and acquired immunity are impaired during chronic HBV infection, because of which HBV clearance cannot be achieved. To achieve a long-lasting immune control of HBV infection, we need to comprehensively understand the mechanisms of dysfunction of innate immune response and specific immune response in chronic HBV infection. This article summarizes the research advances in the immune response mechanism of chronicity of HBV infection.
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The primary causative factors of liver failure include direct damage and immune -mediated liver injury.Increasing evidence sug-gests that immune -mediated injury plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of liver failure.The new concepts concerning the mechanisms of immune -mediated liver injury in liver failure are reviewed with relevant basic and clinical studies in both humans and animals.The innate and adaptive immunity,particularly the interaction of various immune cells and molecules,as well as apoptosis -related molecules,are dis-cussed in detail.
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Objective To compare the similarities and differences in changes of cardiac muscle structure between the rat models of chronic cor pulmonale induced by hypoxia and active immunization of M2-muscarinic receptor under light microscope and electron microscope, and to explore the dependablity of the antibody effects on cardiac architecture. Methods The 48 healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: (1) Hypoxia group: the typical model of chronic cor pulmonale was established according to XUE's method; (2) Active immunization group was immunized by M2-muscarinic receptor peptide; (3) Control group was fed in normal condition; (4) Cyclosporin A group: the hypoxia group plus cyclosporin A treatment at the same time. The antibody against M2-muscarinic receptor was detected by SA-ELISA, and the pathological exemplar of cardiac muscle was observed by light microscope and transmission electron microscope. Results (1) Antibody level of M2-muscarinic receptor; the P/N values gradually increased along with the process of experiment, and the max value in active immunization group was 5. 13. At the end of the second week, the value in hypoxia group increased to 2.08, but was still less than in active immunization group (4.66). (2) Under light microscope: in hypoxia group and active immunization group, the hearts displayed significant alterations including disorder of cardiac muscle fiber, necrosis of myocardial cells together with the infiltration of inflammatory cells. There were no differences in light microscopic findings between hypoxia and cyclosporin A group. (3) Under transmission electronic microscope examination in both active immunization group and hypoxia group, the hearts showed s1imilar significant alterations such as focal cardiac muscle fiberlysis, loss of normal muscle fiber banding pattern, mitochondrial swelling and condensation, sarcoplasmic vacuolation and deposition of dense granules in both the sarcoplasmic and muscle fiber. The contour of myocyte was irregular and plasma membranes were discontinuous in some cells. All altered myocytes were fairly widely distributed throughout the myocardium. The interstitium showed edema, deposits of flocculent serum protein, activated fibroblasts and increased amounts of collagen fibers. No obvious alterations were observed in cyclosporin A group. Conclusions The positive rate and the titer of antibody against M2-muscarinic receptor are obviously increased in the rat model of chronic cor pulmonale, which indicates that there is a relationship between the antibody against M2-muscarinic receptor and the pathogenesis of chronic cor pulmonale.
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A previous report by this laboratory demonstrated that bacterial iron chelator (siderophore) triggers inflammatory signals, including the production of CXC chemokine IL-8, in human intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Microarray-based gene expression profiling revealed that iron chelator also induces macrophage inflammatory protein 3 alpha (MIP-3alpha)/ CC chemokine-ligand 20 (CCL20). As CCL20 is chemotactic for the cells involved in host adaptive immunity, this suggests that iron chelator may stimulate IECs to have the capacity to link mucosal innate and adaptive immunity. The basal medium from iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO)-treated HT-29 monolayers was as chemotactic as recombinant human CCL20 at equivalent concentrations to attract CCR6+ cells. The increase of CCL20 protein secretion appeared to correspond to that of CCL20 mRNA levels, as determined by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. The efficacy of DFO at inducing CCL20 mRNA was also observed in human PBMCs and in THP-1 cells, but not in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Interestingly, unlike other proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, a time-dependent experiment revealed that DFO slowly induces CCL20, suggesting a novel mechanism of action. A pharmacologic study also revealed that multiple signaling pathways are differentially involved in CCL20 production by DFO, while some of those pathways are not involved in TNF-alpha-induced CCL20 production. Collectively, these results demonstrate that, in addition to some bacterial products known to induce host adaptive immune responses, direct chelation of host iron by infected bacteria may also contribute to the initiation of host adaptive immunity in the intestinal mucosa.
Subject(s)
Humans , Calcium/metabolism , Cell Movement/drug effects , Chemokines, CC/genetics , Deferoxamine/pharmacology , Egtazic Acid/analogs & derivatives , HT29 Cells , Immunity, Mucosal/drug effects , Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects , Iron Chelating Agents/pharmacology , Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/genetics , NF-kappa B/metabolism , Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/physiology , Protein Transport/drug effects , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/physiology , RNA, Messenger/genetics , Receptors, Chemokine/metabolismABSTRACT
0 05) Conclusion The results suggested that pregnancy immunological tolerance can be induced efficiently and the ELR can be decreased significantly by oral administration of proper dosage antigens of OVA and TMA2