ABSTRACT
Aims: To quantify rainwater runoff from domestic front gardens as a consequence of increased impervious surface area and climate change impacts, thus allowing the runoff contribution from both newly and previously covered front gardens to be assessed in terms of the overall urban flood burden. Study Design: Numerical simulation of the runoff from a typical front garden in response to simulated rainfall events for four UK cities (Edinburgh, Manchester, London, and Exeter). Methodology: A typical front garden was simulated with varying areas of impermeable surface area (0%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) to represent observed trends in garden paving. Storm events representing current design and projected future rainfall intensities were applied to each of the four cities. The resultant runoff volumes were then quantified. Results: Runoff is shown to be directly proportional to both the impermeable surface area and the rainfall intensity. Areas of impermeable paving can generate substantial volumes of runoff during a storm event which can contribute to localized flooding or add to the urban flood burden. Increased rainfall intensities and frequencies due to climate change are likely to increase runoff further. Conclusion: Domestic front gardens play a vital role in managing surface water runoff in towns and cities. Growing trends of paving over front gardens put this role in jeopardy, while increasing rainfall intensities due to climate change make this role increasingly important. The quantification of domestic front garden runoff provides a mechanism for facilitating the protection, and enhancement, of this important asset in terms of water and urban flood management.
ABSTRACT
Objective To visualize the process of introcular flow caused by injection into the posterior chamber of the impermeable vitro eyeball with particle image velocimetry (PIV) technology, and calculate the flow fields at different moments, so as to investigate PIV experimental scheme for low-speed flow field measurement in the eye and provide basis for the in vivo measurement of aqueous humor flow under physiological status. Methods In an impermeable vitro eyeball, the introcular flow would be slow enough when the injection pump was driven at the rate of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.5 mL/min. Fluorescent particle solution, with a certain concentration and particle diameter of 10 μm, was injected into the posterior chamber of the vitro rabbit eye, and the sheet laser was projected to the medial frontal plane of the eye. Then clear particle images were captured by camera, and the velocity field was recorded and calculated by PIV system. Results The fluid into the posterior chamber first filled in the posterior chamber and the pupil, then passed the pupillary margin and flowed into the anterior chamber, which was consistent with the theoretical flow process of aqueous humor under physiological conditions. Based on analysis of the particle images, the velocity inside an impermeable eyeball was calculated at the magnitude of a few millimeters per second. Conclusions PIV method can be applied to low-speed flow field measurement, and the flow characteristics inside the eyeball can also be measured by PIV method, which contributes to the measurement of aqueous flow under both physical and pathological conditions, provides experimental verification for numerical simulations on aqueous humor field, and offers a new diagnostic and treatment perspective for shear force damage and destructions of corneal endothelial cells, the iris and lens under different flow fields.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To prepare EC impermeable capsule bodies for pulsatile drug delivery system and evaluate the effects of different species dichlormethane mixed solvent and concentration of EC(ethyl cellulose) solution on EC capsule bodies. Methods:The EC impermeable capsule body was prepared by filling method with the EC solution composed of different dichlormethane mixed solvent. The influencing factors on the forming of the EC capsule and the inosculation between the EC capsule and corrosion tablet were investigated by dissolution tester,hardness tester,multifunction pachometer and Sliding caliper. Results:The EC capsule body that was prepared by 11.5%(w/v) 45cp EC solution using the mixedsolvent composed of dichlormethane/ethanol absolute/ethyl acetate(4/0.8/0.2) inosculated well with the corrosion tablet and met the requirements of the pulsatile drug delivery system. Conclusions:The solvent and concentration of the EC solution have great impact on the forming and characterisitcs of the capsule bodies,by optimazing the preparing methods, requirements of the oral pulsatile drug delivery system can be met.
ABSTRACT
Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de relatar o uso do polímero poliuretano de mamona (Impermaster®) na impermeabilização de lesões podais de doze bovinos. Foram tratadas duas vacas da raça Holandesa Preto e Branco com necrobacilose plantar; três vacas Jérsey com úlceras de sola profundas; uma fêmea Jérsey com necrobacilose associada a perda de 60% da falange distal; e seis touros (três da raça Simental, dois da Charolesa, um da Holandesa Preto e Branco) com feridas extensas na região da muralha em um Simental, quatro em sola e um em pinça, sendo quatro casos no membro pélvico e dois nos membros torácicos. O tratamento constituiu-se da lavagem e debridamento da ferida com posterior aplicação de uma pasta composta por óxido de zinco, sulfato de cobre, sulfametazina, nitrofurazona e dimetil sulfóxido. Em seguida, as feridas foram protegidas e impermeabilizadas com alcatrão vegetal e mantidas nessa condição durante 20 dias, quando foram reavaliadas, limpas e impermeabilizadas com polímero poliuretano de mamona preparado com duas partes de Impermasterpol para uma parte de Impermaster-pré. Após o preparado ter adquirido consistência de goma, foi aplicado e moldado na lesão com auxílio de uma espátula, mantendo-se o membro do animal suspenso durante 30 minutos, para endurecimento do polímero. Os animais forma mantidos em observação durante 60 dias antes de serem submetidos a nova avaliação, limpeza e impermeabilização das feridas com o mesmo produto. Aos 120 dias, os animais foram liberados para as respectivas propriedades sem nenhum tipo de afecção podal.