Epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis among the elderly population at ages of 65 years and older in Yangzhou City / 预防医学

Objective@#To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) among the elderly at ages of 65 years and older in Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province from 2017 to 2021, so as to provide the evidence for the development of PTB prevention and control measures in the elderly. @*Methods@#Data of PTB cases at ages of 65 years and older in Yangzhou City from 2017 to 2021 were collected from the Tuberculosis Management Information System of the Chinese Disease Control and Prevention Information System, including age, gender, current address, population classification and diagnosis classification. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the temporal distribution, regional distribution, population distribution and delay in healthcare-seeking of PTB cases.@*Results@#A total of 3 283 PTB patients at ages of 65 years and older were registered in Yangzhou City from 2017 to 2021, accounting for 41.12% of the total number of PTB cases. The incidence decreased from 112.10/105 to 66.03/105 (P<0.05), with an average annual incidence of 80.43/105. There were 1 236 cases of PTB cases from April to July, accounting for 37.65%. Guangling District had the highest annual incidence of 96.45/105, followed by Hanjiang District (89.29/105) and Jiangdu district (87.05/105). The average annual incidence of PTB in males was 134.07/105, which was higher than that in females (30.55/105, P<0.05). There were 1 070 cases of PTB cases at ages of 65-69 years, accounting for 32.59%. The highest incidence was seen in men at ages of 85 years and older (200.39/105) and in women at ages of 80-84 years (38.34/105). Farmers were the predominant occupation of PTB cases (2 488 cases, 75.78%). There were 2 365 cases of PTB with delay in healthcare-seeking, accounting for 72.04%.@* Conclusions @#The incidence of PTB in the elderly at ages of 65 years and older in Yangzhou City showed an overall downward trend from 2017 to 2021, peaked from April to July, and was higher in Guangling District, Hanjiang District and Jiangdu District. Males and farmers had higher risks of PTB.

Delay in identification, healthcare-seeking, and definitive diagnosis of tuberculosis among students in Urumqi City from 2010 to 2019 / 预防医学

Objective@#To investigate the delay in identification, healthcare-seeking, and definitive diagnosis of tuberculosis among students in Urumqi City from 2010 to 2019, and to identify the influencing factors, so as to provide insights into tuberculosis control among students.@*Methods@#The demographic and diagnosis data of tuberculosis patients in Urumqi City from 2010 to 2019 were captured from the Tuberculosis Information Management System of Chinese Disease Control and Prevention Information System. The delay in identification, healthcare-seeking and definitive diagnosis of tuberculosis was analyzed among students, and the factors affecting the delay in identification, healthcare-seeking and definitive diagnosis of tuberculosis were identified using a multivariable logistic regression model. @*Results@#A total of 996 tuberculosis cases were identified among students in Urumqi City from 2010 to 2019. There were 702 students with delay in identification of tuberculosis (70.48%), 500 students with delay in healthcare-seeking (55.22%) and 534 students with delay in definitive diagnosis (53.61%). Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified active identification (OR=0.116, 95%CI: 0.032-0.420) as a factor affecting delay in identification of tuberculosis, women (OR=1.424, 95%CI: 1.104-1.836), non-local household registration (OR=1.311, 95%CI: 1.016-1.694) and active identification (OR=0.232, 95%CI: 0.064-0.848) as factors affecting delay in healthcare-seeking, and active identification (OR=0.143, 95%CI: 0.032-0.644) as a factor affecting delay in definitive diagnosis of tuberculosis among students.@*Conclusions@#There is a high proportion of delay in identification, healthcare-seeking and definitive diagnosis of tuberculosis among students in Urumqi City from 2010 to 2019, and female and non-locally household-registered students were at a high risk of delay in healthcare-seeking for tuberculosis. Active detection and screening of tuberculosis should be reinforced.

Treating chronic pain: Current and future status of treatments and aftercare / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

The definition of pain by the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), as revised in 2020, states that it is "an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with, or resembling that associated with, actual or potential tissue damage," suggesting that pain or similar unpleasant sensory experiences may arise even if the cause of such sensations cannot be clearly identified. Pain, on the other hand, has been classified chronologically as acute, subacute or chronic pain such as those directly caused by cancer and non-cancer diseases and by the mechanisms involved. These are divided into nociceptive, neuropathic, and nociplastic pain, the last one of which is a recent addition to the classification. WHO created an independent category dedicated to chronic pain in its latest version of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) defining it as pain that continues or reiterates over a period of three months or longer. As prolonged pain causes both physical and mental damage resulting in degradation of quality of life, it has been stressed that such pain must be approached from both the physical and mental perspectives. For this reason, multi-faceted evaluation is useful in treating chronic pain. In Japan, there are a number of guidelines for the treatment of chronic pain that have been published by different scientific societies as well as by a study group of the MHLW's Chronic Pain Policy Project. These serve as guides for providing evidence-based treatments to affected patients. Chronic pain remains a major challenge since they not only lower the quality of life of affected patients but also cause considerable damage to Japanese society as a whole.

Educação Permanente em Saúde como estratégia para trabalho colaborativo na Rede de Atenção Psicossocial / Permanent Education in Healthcare as a strategy for promoting collaborative practice in the Psychosocial Care Network / Educación Permanente en Salud como estrategia para el trabajo colaborativo en la Red de Atención Psicosocial

Resumo Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa que buscou compreender o cuidado em Saúde Mental realizado pelas equipes dos Núcleos Ampliados de Saúde da Família e Atenção Básica (Nasf-AB) e Centros de Atenção Psicossocial (Caps), por meio da inserção na Rede de Atenção Psicossocial (Raps). Utilizou-se a Educação Permanente em Saúde (EPS) como estratégia fundamental para o grupo-intervenção, a fim de lidar com as dificuldades e virtudes do processo de articulação em rede. Ao oferecer espaço de diálogo entre profissionais de Saúde Mental, foi possível caracterizar os trabalhadores dos serviços envolvidos com a ação e analisar as seguintes categorias: (1) Estratégias para o trabalho articulado em Saúde Mental; (2) Desafios para o trabalho articulado em Saúde Mental; (3) Pandemia e Raps. Contribuiu-se para o fortalecimento da Raps, articulação entre os equipamentos e aprimoramento do cuidado que vem sendo ofertado à população com sofrimento mental da região. (AU)

Abstract This qualitative study aimed to understand the provision of mental health care in family health support centers (NASF-AB) and psychosocial care centers (CAPS) after their incorporation into the Psychosocial Care Network (RAPS). Permanent Education in Healthcare (EPS) was used as the core strategy for the group intervention to capture the difficulties and virtues of the network-based care process. By providing mental health professionals an opportunity for dialogue, it was possible to characterize the workers of the services involved in the action and analyze the following categories: (1) Coordinated mental health care strategies; (2) Challenges in promoting coordinated mental health care; and (3) The pandemic and the RAPS. The strategy helped strengthen the RAPS, enhance coordination between facilities, and improve mental health care in the region. (AU)

Resumen Se trata de una investigación cualitativa que busca entender el cuidado de la salud mental realizado por los equipos de los Núcleos Ampliados de Salud de la Familia y Atención Básica (NASF-AB) y Centro de Atención Psicosocial (CAPS), a partir de la inserción en la Red de Atención Psicosocial (RAPS). Se utilizó la Educación Permanente en Salud (EPS) como estrategia fundamental para el grupo-intervención, para manejar las dificultades y virtudes del proceso de articulación en red. Al ofrecer un espacio de diálogo entre profesionales de salud mental, fue posible caracterizar a los trabajadores de los servicios involucrados con la acción y analizar las categorías siguientes: (1) Estrategias para el trabajo articulado en salud mental; (2) Desafíos para el trabajo articulado en salud mental; (3) Pandemia y RAPS. Se contribuyó con el fortalecimiento de RAPS, articulación entre los equipos y perfeccionamiento del cuidado que se ofrece a la población con sufrimiento mental de la región. (AU)

Retenção de objetos intracavitários em procedimentos cirúrgicos: ações de segurança propostas por enfermeiros especialistas / Retention of intracavitary objects in surgical procedures: safety actions proposed by specialist nurses / Retención de objetos intracavitarios en procedimientos quirúrgicos: acciones de seguridad propuestas por enfermeros especialistas

Objetivo: Descrever ações de segurança para mitigar o risco de retenção de objetos intracavitários em procedimentos cirúrgicos, na opinião de enfermei-ros especialistas em assistência perioperatória. Método: Estudo qualitativo. Dados oriundos de reunião científica realizada durante o 14o Congresso da Associação Brasileira de Enfermagem em Centro Cirúrgico, em 2019, em São Paulo. Participaram enfermeiros especialistas em enfermagem perioperatória, divididos alea-toriamente em cinco grupos. Indisponibilidade para participar da reunião na íntegra considerou-se critério de exclusão. Compuseram o corpus de dados: gra-vação da reunião e registros dos grupos. Procedeu-se à análise de conteúdo para avaliar os dados. Seguiu-se a Resolução no 466/2012 do Conselho Nacional de Saúde (CNS). Resultados: Participaram 19 enfermeiros de seis estados brasileiros, a maioria mulheres. Ações propostas pelos participantes do estudo, visando a diminuir a retenção de objetos intracavitários: promover educação permanente e multiprofissional; estabelecer e seguir boas práticas institucionais; seguir proto-colo de cirurgia segura; atuar de forma integrada à equipe do serviço de esterilização; usar processos e tecnologias que contribuem para ampliar a segurança do paciente; contar instrumental e materiais cirúrgicos; e fortalecer o trabalho interdisciplinar. Conclusão: Ações para reduzir a retenção de objetos intracavitários incluem educação permanente, trabalho interdisciplinar e multissetorial, seguimento de fluxos e protocolos que visem à segurança do paciente.

Aims: This study aimed to describe the safety actions to mitigate the risk of retention of intracavitary objects in surgical procedures, in the opinion of perioperative care specialist nurses. Methods: This is a qualitative study. Data from a scientific meeting held during the 14th Congress of the Brazilian Association of Nursing in the Surgical Centre, in 2019, in São Paulo. Participants were nurses specialized in perioperative nursing, randomly divided into five groups. Unavailability to participate in the meeting in full was considered an exclusion criterion. The data corpus comprised meeting recording and group records. Content analysis was used to evaluate the data. Resolution no. 466/2012 of the National Health Council (CNS) was follo-wed. Results: A total of 19 nurses, mostly female, from six Brazilian states participated in this study. Actions proposed by the study participants to reduce the retention of intracavitary objects included promoting continuing and multidisciplinary education; establishing and following good institutional prac-tices; following the safe surgery protocol; integrating with the sterilization service team; using processes and technologies that contribute to increasing patient safety; counting surgical instruments and materials; and strengthening interdisciplinary work. Conclusion: Actions to reduce retention of intra-cavitary objects include permanent education, interdisciplinary work, and multisectoral work, following flows and protocols aimed at patient safety.

Objetivo: describir acciones de seguridad para mitigar el riesgo de retención de objetos intracavitarios en procedimientos quirúrgicos, según la opinión de enfermeros especialistas en cuidados perioperatorios. Método: estudio cualitativo. Datos de una reunión científica realizada durante el 14o Congreso de la Asociación Brasileña de Enfermería del Centro Quirúrgico, en 2019, en São Paulo. Participaron enfermeros especialistas en enfermería perioperatoria, divididos aleatoriamente en cuatro grupos. La falta de disponibilidad para participar en la reunión en su totalidad se consideró un criterio de exclusión. El corpus de datos estuvo compuesto por: grabación de la reunión y actas de los grupos. Se realizó un análisis de contenido para analizar los datos. A esto le siguió la Resolución no 466/2012 del Consejo Nacional de Salud (CNS). Resultados: Participaron 19 enfermeros de seis estados brasileños, la mayoría mujeres. Acciones propuestas por los participantes del estudio, con el objetivo de reducir la retención de objetos intracavitarios: promover la educación permanente y multiprofesional; establecer y seguir buenas prácticas institucionales; seguir un protocolo de cirugía seguro; actuar de manera integrada con el equipo del servicio de esterilización; hacer uso de procesos y tecnologías que contribuyan a aumentar la seguridad del paciente; realizar el conteo de instrumentos y material quirúrgico; fortalecer el trabajo interdisciplinario. Conclusión: las acciones para reducir la retención de objetos intraca-vitarios incluyen educación permanente, trabajo interdisciplinario y multisectorial, monitoreo de flujos y protocolos dirigidos a la seguridad del paciente.

Attention Situation of Chinese Patent Medicine for Constipation in Traditional Chinese Medicine Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines/Consensus and National Reimbursement Drug List / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo evaluate the methodological quality of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） diagnosis and treatment guidelines/consensus of constipation with Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation Ⅱ （AGREE Ⅱ）tool， and to study the attention situation of the included Chinese patent medicines in China's National Reimbursement Drug List in the guidelines/consensus. MethodThe data of CNKI，VIP，Wanfang Data，SinoMed，PubMed and Cochrane from the inception of the databases to October 2021 were searched to collect the TCM diagnosis and treatment guidelines/consensus of constipation. Then，the diagnosis and treatment standards and recommended Chinese patent medicines were extracted. Two researchers assessed the methodological quality of the guidelines/consensus with AGREE Ⅱ tool independently. The quality of reports was evaluated by Reporting Items for practice Guidelines in HealThcare （RIGHT） Statement. The recommended Chinese patent medicines in the guidelines/consensus were compared with those in the National Reimbursement Drug List. ResultEleven consensus and 2 guidelines were included，involving 794 experts. The scores of AGREE II were clarity of presentation（59.0%），scope and purpose（44.0%），stakeholder involvement（23.1%），rigor of development （12.1%），applicability （11.1%），and editorial independence （8.3%） from high to low. Five articles were recommended at B level（recommended after revision） and 8 articles were at C level （not recommended）. The average scores of RIGHT Statement were as follows：basic information （93.59%），background （57.69%），evidence （18.46%），recommendations （20.88%），review and quality assurance （19.23%），funding，declaration and management of interests （0.00%）， and other information （0.00%）. The included guidelines/consensus recommended a total of 27 Chinese patent medicines，among which 20 were included in the National Reimbursement Drug List，with 4 species of Class A and 16 species of Class B， accounting for 74.1% of all recommended Chinese patent medicines. Ten purgative Chinese patent medicines in the National Reimbursement Drug List were recommended by the guidelines/consensus，accounting for 50% of all purgative drugs， and 8 were not recommended. There were prescriptions for purgation， for promoting digestion and removing food stagnation， for clearing heat and purging fire，and for warming the middle and dissipating cold，Tibetan medicine and Mongolian medicine. ConclusionBy the AGREE Ⅱ assessment，the methodological quality of the TCM diagnosis and treatment guidelines/consensus of constipation included in this study needed to be improved in the future. The report quality evaluated with RIGHT Statement was low. Most drugs included in the National Reimbursement Drug List were paid attention in the TCM diagnosis and treatment guidelines/consensus of constipation. Moreover，the drugs included in the National Reimbursement Drug List could basically fulfill the clinical needs reflexed from the guidelines/consensus recommendations. However， the reasons of some drugs failing to be included in the National Reimbursement Drug List needed to be studied in the future.

Identificación de procesos de salud por maestrantes de la Escuela Nacional de Salud Pública / Identification of health processes by teachers of the National School of Public Health

Introducción: En los programas académicos de las especialidades, maestrías y cursos que se imparten en la Escuela Nacional de Salud Pública se inserta el estudio de los procesos y la gestión por procesos, tecnología que puede ser implementada para la mejora de la calidad en los servicios de salud en Cuba. Objetivo: Identificar los procesos vinculados al desempeño de los maestrantes en las instituciones de salud. Métodos: Investigación descriptiva de corte transversal entre enero y marzo de 2020, centrada en la búsqueda del conocimiento acerca del tema de procesos en los estudiantes de las maestrías de Atención Primaria de Salud y de Promoción y Educación para la Salud. Se solicitó la identificación de cinco procesos vinculados a su labor según la definición de la variable procesos y la selección de un proceso para la construcción colectiva de un diagrama de flujos y una ficha de procesos. Resultados: Se identificaron errores gramaticales y en la identificación de procesos en 13 maestrantes, se eliminaron aquellos que se repetían. Los procesos se agruparon y clasificaron en operativos, de apoyo y estratégicos. Se confeccionó un diagrama de flujos y una ficha del proceso más identificado por los maestrantes. Conclusiones: Los procesos operativos se identificaron con más frecuencia que los de apoyo y los estratégicos. La construcción de un diagrama de flujos y una ficha de proceso permitió una mayor visibilidad de las actividades y tareas que se desarrollan durante el proceso de atención médica por el equipo básico de salud en el consultorio médico de la familia(AU)

Introduction: The academic programs of specialties, master's degrees and courses taught at the National School of Public Health include the study of processes and process management, a technology that can be implemented to improve the quality of health services in Cuba. Objective: To identify the processes linked to the performance of master's courses students in health institutions. Methods: Cross-sectional and descriptive research carried out between January and March 2020, focused on the search for knowledge about the topic of processes in students of the master's degree courses of Primary Health Care and Health Promotion and Education. The identification of five processes linked to their work was requested according to the definition of the variable process and the selection of a process for the collective construction of a flow diagram and a process file. Results: Grammatical errors and errors in the identification of processes were observed in thirteen master's degree students, while those repeated were eliminated. The processes were grouped and classified into operational, supportive and strategic. A flow chart and a file of the process most identified by the master's degree students were made. Conclusions: Operational processes were identified more frequently than supportive and strategic ones. The construction of a flow chart and a process sheet allowed greater visibility of the activities and tasks developed during the medical care process by the basic health team in the family medical office(AU)

Abordagem inicial do gestor para implementação da inovação: um modelo de disseminação do fall tips Brasil / Manager's initial approach to implementing innovation: a model for disseminating fall tips Brazil

Resumo: A tomada de decisão do gestor é um momento primordial à implementação de uma inovação, especialmente aquela cuja indicação é baseada em evidências. Fall TIPS é um Programa com base em evidências científicas que subsidia a equipe multiprofissional na tomada de decisões assertivas na prevenção de quedas hospitalares. Objetivo: Elaborar um modelo de abordagem inicial do gestor para disseminação do Programa Fall TIPS em hospitais brasileiros. Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa aplicada com a finalidade de elaborar um modelo de abordagem inicial ao gestor para implementar uma inovação na saúde. O percurso metodológico compreendeu quatro etapas: 1) revisão rápida sobre os riscos e benefícios da implantação do Programa Fall TIPS; 2) elaboração de um modelo gráfico de abordagem inicial ao gestor em formato de infográfico; 3) concepção do produto com dados do Fall TIPS Brasil; e 4) avaliação aparente e de conteúdo do produto por um grupo de juízes pela técnica Delphi online. As etapas foram elaboradas e realizadas pela pesquisadora e a última aplicada a nove juízes participantes que integram o Grupo de Pesquisa do macroprojeto. A coleta de dados foi via plataforma Survey Monkey®. Para validação aparente e de conteúdo, foi empregado o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo (IVC) com valor ?0,85, considerando a quantidade de juízes e a peculiaridade do conteúdo. Resultados: A revisão rápida evidenciou os seguintes riscos principais: comunicação frágil, resistência dos profissionais em aderir à inovação, discordância na escolha da unidade inicial a implantar a inovação e descrença quanto aos resultados positivos da implantação. E os benefícios foram: envolvimento da equipe multidisciplinar, apoio dos líderes da linha de frente que funcionam como influenciadores, seguir as diretrizes do Programa Fall TIPS, adequar o formato à realidade e uso de design iterativo. Na segunda etapa, foi desenvolvido um modelo de abordagem inicial ao gestor (MAIG) em formato de infográfico, o qual, na terceira etapa da pesquisa, foi preenchido com informações sobre a inovação Fall TIPS Brasil, configurando o produto da pesquisa. Na quarta etapa, de validação aparente e de conteúdo por juízes, o infográfico para disseminação do Programa Fall TIPS Brasil foi avaliado em relação à cor, fonte da letra, leiaute e conteúdo da abordagem contida no infográfico. A média dos IVCs de cada proposição é, respectivamente, 0,89; 0,92; 0,93 e 0,89. Na versão final do produto, todas as considerações feitas pelos juízes foram acatadas. Produtos e registro: 1) MAIG composto de três fases (apresentação, fluxo de processo decisório para implementação da inovação e observações), o qual foi registrado na Câmara Brasileira do Livro; 2) Infográfico para abordagem inicial do gestor para disseminação do Programa Fall TIPS Brasil, que será divulgado oportunamente no repositório brasileiro do programa. Conclusão: O MAIG foi desenvolvido com base nos conceitos de modelo de plano de negócios e poderá ser amplamente utilizado para disseminação de inovações em saúde. O Infográfico para abordagem inicial do gestor para disseminação do Programa Fall TIPS Brasil teve por base evidências resultantes da revisão rápida e contribuirá para a tomada de decisão assertiva do gestor para sua implementação em hospitais brasileiros.

Abstract: The manager's decision-making is a crucial moment for the implementation of an innovation, especially one whose indication is based on evidence. Fall TIPS is a program based on scientific evidence that supports the multidisciplinary team in making assertive decisions in preventing hospital falls. Objective: To develop a model for the initial approach of the manager for the dissemination of the Fall TIPS Program in Brazilian hospitals. Method: This is an applied research with the purpose of elaborating a model of initial approach to the manager to implement an innovation in health. The methodological path comprised four stages: 1) a quick review of the risks and benefits of implementing the Fall TIPS Program; 2) elaboration of a graphic model for the initial approach to the manager in infographic format; 3) product design with data from Fall TIPS Brazil; and 4) product appearance and content evaluation by a group of judges using the online Delphi technique. The steps were designed and carried out by the researcher and the last one applied to nine participating judges who are part of the Research Group of the macro-project. Data collection was via the Survey Monkey® platform. For face and content validation, the Content Validity Index (CVI) with a value of ?0.85 was used, considering the number of judges and the peculiarity of the content. Results: The quick review evidenced the following main risks: weak communication, resistance of professionals to adhere to the innovation, disagreement in the choice of the initial unit to implement the innovation and disbelief regarding the positive results of the implementation. And the benefits were: involvement of the multidisciplinary team, support from frontline leaders who act as influencers, following the guidelines of the Fall TIPS Program, adapting the format to reality and using iterative design. In the second stage, a model of initial approach to the manager (MAIG) in infographic format was developed; which, in the third stage of the research, was filled with information about the Fall TIPS Brazil innovation, configuring the research product. In the fourth stage, face and content validation by judges, the infographic for dissemination of the Fall TIPS Brazil Program was evaluated in relation to color, font, layout and content of the approach contained in the infographic. The average of the IVCs of each proposition is, respectively, 0.89; 0.92; 0.93 and 0.89. In the final version of the product, all the considerations made by the judges were accepted. Products and registration: 1) MAIG composed of three phases (presentation, decision-making process flow for innovation implementation and observations), which was registered at the Brazilian Book Chamber; 2) Infographic for the manager's initial approach to the dissemination of the Fall TIPS Brazil Program, which will be published in due course in the program's Brazilian repository. Conclusion: MAIG was developed based on the concepts of a business plan model and can be widely used to disseminate health innovations. The Infographic for the manager's initial approach to the dissemination of the Fall TIPS Brazil Program was based on evidence resulting from the rapid review and will contribute to the manager's assertive decision-making for its implementation in Brazilian hospitals.

O circuito dos afetos na drogadição: uma explicação alternativa para a servidão às drogas / El circuito de los afectos en la drogadicción: una explicación alternativa para la servidumbre a las drogas / The circuit of affects in drug addiction: an alternative explanation for the servitude to drugs

Apresentamos uma explicação alternativa para a noção de drogadição, refletindo sobre os motivos que levam uma pessoa a perseverar no consumo de drogas, mesmo sabendo dos malefícios decorrentes. Referenciado pelas obras de Humberto Maturana e pela teoria dos afetos na Ética de Spinoza, assumimos o pressuposto de que os seres humanos são movidos por paixões e formulamos o circuito dos afetos da drogadição. Identificamos nesse circuito três complexos afetivos: complexo singular pessoal, complexo de alívio/oblívio e complexo psicossocial, que formam uma dinâmica espiral de afetos tristes. Tais afetos compelem o indivíduo a continuar nessa dinâmica, e o papel das drogas passa a ser acessório. Cada complexo afetivo é caracterizado por afetos de origens distintas e a compreensão da particularidade e da especificidade de cada um organiza a ação de cuidado correspondente, a fim de interromper a dinâmica espiral do circuito. (AU)

Presentamos una explicación alternativa para la noción de drogadicción, reflexionando sobre los motivos que llevan a una persona a perseverar en el consumo de drogas, incluso sabiendo de los perjuicios que causan. Referenciado por las obras de Humberto Maturana y por la teoría de los afectos en la Ética de Spinoza, asumimos la presuposición de que los seres humanos son movidos por pasiones y formulamos el circuito de los afectos de la drogadicción. En ese circuito identificamos tres complejos afectivos: complejo singular personal, complejo de alivio/olvido y complejo psicosocial que forman una dinámica espiral de afectos tristes. Tales afectos compelen al individuo a continuar en esa dinámica y el papel de las drogas pasa a ser accesorio. Cada complejo afectivo se caracteriza por afectos de orígenes distintos y la comprensión de la particularidad y de la especificidad de cada uno organiza la acción de cuidado correspondiente, de forma que interrumpa la dinámica espiral del circuito. (AU)

We present an alternative explanation for drug addiction, reflecting on the reasons that lead a person to persevere in drug consumption despite knowing the harm that this consumption brings. Based on the works by Humberto Maturana and on the theory of affects in Spinoza's Ethics, we assume that human beings are moved by passions and formulate the circuit of affects of drug addiction. In this circuit, we have identified three affective complexes: the singular personal complex, the relief/oblivion complex, and the psychosocial complex, which form a spiral dynamics of sad affects. Such affects impel the individual to continue in this dynamics, and drugs play only an accessory role. Affects from different origins characterize each affective complex and understanding their particular and specific features guides the corresponding care action, in order to interrupt the spiral dynamics of the circuit. (AU)

La praxis del apoyo matricial: el trabajo interdisciplinario en atención primaria de la salud / The praxis of matrix support: Interdisciplinary work in primary health care

RESUMEN Los núcleos de apoyo a la salud familiar se implementaron en Brasil para ampliar el trabajo interdisciplinario en atención primaria, mediante la contratación de profesionales de diversas especialidades. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo abordar el funcionamiento de estos núcleos y analizar cómo las unidades de atención primaria de la municipalidad de San Pablo implementaron la metodología de apoyo matricial. Entre 2016 y 2017, se aplicó una encuesta en la que participaron 609 profesionales, y se realizó observación participante y entrevistas semiestructuradas a algunos actores estratégicos. Para la interpretación y análisis de los datos se utilizó la hermenéutica dialéctica con fusión de datos cuantitativos y cualitativos. La perspectiva de construcción del apoyo matricial es bastante innovadora y, pese a la verticalización del poder que impide la autonomía de los trabajadores para construir una cogestión de la clínica, hay movimientos de construcción y resistencia.

ABSTRACT Family health support centers have been implemented in Brazil in order to expand interdisciplinary work in primary care by hiring specialized professionals. The objective of this article is to detail the functioning of these centers and to analyze how matrix support methodology has been incorporated into primary care centers in the city of São Paulo. Between 2016 and 2017 a survey was carried out with 609 professionals, and participant observation and semi-structured interviews with strategic actors were conducted. Dialectical hermeneutics fusing quantitative and qualitative data was employed for data interpretation and analysis. The prospect of building matrix support is quite innovative. Despite the verticalization of power that obstructs the autonomy of workers in building a model of clinic co-management, there are also instances of construction and resistance.

Profile on childbirth care at a public maternity hospital / Perfil da assistência ao parto em uma maternidade pública

Abstract Objectives: to describe the profile on childbirth care at a reference maternity hospital in the State of Piauí based on the 2018 World Health Organization Recommendations. Methods: retrospective cross-sectional quantitative study, descriptive documentary, population census, containing vaginal deliveries performed in 2017. The data was entered in Microsoft Excel for simple statistical analysis. Results: the percentages registered at the Centro Obstétrico Superior (Superior Obstetric Center) and Centro de Parto Normal (Normal Delivery Center) were, respectively, 85.5% and 98% with the presence of a companion, 34.2% and 94% used the partogram, 63.8% and 98% took non-pharmacological methods for pain relief, 74.8% and 98.7% received fluids during labor. Amniotomy at 15.2% and 17.2%, oxytocin was administered at 26.5% and 14.6% in the 1st and 2nd periods, non-lithotomic position at 39.7% and 93.4%, episiotomy 9.9% and 6.6%. After birth, 85.5% and 96% of newborns had skin-to-skin contact and, in 65.5% and 94% there were maternal breastfeeding promotion. Conclusions: this study comprehended the indicators on childbirth care service, which are, in general, better than the national and the northeast region ones. The importance of registering indicators to evaluate care is emphasized.

Resumo Objetivos: descrever o perfil da assistência ao parto em uma maternidade de referência do estado do Piauí, a partir das Recomendações da Organização Mundial da Saúde de 2018. Métodos: estudo quantitativo transversal retrospectivo, descritivo documental, população censitária, contendo os partos vaginais realizados em 2017. Os dados foram inseridos no Microsoft Excel para análise estatística simples. Resultados: os percentuais registrados no Centro Obstétrico e Centro de Parto Normal foram, respectivamente, 85,5% e 98% da presença de acompanhante, 34,2% e 94% utilizaram partograma, 63,8% e 98% métodos não-farmacológicos para alívio da dor, 74,8% e 98,7% receberam líquidos durante o trabalho de parto. Amniotomia em 15,2% e 17,2%, ocitocina foi administrada em 26,5% e 14,6% no 1° e 2a períodos, posição não-litotômica em 39,7% e 93, 4%, episiotomia 9,9% e 6,6%. Após o nascimento, 85, 5% e 96% dos recém-nascidos em contato pele a pele e, em 65,5% e 94% houve promoção do aleitamento materno. Conclusões: este estudo permitiu conhecer os indicadores de assistência ao parto do serviço, que de maneira geral estão melhores que os indicadores nacionais e da região nordeste. Ressalta-se a importância do registro de indicadores para a avaliação da assistência.

Fiabilidad y validación del instrumento de conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas en la enfermedad de Chagas / Reliability and validation of an instrument to measure knowledge, attitudes and practices in response to Chagas disease

RESUMEN Introducción: La enfermedad de Chagas es de alta endemia en Colombia y es considerada un problema de salud pública por la morbilidad y mortalidad que ocasiona. Conocer la percepción de las comunidades frente a esta enfermedad es relevante en cuanto a las estrategias oportunas que se pueden establecer para su prevención. Objetivo: Evaluar la fiabilidad y validez de un instrumento que permita medir los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas frente a la enfermedad de Chagas en comunidades endémicas. Métodos: Se desarrolló un estudio de corte transversal para la validación del contenido de un instrumento, diseñado con base en la literatura, el cual se sometió a la valoración por un panel de expertos que determinaron la eficiencia, relevancia, claridad y coherencia de cada uno de los ítems. Se determinó el índice Kappa de Randolph para evaluar concordancia. Luego se aplicó a 135 personas de áreas endémicas y se estableció el alfa de Cronbach para determinar consistencia interna. Resultados: El instrumento estudiado demostró concordancia según el índice de Randolph con una Kappa entre 0,7-0,8 para los ítems evaluados, con un alfa de Cronbach de 0,855 lo cual denota una consistencia adecuada. El cuestionario finalmente se estructuró con un total de 27 ítems que abordan: factores epidemiológicos y conocimientos de la enfermedad junto con actitudes y prácticas frente a esta. Conclusiones: El instrumento tiene un nivel adecuado de consistencia interna y concordancia, que permitiría su aplicación en áreas endémicas con poblaciones en riesgo a adquirir la enfermedad de Chagas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Chagas disease is highly endemic in Colombia and considered to be a public health problem due to its morbidity and mortality. Learning about community perception of this disease is relevant to devise timely strategies for its prevention. Objective: Evaluate the reliability and validity of an instrument to measure knowledge, attitudes and practices in response to Chagas disease in endemic communities. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to validate the content of a tool based on the literature and assessed by an expert panel to determine the efficiency, relevance, clarity, and coherence of each of its items. Determination was made of Randolph's kappa index to evaluate agreement. Then it was applied to 135 people from endemic areas and Cronbach's alpha was established to determine internal consistency. Results: The tool studied showed agreement by Randolph's index with a kappa between 0.7 and 0.8 for the items evaluated and a Cronbach's alpha of 0.855, denoting appropriate consistency. The questionnaire was finally structured with a total 27 items addressing epidemiological factors and knowledge about the disease as well as attitudes and practices in response to it. Conclusions: The tool has an adequate level of internal consistency and agreement, which makes its application advisable in endemic areas with populations at risk of acquiring Chagas disease.

Evaluation of methodological and reporting quality of the clinical practice guidelines on Henoch-Schonlein purpura by AGREEII and RIGHT / 解放军医学杂志

Objectives To evaluate the current methodological and reporting quality of clinical practice guidelines on Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP) for providing the reference for the development of high quality HSP clinical practice guidelines. Methods Databases as PubMed, NICE, Medlive, WHO, Wanfang Data, CNKI, VIP and CBM were electronically searched to collect the clinical practice guidelines on HSP from Jan. 2010 to Dec. 2019. Two reviewers independently screened literature, extracted data and evaluated the methodological and reporting quality by using appraisal of guidelines research and evaluation Ⅱ (AGREEⅡ) and Reporting Items for Practice Guidelines in Healthcare (RIGHT) tools, respectively. Results A total of five HSP clinical practice guidelines were included, three of which are evidence-based guidelines, and the remaining two are based on expert consensus; and three guidelines for clinical practice in traditional Chinese medicine and two for western medicine were selected for evaluation. The AGREEⅡevaluation showed that the HSP guidelines had higher scores in terms of "scope and purpose" (67.8%) and "clarity of presentation" (57.2%), while the average scores were lower in another four areas, i.e. stakeholder involvement (25.6%), rigor of development (33.3%), applicability (9.2%) and editorial independence (43.3%). The RIGHT evaluation showed that, for five HSP guidelines, the corresponding reporting rates of "basic information", "background", "evidence", "recommendations", "review and quality assurance", "funding and conflict of interest statement and management" and "other information" accounted for 0%, 20%, 20%, 0%, 0%, 0% and 0%. A total of 75 recommendations of HSP clinical practice guidelines were classified into 7 for the diagnosis and 68 for the treatment. Conclusions The methodological and reporting quality of HSP clinical practice guidelines are still to be improved. The guidelines should be developed in strict accordance with AGREEⅡand RIGHT.

Report Quality of Clinical Practice Guidelines of Rehabilitation Based on RIGHT / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Objective To evaluate the quality of reporting of clinical practice guidelines of rehabilitation.Methods A comprehensive retrieve was performed in electronic databases of PubMed, EMBASE, CNKI, China Biology Medicine disc, Wanfang data, etc., from January 1, 2017 to January 11, 2020. Supplementary searches had been done on relevant websites. Two researchers reviewed literatures and assessed the reporting quality independently by using Reporting Items for Practice Guidelines in Healthcare (RIGHT), and any disagreements needed to be discussed in a consensus meeting.Results A total of 16 guidelines were included, with an average reporting rate of (44.8±27.9)%. Among the seven domains of RIGHT, basic information was reported the highest (57.3%), and evidence (31.3%) and other information (31.3%) was the lowest. The reporting rate was less as the guidelines published in China than in foreign contries (OR = 0.80, 95%CI 0.56-1.16), in original version than in update version (OR = 0.79, 95%CI 0.54-1.16); and higher as developed by various societies or associations than developed by non-societies or associations (OR = 1.15, 95%CI 0.82-1.61), however, no statistically significant difference was found in above comparisons.Conclusion Current clinical practice guidelines of rehabilitation reported with low quality. It is proposed that future guideline developers should report guidelines after RIGHT statements, including key information and content, in order to improve the quality of reporting guidelines.

Laboratórios de inovação em saúde: por uma Atenção Primária à Saúde forte no Distrito Federal, Brasil / Health Innovation Laboratories: towards strong Primary Health Care (PHC)in the Federal District of Brasilia

Resumo O artigo defende a APS como estratégia fundamental para a sustentabilidade do SUS, subsidiado em resultados sobre o impacto da APS nos indicadores de saúde e outras áreas. São apresentados os atributos e requisitos para uma APS Forte, defendidos por pesquisadores, formuladores de políticas e instituições, entre elas a Representação da OPAS/OMS no Brasil. O formato advogado é fruto de discussão realizada com trabalhadores, pesquisadores e gestores de saúde do país, reafirmando os compromissos da Declaração de Alma Ata. O artigo detalha a metodologia de Laboratórios de Inovação em Saúde, utilizada pela OPAS/OMS no Brasil para identificar e sistematizar experiências inovadoras em saúde, incluindo o acompanhamento do Projeto Brasília Saudável, da Secretaria de Saúde do DF, que vem apresentando importantes transformações no modelo de atenção à saúde, com ênfase na ampliação da cobertura da Estratégia Saúde da Família. O artigo resgata e analisa os trabalhos desenvolvidos pelo Laboratório de Inovação em APS Forte no DF até o momento e que serão sistematizados em Estudo de Caso. A iniciativa visa sensibilizar gestores e trabalhadores em saúde para a inovação em processos e políticas de saúde, sendo essencial para a sustentabilidade do SUS, privilegiando troca de conhecimentos entre pares sobre iniciativas adotadas na APS do Brasil.

Abstract This article emphasizes PHC as a fundamental strategy for the sustainability of the SUS, based on its impact on health indicators. The attributes and requirements for Robust PHC are based on statements from researchers, policy makers and institutions, including the PAHO/WHO Representation in Brazil. The model proposed is the result of discussions with workers, researchers and health managers in Brazil, endorsing the commitments outlined in the Alma Ata Declaration. The article details the methodology of Health Innovation Laboratories used by PAHO/WHO in Brazil to systematize knowledge generated by innovative health experiences, including the Healthy Brasilia Project, an ongoing activity run by the Health Department of the Federal District (DF) of Brasilia, which has made important changes in the healthcare model, with emphasis on the expansion of Family Health Strategy coverage. This article analyzes the results of the Innovation Laboratories in Robust PHC in the FD that will be consolidated in a Case Study. The initiative aims to raise awareness amongst managers and health workers about innovation in health processes and policies that are essential for the sustainability of theSUS, focusing on the exchange of knowledge between peers about relevant initiatives in PHCin Brazil.

Concentración del gasto sanitario en una aseguradora colombiana del régimen subsidiado, 2014 / Concentration of Health Spending in a Subsidized-scheme Colombian Insurance Company, 2014

Resumen Objetivo: Estimar la concentración del gasto sanitario según grupos de patologías y tipos de servicios en una aseguradora subsidiada que afilia personas pobres (estratos socioeconómicos 1 y 2) al Sistema de Salud de Colombia en 2014. Métodos: Se analizó el gasto sanitario en 1 666 477 afiliados, por grupos de patología y tipos de servicios, en el año 2014. Para la descripción de la concentración del gasto se utilizó el coeficiente de Gini y la curva de Lorenz. Resultados: El gasto sanitario de la aseguradora fue de usd 418 millones. De este, el 81 % se aplicó a servicios contenidos en el Plan Obligatorio de Salud (pos). Los grupos de patologías que concentraron el 43,4 % del gasto sanitario fueron cardiovascular (14,3 %), cáncer (7,8 %), enfermedades respiratorias (7,3 %), enfermedades urinarias (7 %) y traumatismos (6,9 %). Los servicios diagnósticos, curativos y de rehabilitación representaron el 77,8 % del gasto sanitario. La hospitalización fue el grupo de servicio que más impactó el costo (47 %), y las consultas, el más utilizado. Las curvas de Lorenz demostraron que el 70 % del gasto en salud se concentra en aproximadamente el 20 % de los afiliados, generando un coeficiente de Gini de 0,58. Conclusión: El diagnóstico y el tratamiento de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles concentran una alta proporción del gasto sanitario, lo cual genera una competencia de recursos para servicios preventivos y de promoción de la salud.

Abstract Objective: to estimate the concentration of health spending depending on pathology groups and types of services in a subsidized insurance company which enrolled low-income people (social economic strata 1 and 2) in the Colombian Healthcare System in 2014. Methodology: Health spending was analyzed in 1 666 477 members, set up by pathologies and types of services during 2014. To describe the concentration of health spending, researchers used the Gini coefficient and the Lorenz curve. Results: the health spending of the insurance company was US$418 million. Out of this, 81 % was used in service contained in the mandatory Health Plan (in Spanish, Plan Obligatorio de Salud -POS). The pathology groups that concentrated 43.4% of health spending were cardiovascular (14.3%), cancer (7.8%), respiratory diseases (7.3%), urinary diseases (7%) and trauma (6.9%). Diagnostic, healing and rehabilitation services represented 77.8% of health spending. Hospitalization was the service group with the highest impact on costs (47%), and consultations, the most used. The Lorenz curves showed that 70% of the health spending is concentrated in approximately 20% the Affiliated people, resulting in a 0.58 Gini coefficient. Conclusion: Diagnostic and treatment of chronic non-transmittable diseases concentrate a vast part of health spending, which produces a competition of resources for preventive services and healthcare promotion.

Obstetric profile of perinatal deaths on a capital of the Northeast of Brazil / Perfil obstétrico dos óbitos perinatais em uma capital do Nordeste Brasileiro

Abstract Objectives: to analyze the obstetric and sociodemographic profile on perinatal deaths in Teresina the capital of Piauí, from data obtained from the Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade e Sistema de Informação de Nascidos Vivos (Brazilian Mortality Information System and Livebirth Information System). Methods: this is a retrospective cohort on perinatal deaths of mothers whose babies were born and resided in Teresina between 2010 and 2014. The analyzed variables were age and the mother´s schooling, gestational age, type of pregnancy (singleton or multiple), route of delivery (vaginal or cesarean), place of death (in and out hospital), time of death in relation to the delivery (prior, during or after), and birth weight. Results: the perinatal mortality coefficient (PMC) varied from 17.5 to 19.3 per 1,000 births. We found similarities in the sociodemographic profile and in the obstetric fetal and non-fetal deaths, both with a great incidence on 20 to 27 years-old mothers, vaginal delivery and singleton pregnancy. Low birth weight was positively related to early neonatal deaths. Conclusions: perinatal mortality presented a statistical correlation in gestational age, birth weight, and type of delivery. The PMC in our study was higher than other Brazilian capitals.

Resumo Objetivos: analisar o perfil obstétrico e sociodemográfico dos óbitos perinatais ocorridos em Teresina, capital do Piauí, a partir de dados provenientes dos Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade e Sistema de Informação de Nascidos Vivos. Métodos: coorte retrospectiva de óbitos perinatais nascidos de mães residentes em Teresina, entre 2010 e 2014. As variáveis analisadas foram faixa etária e escolaridade da mãe, idade gestacional, tipo de gravidez (única ou múltipla), via de parto (vaginal ou cesáreo), local do óbito (intra ou extra-hospitalar), momento do óbito em relação ao parto (antes, durante ou após), e peso do concepto. Resultados: o coeficiente de mortalidade perinatal (CMP) variou entre 17,5 e 19,3 por mil nascidos. Verificaram-se semelhanças quanto ao perfil sociodemográfico e obstétrico dos óbitos fetais e não fetais, ambos com maior incidência em mães com faixa etária entre 20 e 27 anos, em parto vaginal e no tipo de gravidez única. Baixo peso ao nascer se relacionou positivamente com os óbitos neonatais precoces. Conclusões: a mortalidade perinatal apresentou correlação estatística com a idade gestacional, o peso ao nascer, e o tipo de parto. O CMP no nosso estudo foi mais elevado do que o de outras capitais brasileiras.

Indicadores para avaliação da efetividade assistencial de hospitais / Indicators for assessing the effectiveness of hospitals

Resumo: Introdução: Indicadores de efetividade prestam-se a nortear os hospitais a avaliarem apropriadamente os resultados da assistência que oferecem. Há descrição na literatura sobre os atributos recomendáveis a indicadores de desempenho, contudo não foram validados por especialistas os indicadores de efetividade hospitalar com mais atributos para captar esta dimensão que expressa a qualidade dos resultados da assistência. Considera-se que um indicador de efetividade ideal é aquele que tem mais atributos para capturar o efeito de processos assistenciais na saúde e no bem estar dos pacientes. Objetivo: Validar um rol de indicadores selecionados na literatura nacional e internacional que possibilitem a medida da efetividade da assistência em hospitais e suas respectivas fichas técnicas. Método: Estudo descritivo-exploratório, de abordagem mista do tipo survey, com 52 participantes recrutados pela técnica de bola de neve (pesquisadores, docentes ou técnicos brasileiros experientes em indicadores), mediante a Técnica Delphi eletrônica, em duas rodadas, entre maio a setembro de 2017. Para cada indicador foi elaborada uma ficha técnica, fundamentada na literatura, aperfeiçoada nas duas rodadas pelos especialistas. Cada indicador foi avaliado quanto à sua correspondência a onze atributos de qualidade: disponibilidade; confiabilidade; simplicidade; representatividade; sensibilidade; abrangência; objetividade; baixo custo; utilidade; estabilidade e tempestividade. Estipulou-se o consenso mínimo entre as respostas dos especialistas de 70% para validação de conteúdo. Os dados foram submetidos à análise descritiva uni e bivariada, e as sugestões às fichas técnicas foram incorporadas com respaldo na literatura, nas duas rodadas. Resultados: Foram validados 17 indicadores na dimensão segurança do paciente, quatro na dimensão cuidado centrado no paciente e 11 na dimensão efetividade clínica. Os trinta e dois indicadores validados são: cirurgia no local errado do corpo do paciente; cirurgia realizada no paciente errado; material estranho deixado no corpo durante um procedimento; deiscência de ferida pós-operatória; embolia pulmonar ou trombose venosa profunda pós-operatória; fratura de quadril por queda em pacientes internados; fratura de quadril pós-operatória por queda em pacientes internados; incidentes graves relacionados a equipamentos; incidentes devido a falhas de identificação do paciente; hemorragia ou hematoma pós-operatório em cirurgias de grande porte; infecção de sítio cirúrgico em cirurgias limpas; quedas com dano em pacientes internados; lesão por pressão; densidade de infecção primária de corrente sanguínea em pacientes em uso de cateter venoso central, internados em unidade de terapia intensiva de adulto; densidade de infecção do trato urinário associada ao cateter vesical de demora em pacientes internados em UTI; reação transfusional graus II, III e IV; reações hemolíticas por incompatibilidade sanguínea; satisfação do paciente; cirurgias canceladas no dia agendado; recomendação do hospital pelo paciente; envolvimento do paciente com o próprio cuidado; mortalidade cirúrgica padronizada; óbitos em grupos de diagnósticos relacionados de baixa mortalidade; densidade de incidência de pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica em UTI adulto; pneumotórax iatrogênico; sepse pós-operatóra; mortalidade institucional padronizada; reinternação não programada pós-alta hospitalar; reinternações na UTI durante a permanência do paciente no hospital; readmissão no serviço de emergência adulto do hospital; infecções resistentes em UTI (MRSA e VRE); mortalidade em UTI adulto. Os sete indicadores não validados são: complicações anestésicas; erro de medicação; adesão institucional à estratégia multimodal de higiene de mãos; compreensão dos pacientes sobre sua medicação (transição do cuidado); pacientes informados pela equipe sobre a ocorrência de incidentes com danos; orientação ao paciente (comunicação eficaz e informação transparente); percepção do paciente sobre a efetividade da preparação para sua alta. O atributo disponibilidade dos dados não alcançou o consenso mínimo em sete indicadores. Conclusão: Os indicadores validados permitem o monitoramento da efetividade assistencial e, os não validados podem também ser utilizados, mediante o atendimento de recomendações específicas e estratégias para a disponibilização de dados institucionais.

Abstract: Introduction: Indicators of effectiveness are intended to guide hospitals to appropriately evaluate the results of the care they provide. Even though there exists a description in the literature about the recommended attributes for performance indicators, those of hospital effectiveness, with extra attributes to capture the dimension of quality of care outcomes, have not yet been validated by specialists. It is assumed that an ideal effectiveness indicator is one that has more attributes to capture the effect of care processes on patients' health and well-being. Objective: To validate a selection of indicators, from both national and international literature, that would make it possible to measure the effectiveness of care in hospitals. Method: A descriptive-exploratory study, with a mixed approach of the survey type, with 52 participants recruited by the technique of snowball (researchers, teachers or Brazilian technicians experienced in indicators) using the Delphi Electronic technique in two rounds between May and September of 2017. Data were submitted to univariate and bivariate descriptive analysis. Eleven quality attributes for each indicator were evaluated: availability; reliability; simplicity; representativeness; sensitivity; comprehensiveness; objectivity; low cost; utility; stability; and timing. Results: In the patient safety dimension, seventeen of twenty indicators were validated; in the patient-centered care dimension, four of eight indicators were validated, and in the clinical effectiveness dimension, all eleven indicators were validated. The thirty-two validated indicators are: surgery at the wrong site of the patient's body; surgery performed on the wrong patient; foreign material left in the body during a procedure; postoperative wound dehiscence; pulmonary embolism or deep postoperative venous thrombosis; hip fracture due to fall in hospitalized patients; postoperative hip fracture due to fall in hospitalized patients; serious incidents related to equipment; incidents due to patient identification failures; hemorrhage or postoperative hematoma in large surgeries; surgical site infection in clean surgeries; falls with damage to hospitalized patients; pressure injury; density of primary bloodstream infection in patients using a central venous catheter admitted to an adult intensive care unit; density of urinary tract infection associated with delayed bladder catheter in ICU patients; degree II, III and IV transfusion reaction; hemolytic reactions due to blood incompatibility; patient satisfaction; surgeries canceled at the scheduled date; hospital recommendation by the patient; involvement of the patients with their own care; standardized surgical mortality; deaths in related groups of low mortality; incidence density of ventilator-associated pneumonia in adult ICU; iatrogenic pneumothorax; postoperative sepsis; standardized institutional mortality; nonscheduled rehospitalization after hospital discharge; readmissions in the ICU during the patient's stay in the hospital; readmission to the hospital emergency room; resistant infections in ICUs (MRSA and VRE); mortality in adult ICU. The seven indicators that have not been validated are: anesthetic complications; medication error; institutional adherence to the multimodal hand hygiene strategy; patients' understanding of their medication (care transition); patients reported by the team on the occurrence of incidents with damage; patient guidance (effective communication and transparent information); perception of the effectiveness of the preparation for discharge. The data availability attribute did not reach the stipulated minimum consensus of 70% for validation in seven indicators.

Ethical challenges and responses of big data in healthcare / 中华医学科研管理杂志

Objective To analyze ethical challenges raised from big data in healthcare,provide suggestions for improving its application and development.Methods The ethical challenges were discussed according to the study of important literatures,typical case analysis,analyzing the current situation and its development trend of big data in healthcare.Results The advancement of technology and policies favorable have provided new opportunities for development of big data in healthcare.However,there are still some ethical challenges for its application.For instance,the difficulty of perform traditional informed consent process,the high risk of EHR information release during data storage and transmission,and inadequate privacy protection.To solve these problems,the corresponding regulation and some guidelines should be refined and/or updated;the management system that include informed consent should be adjusted;the corresponding technical supporting platform and specialized interdisciplinary team are also needed.Conclusions The establishment and application is a systematic project.The solution of the ethical challenges is also based on a comprehensive safeguard system of laws,regulations,management and technology.

Assistência Farmacêutica nos 30 anos do SUS na perspectiva da integralidade / Pharmaceutical Services and comprehensiveness 30 years after the advent of Brazil's Unified Health System

Resumo Os autores analisam a Assistência Farmacêutica (AF) e o acesso a medicamentos no Brasil na perspectiva do princípio da integralidade nos 30 anos do SUS. A partir da sua inclusão no movimento de reforma sanitária, foram selecionados temas relevantes, incluindo a reorientação da AF, a questão de recursos humanos, o conceito de medicamentos essenciais, o uso apropriado de medicamentos, o desenvolvimento tecnológico e a produção industrial e a regulação ética. Com fortes componentes regulatórios e tendo a política nacional de medicamentos como eixo estruturante, as três décadas do SUS são confrontadas entre avanços e retrocessos, considerando a complexidade nacional, as mudanças políticas, econômicas e sociais que impactaram políticas públicas e o acesso a medicamentos, tema que hoje mostra sua importância mesmo nas economias mais ricas do mundo, a partir de foros de discussão relacionados com Saúde Global. As conquistas ao longo do tempo são destacadas, considerando a preocupação decorrente do regime fiscal que compromete as áreas sociais.

Abstract This article examines pharmaceutical services and access to essential medicines in Brazil during the 30 years since the advent of Brazil's Unified Health System from a comprehensiveness perspective. The following topics are addressed: the "realignment" of pharmaceutical services; human resources in pharmaceutical services; the essential medicines concept; the rational use of medicines; technological advances and drug manufacturing; and ethical regulation. With a strong regulatory focus and a structural framework centered on the National Medicines Policy, the past three decades represent a mixture of progress and setbacks, considering the national complexities of the healthcare system and the political, economic and social changes that have influenced policy and access to medicines, which is a key concern even in the world's richest countries, as the forums of discussion on global health have demonstrated. We show that major steps forward have been taken, highlighting that the recent fiscal austerity measures imposed by the government threaten to seriously undermine social progress.