Eficacia del cementado indirecto / Indirect bonding efficiency

La aparición de aparatología preadjustada ha colaborado en la efectividad de los tratamientos de ortodoncia, pero para que la expresión de esta aparatología se logre, es necesario una correcta colocación de los brackets y la permanencia de estos en boca durante todo el tratamiento. La precisión en la colocación mejora con la técnica de cementado indirecta, ya que permite el acceso a las zonas posteriores, a lugares donde se ve disminuida la visión y además disminuye la condensación de aliento y contaminación salival. Si bien esta técnica requiere tiempo extra de laboratorio, es más rápida en la etapa clínica (AU)

Protocolo de cementación indirecta de aparatología ortodóncica fija utilizando materiales de uso común / Indirect cementation protocol for fixed orthodontic appliances using commonly used materials

Introducción: La técnica de arco recto es una de las técnicas más utilizadas para la corrección de maloclusiones en ortodoncia; sin embargo, el éxito de la técnica radicará en la exactitud en que se posicionan los brackets. Este artículo presenta un protocolo de cementación indirecta, el cual, adicionalmente, permite una mayor accesibilidad a los materiales requeridos para este procedimiento. Objetivo: Presentar un protocolo efectivo y accesible de cementación indirecta. Material y métodos: Para este protocolo se ha utilizado materiales como resina de cementación de brackets (Transbond XT, 3M Unitek, EEUU), aislante de acrílico para separar los brackets del modelo de yeso y silicona líquida, utilizada habitualmente para autos (Kit Silicona, Johnson, Chile), para separar los brackets del soporte termoplástico, el cual fue realizado con silicona termofusible. Conclusión: El protocolo de cementación indirecta permite un buen posicionamiento de los brackets, reduciendo la posibilidad de reposicionar durante las fases de alineamiento y nivelado (AU)

Introduction: The straight arch technique is one of the most used techniques for the correction of malocclusions in orthodontics; however, the success of the technique will lie in the accuracy in which the brackets are positioned in the correct position. This article presents an indirect cementation protocol which additionally allows greater accessibility to the materials required for this procedure. Objective: Present an effective and accessible indirect cementation protocol. Material and methods: For this protocol, materials such as brace cementation resin (Transbond XT, 3M Unitek, USA), acrylic insulator have been used to separate the brackets from the gypsum and liquid silicone model, usually used for cars (Silicone Kit, Johnson, Chile), to separate the brackets from the thermoplastic support, which was made with hot melt silicone. Conclusion: The indirect cementation protocol allows a good positioning of the brackets, reducing the possibility of repositioning during the alignment and leveling phases (AU)

Comparison of Accuracy and Time Duration Between Direct and Indirect Bonding By Photographic Method: A Short Clinical Study

Introduction: Indirect bonding has been in orthodonticsfor a long time. It has been recognized that accuratebracket positioning is of clinical importance for efficientapplication of biomechanics. Previosly so many methodshave been used for checking accuracy which is verytechnique sensitive, require special equipments, difficultto fabricate and cost effective. Here, to make it moresimplified, photographic method is used for accuracymeasurement. The aim of this study was to compare theaccuracy, and time consuming between direct and indirectbonding by photographic method.Material and methods: Study was performed on 5 patientswith split mouth technique in upper arch where bracketswere bonded on one quadrant of orthodontic modelsfor Indirect bonding one set as predetermined “ideal”bonding. A transfer tray was prepared using biostar sheetand glue gun, then tray is placed into patients mouth andother half quadrant was directly bonded to patients teeth.The accuracy was checked using photographic method inthree parameters Bracket height, Mesiodistal position andAngulation. Time taken for bonding direct and indirectprocedures were calculated.Results Unpaired t test was done which showed statisticalsignificant difference in bracket height and angulation andinsignificant for mesiodistal position. Proving indirectbonding is more accurate and less time consuming than thedirect bonding of braces.Conclusion: There is difference between mean bracketplacement errors for direct and indirect methods, the rangeof errors in the three directions assessed and time takenwere greater for direct than indirect bracket placement.The magnitudes of the findings are of clinically relevantand this method is clinically feasible and cost ineffective.

Comparison of the accuracy of virtual and direct bonding of orthodontic accessories

ABSTRACT Introduction: Conventional direct and indirect bonding techniques fail to obtain the ideal bracket position. Objective: To compare the accuracy of virtual and conventional direct bonding of orthodontic accessories. Methods: A single virtual configuration (dental mannequin with Class I malocclusion) served as basis for generating the reference model (treated virtually) and the intervention models (10 digital models and 10 solid models, obtained by means of prototyping). A total of 560 teeth were then equally distributed between a group of orthodontists (Group I, direct bonding; and Group II, virtual bonding), working in two different time intervals. The individual positions of the accessories were measured after three-dimensional superimposition with customized software. The Student's-t test for paired samples, and Chi-square tests were used for statistical analysis, both at the level of significance of 5%. Results: In comparison of the errors in raw values, there were significant differences only in the vertical (p< 0.001) and horizontal dimensions (p< 0.001). Considering the groups of ranges by clinical limits of the deviations, these differences were significant in the three dimensions, vertical (p< 0.001), horizontal (p= 0.044) and angular (p= 0.044). Conclusion: Virtual bonding made it possible to obtain more precise/accurate positioning of the orthodontic accessories. The potential accuracy of this method brings new perspectives to refining the indirect bonding protocols.

RESUMO Introdução: técnicas convencionais, diretas ou indiretas, de colagem de acessórios ortodônticos falham em obter a posição ideal desses. Objetivo: comparar a acurácia da colagem virtual e da colagem direta de acessórios ortodônticos por vestibular. Métodos: uma configuração virtual única (modelo de manequim com Classe I dentária) serviu como base para a geração do modelo de referência (tratado virtualmente) e dos modelos de intervenção (10 modelos digitais e 10 modelos sólidos, obtidos por prototipagem). Quinhentos e sessenta dentes foram, então, igualmente distribuídos, em dois tempos distintos, entre um grupo de ortodontistas (Grupo I: colagem direta; Grupo II: colagem virtual). As posições individuais dos acessórios foram aferidas após a sobreposição tridimensional de modelos, em software customizado. O testet de Student para amostras pareadas e o teste Qui-quadrado foram usados para a análise estatística, ambos com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: na comparação dos erros, em valores brutos, houve diferenças significativas apenas nas dimensões vertical (p< 0,001) e horizontal (p < 0,001). Considerando-se o agrupamento de faixas por limites clínicos dos desvios, essas diferenças foram significativas nas três dimensões: vertical (p < 0,001), horizontal (p = 0,044) e angular (p = 0,044). Conclusão: a colagem virtual possibilitou um posicionamento mais preciso dos acessórios ortodônticos. Seu potencial de precisão traz novas perspectivas ao refinamento dos protocolos indiretos.

Application of an individualized appliance in orthodontic treatment / 口腔疾病防治

@#More than 20 years have passed since the advent of individualized appliances, which are designed according to the corrective target position. Through a series of digital technology-aided design and production processes, individual appliances have been increasingly recognized and accepted by the public. At present, there are three types of individualized orthodontic appliances: individualized lingual orthodontic appliances, non-bracket invisible appliances and individualized labial appliances. Because of their good effects in orthodontics, these appliances have gradually become mainstream orthodontic treatment tools. However, many doubts persist regarding their use in clinical treatment. This article reviews the development history, design principles and characteristics of the three types of individualized appliances. The results of a literature review showed that CAD/CAM and CBCT provide a hardware foundation for personalized orthodontic appliances that simplifies the therapeutic process. Additionally, individualized appliances also place higher demands on orthodontists. This article could provide references for and help with the clinical selection and use of individualized appliances.

Research progress of orthodontic indirect bonding technology / 口腔疾病防治

@#Accurate positioning of brackets is a necessary condition for ideal orthodontic treatment. Traditional bracket bonding technology has certain limitations, such as long operation time and poor accuracy. Indirect bonding technology is a method that bonding brackets on the model through intraoral impression or scanning, and then the brackets are accurately bonded to the tooth crowns using a transfer tray. In this article, the progression of transfer trays and adhesive agents, the application of digital technology in indirect bonding technology, indirect bonding for invisible appliances, and the prospect of this technology are reviewed. The literature review results show that indirect bonding technology can locate the bracket accurately, the operation is simple, the patient’s experience is comfortable, and the clinical efficiency can be significantly improved, the photocurable adhesive is an ideal adhesive for indirect bonding technology. With the development of digital technology, indirect bonding technology will be able to locate the brackets with increasing accuracy, thus achieving the "digital precision movement" of the teeth. The bonding technology of invisible appliance accessories is essentially a type of indirect bonding technology, It requires indirect bonding technology and digital technology to highly fit the needs of computer design accessories for the visual tooth movement and the use of indirect bonding technology to accurately bond accessories, ultimately achieving the desired tooth movement. Indirect bonding technology will play an increasingly important role with the development of digital technology and invisible correction technology.

Acurácia e precisão do método de colagem indireta de bráquetes ortodônticos utilizando tecnologia CAD/CAM / Accuracy and precision of digital indirect bonding method with CAD/CAM technology

A colagem indireta pode ser definida como o posicionamento dos bráquetes ortodônticos em modelos, previamente à colagem clínica. A inclusão dos modelos digitais na ortodontia permite o planejamento virtual das posições dos acessórios ortodônticos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a acurácia e precisão entre diferentes ortodontistas em relação à colagem indireta com planejamento digital. A amostra foi composta por 33 ortodontistas que realizaram a colagem indireta em 33 modelos prototipados (superior ou inferior) da mesma má oclusão. Cada ortodontista preencheu um questionário com dados como tempo de formação profissional e se possuía experiência clínica com colagem indireta. Foram utilizados 2 tipos de bráquetes diferentes no estudo: MiniSprint® e BioQuick® (Forestadent). O planejamento digital do posicionamento dos bráquetes foi realizado previamente no software OrthoAnalyzer® nos modelos digitais utilizando a sobreposição com a tomografia. Os modelos com os bráquetes em posição foram utilizados para a confecção e impressão das guias. Após realizada a colagem indireta, os 33 modelos foram escaneados com scanner intraoral Trios® para obtenção de modelos digitais que foram superpostos aos modelos do planejamento virtual original. Para análise das diferenças nos posionamentos dos bráquetes foram confeccionados três planos: corte sagital para o plano vertical, corte axial para o plano horizontal e corte coronal para o posicionamento quanto à angulação. Foi verificada a reprodutibilidade intra e interexaminador solicitando-se que 3 ortodontistas repetissem o procedimento de colagem indireta. Para verificação da reprodutibilidade do método de obtenção das medidas, o mesmo operador repetiu o procedimento. Foi aplicada ANOVA de fatores repetidos para verificar as diferenças entre os bráquetes. A ANOVA Multivariada foi aplicada para analisar a influência dos fatores experiência com colagem indireta e formação profissional. O Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse (CCI) e os Gráficos Altman Bland foram utilizados para avaliação da reprodutibilidade intraexaminador. O teste de Kaplan-Meier verificou a reprodutibilidade interexaminador. Os resultados mostraram que as diferenças entre os posicionamentos dos bráquetes não foram estatisticamente significantes (p>0,05), com exceção dos bráquetes do grupo BioQuick Inferior quanto ao posicionamento mésiodistal (p=0,016). A análise descritiva das diferenças no posicionamento, mostram que em geral essas foram mínimas sem que houvesse significância clínica (média das diferenças: de 0,08mm a 0,42mm ocluso-gengival, de 0,04mm a 0,13mm mésio-distal e de 0,45º a 2,03º quanto à angulação). Não houve influência significativa (p=0,314 e p=0,158) dos fatores referentes à experiência clínica do ortodontista. A reprodutibilidade entre os ortodontistas foi confirmada e não houve diferença significativa verificada com Kaplan-Meier (p = 0,914). Houve também confirmação da reprodutibilidade do método de medição utilizado. Concluiuse que a técnica de planejamento digital da colagem indireta apresentou acurácia e precisão. Foi confirmada a reprodutibilidade intra e interexaminador da colagem indireta em questão.

The indirect bonding allows the positioning of the brackets on a plaster model before the clinical bonding. The current use of digital models in orthodontics routine made possible to develop virtual setups and positioning brackets with digital indirect bonding. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and precision of digital indirect bonding, analysing the differences in brackets positions after bonding with the use of a prototyped transfer tray. The sample of the study included 33 orthodontists that made the indirect bonding on 33 prototyped models (upper or lower) of the same malocclusion, using 33 prototyped transfer trays. Each orthodontist previously answered a survey which included their experience with indirect bonding and their professional experience since graduation. Two different sets of brackets were used: MiniSprint® and BioQuick® (Forestadent). The digital indirect bonding was made by positioning the brackets on the digital models (the superimposition with the tomography was also made) with OrthoAnalyzer® (3Shape) software and these images were used to create the digital transfer tray that was sent for 3D printing. After indirect bonding was performed, the prototyped models with the brackets were scanned using an intraoral scanner (Trios®, 3 Shape). Then, superimpositions were made between the digital models obtained after indirect bonding and the digital models from the original setup. To analyze and measure the differences in brackets positions 3 planes were made on each bracket: sagital or vertical plane, axial or horizontal plane and coronal plane to measure angulation. The interexaminer and intraexaminer reproducibility were evaluated by asking to 3 orthodontists to repeat the indirect bonding after 15 days interval. To evaluate the reliability of the method that was used to measure the brackets positions, the same evaluator repeated the measures in 4 different digital models. The repeated factor ANOVA was conducted to analyse the differences between positions of the brackets on the virtual setups and after the indirect bonding. The multivariated ANOVA was applied to verify the influence of the orthodontists' experience on the results. To evaluate the intraexaminer reliability the Intraclass Correlation Coeficiente was applied and for the interexaminer reliability the Kaplan-Meier test was calculated. The results demonstrated that diferences between brackets positions were not statistically significant, except for mesial-distal discrepancies in BioQuick lower models group (p = 0,016). Nevertheless, the descriptive analysis presented that the mean differences were too small to be considered clinically significant (mean differences: from 0,08mm to 0,42mm occlusogingivally, from 0,04mm to 0,13mm mesial-distal and from 0,45º to 2,03º for angulation). There was no significant influence of orthodontists' experience (p=0,314 and p=0,158) on the differences observed. The intraexaminer and interexaminer reproducibility for the orthodontists were confirmed and the differences were not statistically significant for KaplanMeier results (p = 0,914). The intraexaminer reliability for the method of measurements was also confirmed in all 4 models. In conclusion, the digital indirect bonding presented accuracy and precision in bracket positions and reproducibility within orthodontists.

A oportunidade de tratamentos híbridos na era da ortodontia digital / Hybrid treatment option in the digital orthodontics era

Tratamentos híbridos associados à Ortodontia Digital são uma eficiente opção para tratamentos de casos clínicos simples e complexos. O propósito desse trabalho é atualizar os ortodontistas sobre a realidade e oportunidade de realizar tratamentos combinados, assim como usufruir das últimas tecnologias da odontologia digital para modernizar sua prática ortodôntica e consultório.(AU)

Hybrid treatments associated to Digital Orthodontics are an efficient treatment option to moderate and complex clinical cases. The aim of this paper is to offer an update to orthodontists about the reality and opportunity to perform combined treatments and to present the latest dental digital technologies for their practice as well.(AU)

Study on the consistency of the position of the brackets on the digital occlusal model and the actual position af-ter indirect bonding / 口腔疾病防治

Objective@#To provide the experimental basis for the coherence of the indirect bond position by comparing the position of the bracket on the digital occlusal model and the position of the transfer to the initial plaster model.@*Methods@#Fifteen digitized models were selected for the brackets on the dental denture model, the brackets were transferred to the initial plaster model by indirect bond transfer trays, The line distance between each bracket position in digital dental model and initial plaster model was measured with OrthoRx software. @*Results @#The difference between the position of the orthodontic brackets and the position of the initial plaster model was less than 0.20 mm, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). @*Conclusion @#The position of the bracket on the digital occlusal model is consistent with that of the original plaster model, which provides a theoretical basis for digital indirect bonding.

Precision of three-dimensional printed brackets / 北京大学学报(医学版)

Objective:This study was based on digital orthodontic diagnosis work flow for indirect bonding transfer tray model design and three-dimensional (3D) printing, and the aim of this paper was to inspect the dimensional accuracyof 3D printed brackets, which is the foundation of the follow up work and hoped that will illuminate the clinical application of the digital orthodontics work flow.Methods: The samples which consisted of 14 cases of patients with malocclusion from Department of Orthodontics Peking University were selected, including 8 cases with tooth extraction and 6 cases without tooth extraction.All the 14 patients were taken intra-oral scan (Trios 3Shape,Denmark)and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT, NewTom 3G volumetric scanner, Aperio Service,Italy)shooting after periodontal treatment.STL data and DICOM data were obtained from intraoral scans and CBCT images.Data segmentation, registration, fusion, automatic tooth arrangement, virtual positioning of orthodontic appliance and conversion the coordinates of malocclusion model were all done with self-programming software.The data of 3D printing model with brackets on it were output finally and printed out with EDEN260V (Objet Geometries, Israel) to make indirect bonding transfer tray.Digital vernier caliper was used to measure the length and width of upper and lower left brackets and buccal tubes on those 3D models after removal of surrounding supporting material by ultrasonic vibration and water-spray.Intra-examiner reliability was assessed by using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC), and one-sample T test was used to compare the measurements with the standard dimensional data of the brackets.Results: There were significant differences which range in 0.04-0.17 mm between the 13 items out of the 19 measurement items.Except for the length of the lower left premolars''brackets, mean values of the other items were greater than the test value.Conclusion: Although the measurement results in the width of brackets and the width and length of the buccal tubes obtained experimentally were slightly larger than the test value,this may not reduce the accuracy of indirect bonding procedure in clinic necessarily.Whether the differences which range in 0.04-0.17 mm would actually affect the retention and positioning of brackets needs to be confirmed by further studies.

Colagem indireta: uma excelente alternativa para a técnica vestibular / Indirect bonding: an excellent alternative for vestibular technique

A etapa de colagem dos bráquetes é uma fase crítica no tratamento ortodôntico, cabendo exclusivamente ao profissional o correto posicionamento dessas peças. A técnica de colagem indireta vestibular pode auxiliar a colagem dos bráquetes, facilitando a visualização, fornecendo maior precisão e permitindo alcançar tratamentos com maior qualidade. O presente artigo tem como objetivo evidenciar a viabilidade da colagem indireta vestibular na clínica ortodôntica moderna, utilizando uma técnica simplificada (técnica 1) e uma convencional (técnica 2), determinando o tempo e o custo laboratorial de cada uma delas, e apresentando a aplicação clínica da mais viável à Ortodontia moderna. A técnica 1 teve custo e tempo laboratorial menores que a técnica 2. A técnica de colagem indireta representa um excelente recurso para a clínica ortodôntica moderna, cabendo ao cirurgião dentista despender de apenas alguns minutos para realizá-la.

Bracket bonding is a critical step of orthodontic treatment and the professional is the only responsible for the precise positioning of these parts. The indirect vestibular bonding technique can improve the bonding of the brackets, facilitating the visualization, providing high precision and enabling better treatments. The present article aimed to highlight the viability of indirect vestibular bonding in the modern orthodontic clinic, by using one simplified technique (technique 1) and a conventional (technique 2), determining the time and laboratorial cost of each of them, and presenting the most viable clinical application to the modern Orthodontic clinic. Technique 1 had lower laboratorial time and cost in cmparison to technique 2. The indirect bonding technique represents an excellent resource for the modern orthodontic clinic, requiring only a few minutes to be performed by the dental surgeon.

Indirect Bonding With Various Bracket System In Lingual Orthodontics.

The indirect bonding technique is pivotal for success in lingual orthodontics. There are different laboratory techniques available for indirect positioning and bonding of lingual brackets. The HIRO system is one of the most used and easy to perform. At the early stages of the 80's, most of the practitioners and the patients have been seduced by lingual But the difficulties of the technique have rapidly given a disappointment. Today ten years later the authors present the progress which have been realized: the evolution of the brackets, the accuracy of their placement in the lab procedures, the making of the wire, the increase in patient's comfort. So this article attempts to review some of the advantages, disadvantages, bracket systems and laboratory procedures of lingual orthodontics.

Indirect Bonding In Lingual Orthodontics - A Review.

This is the era of adult orthodontics as more and more adult patients are willing to get done the orthodontic treatment and with this the demand for invisible bracket system and lingual orthodontics as increased considerable. Bonding of brackets in lingual orthodontics is the major concern owing to the fact of poor visibility leading to faulty bracket positioning, which may result in poor post treatment results. Thus indirect bonding is upcoming trend in lingual orthodontics and this article will review the same in detail.

New virtual orthodontic treatment system for indirect bonding using the stereolithographic technique / 대한치과교정학회지

The purpose of this article is to introduce a new virtual orthodontic treatment (VOT) system, which can be used to construct three-dimensional (3D) virtual models, establish a 3D virtual setup, enable the placement of the virtual brackets at the predetermined position, and fabricate the transfer jig with a customized bracket base for indirect bonding (IDB) using the stereolithographic technique. A 26-year-old woman presented with anterior openbite, crowding in the upper and lower arches, and narrow and tapered upper arch, despite having an acceptable profile and balanced facial proportion. The treatment plan was rapid palatal expansion (RPE) without extraction. After 10 days of RPE, sufficient space was obtained for decrowding. After a 10-week retention period, accurate pretreatment plaster models were obtained using silicone rubber impression. IDB was performed according to the protocol of the VOT system. Crowding of the upper and lower arches was effectively resolved, and anterior openbite was corrected to normal overbite. Superimposition of the 3D virtual setup models (3D-VSM) and post-treatment 3D virtual models showed that the latter deviated only slightly from the former. Thus, the use of the VOT system helped obtain an acceptable outcome in this case of mild crowding treated without extraction. More cases should be treated using this system, and the pre- and post-treatment virtual models should be compared to obtain feedback regarding the procedure; this will support doctors and dental laboratory technicians during the learning curve.

Direct and indirect bonding of wire retainers to bovine enamel using three resin systems: shear bond strength comparisons / 대한치과교정학회지

OBJECTIVE: We compared the shear bond strength (SBS) of lingual retainers bonded to bovine enamel with three different resins using direct and indirect methods. METHODS: Both ends of pre-fabricated twisted ligature wires were bonded to bovine enamel surfaces using Light-Core, Tetric N-Flow, or Transbond XT. Phosphoric acid-etched enamel surfaces were primed with One-Step prior to bonding with Light-Core or Tetric N-Flow. Transbond XT primer was used prior to bonding with Transbond XT. After 24 hours in water at 37degrees C, we performed SBS tests on the samples. We also assigned adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores after debonding and predicted the clinical performance of materials and bonding techniques from Weibull analyses. RESULTS: Direct bonding produced significantly higher SBS values than indirect bonding for all materials. The SBS for Light-Core was significantly higher than that for Tetric N-Flow, and there was no significant difference between the direct bonding SBS of Transbond XT and that of Light-Core. Weibull analysis indicated Light-Core performed better than other indirectly bonded resins. CONCLUSIONS: When the SBS of a wire retainer is of primary concern, direct bonding methods are superior to indirect bonding methods. Light-Core may perform better than Transbond XT or Tetric N-Flow when bonded indirectly.

Lingual Orthodontics - An Overview.

Esthetics is one of the major goals in orthodontic treatment Lingual orthodontics is the only orthodontic technique which is really invisible and permits the patient to have a beautiful smile not only after, but also during treatment and allowing a realistic control of the results.This article reviews the development, advantages and disadvantages, bonding techniques, biomechanics, and treatment procedures of the lingual appliance The aim of this article is to give a broad view of Lingual Orthodontics concepts and treatment in a simplified way, to encourage the orthodontist to use this important treatment modality regularly in their practice.

Effects of direct and indirect bonding techniques on bond strength and microleakage after thermocycling / 대한치과교정학회지

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the shear bond strength (SBS) of brackets and microleakage of a tooth-adhesive-bracket complex bonded with a direct and an indirect bonding technique after thermocycling. METHODS: Fifty non-carious human premolars were divided into two equal groups. In the direct bonding group a light-cured adhesive and a primer (Transbond XT) was used. In the indirect-bonding group, a light-cured adhesive (Transbond XT) and chemical-cured primer (Sondhi Rapid Set) were used. After polymerization, the teeth were kept in distilled water for 24 hours and thereafter subjected to thermal cycling (500 cycles). For the microleakage evaluation, 10 teeth from each group were further sealed with nail varnish, stained with 0.5% basic fuchsin for 24 hours, and examined under a stereomicroscope. Fifteen teeth from each group were used for SBS testing with the universal testing machine and adhesive remnant index (ARI) evaluation. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test, Chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: There were no statistical differences on SBS and microleakage between the two bonding techniques. The indirect bonding group had a significantly lower ARI score. Bracket failures were obtained between enamel-resin interfaces. CONCLUSIONS: The type of bonding technique did not significantly affect the amount of microleakage and SBS.

Bond strength according to the adhesive type and the distance between enamel surface and resin base in indirect bonding / 대한치과교정학회지

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of the combined use of paste resin with sealant as an adhesive of the indirect bonding. The resin bases made of light-cured resin were bonded to the bovine incisors at a distance of 0.0, 0.2 or 0.4 mm using the sealant only or the mixture of sealant and paste resin. Bond strength of each group was measured using universal testing machine. The results were as follows : 1. The bond strength was reduced in both groups as the distance between enamel surface and resin base increased. 2. The bond strength showed no statistical difference between two groups in case the distance between enamel surface and resin base was 0.0 mm. 3. In case the distance between enamel surface and resin base was 0.2 or 0.4 mm, the sealant with paste resin group showed significantly higher bond strength than the sealant only group. The results of the present study indicate that the use of paste resin with sealant may be desirable as an adhesive in indirect bonding, particularly in case a gap is suspected between enamel surface and resin base.

Clinical application of indirect bonding / 实用口腔医学杂志

Objective:To investigate the clinical application of indirect-bonding in orthodontics. Methods:An ordinary Chinese paste was used to bond bracket on hard plaster stone, then tranfer it to elastic plastic film. Clinic bonding could use chemical curing or light curing adhesive. Results:Twenty patients were treated with indirect bonding method. Most patients reported that the bonding is much more comfortable and less time-consuming than anticipated. Conclusion:Indirect-bonding method could be a good supplement for direct bonding method.

Shear bond strength and failure patterns according to the thickness of resin base in bracket bonding / 대한치과교정학회지

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possibility of the decrease of bond strength due to increased thickness of resin base in indirect bracket bonding technique. Metal brackets were bonded to the resin blocks involving bovine lower incisors and the thickness of resin bases was increased by increments of 0.5 mm from 0.0 mm to 2.0 mm. They were divided into two groups, one group is that the thickness of resin base was increased but the loading point from the tooth surface was maintained constantly, the other group is that the loading point from the tooth surface and the resin base thickness were increased concomitantly. The shear bond strength was tested on universal testing machine and the failure patterns were assessed with the adhesive remnant index(ARI). The results were as follows: 1. When the distance from the tooth surface to the loading point was maintained constantly, shear bond strength was increased significantly according to the decrease of distance from the bracket base to the loading point and the increase of resin base thickness. 2. When the distance from the tooth surface to the loading point and the resin base thickness were increased concomitantly, shear bond strength was decreased according to the increase of resin base thickness but significant differences were ignorable. 3. There were no significant differences in ARI scores according to the change in the thickness of resin base. The results of the present study indicated that shear bond strength was not much affected by the thickness of resin base, whereas was decreased according to the increase of distance from bracket base to the loading point.