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Objective To explore the residual level of FPMs in indoor dust samples in Shenzhen from 2020 and 2021, and to analyze its temporal distribution characteristics. Methods In the present study, indoor dust samples (n=193) from residential buildings in Shenzhen. were collected to analyze the temporal variation characteristics of FPMs. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was applied to determine the concentrations of FP and its four major metabolites (fipronil-sulfone, fipronil-sulfide, fipronil-desulfinyl, and fipronil-amide; abbreviated as FP-SFO, FP-SFI, FP-DES, and FP-AM) in the samples. The sum of the concentrations of FP and its four metabolites was represented as additive mass concentration (ΣFPMs). Additionaly, Wilcoxon test was performed to determine the temporal distribution differences of FPMs’ concentrations. Results From 2020 to 2021, the concentration of ΣFPMs for the in door dust samples in Shenzhen ranged from 0.51 to 4 415 ng/g (median: 18.8ng/g). FP, FP-SFO AND FP-SFI were the major target analytes in the sample with detection rates of 90.60%，86.20% and 75.40%, respectively. The detection rates of other metabolites were low (≤ 44.3%). Analysis of the temporal variation trend of FPMs’ concentrations showed that there was no significant difference in the levels of ΣFPMs between warm season（spring and summer）and cold season（autumn and winter）in the indoor dust samples from 2020 to 2021(2.38 vs 2.84ng/g , P > 0.05). However , the concentrations of FP-SFI and ΣFPMs in the indoor dust samples collected from 2021 showed an significantly increasing trend compared with 2020（1.02 vs 1.89 , 17.80vs. 20.10 ng/g , P < 0.05). Conclusion From 2020 to 2021 , the detection level of FPMs in indoor dust in Shenzhen is relatively high and shows an upward trend , with no obvious seasonal difference. However, whether the residual level of FPMs in indoor dust poses a risk to human health needs further study.
ABSTRACT
Resumo A poluição do ar em ambientes fechados é agravada pela queima de lenha em fogões rústicos e ambientes pouco ventilados. A exposição aos poluentes emitidos por este tipo de combustível resulta no aumento da morbidade e da mortalidade. No Brasil, os estudos e as estimativas são escassos. Visando entender esta problemática, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o uso de lenha utilizando as séries de dados das agências governamentais para estimar o número de pessoas expostas. Os resultados apontam que a lenha é o segundo combustível mais usado para cozinhar, sendo utilizada por uma parcela significativa da população, em torno de 30 milhões de brasileiros. Um fator decisivo no maior uso deste combustível é o nível socioeconômico da população associada ao preço do gás liquefeito de petróleo (GLP). Os estudos realizados no país registraram concentrações altas de partículas durante a queima da lenha, excedendo os limites sugeridos pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). Também foram observadas associações entre a exposição aos poluentes gerados pela queima e o agravamento dos mais diversos problemas de saúde, dentre eles doenças respiratórias e câncer. A substituição da lenha e outros combustíveis sólidos por combustíveis mais limpos deve ser a meta do governo para minimizar custos com a saúde.
Abstract Indoor air pollution is exacerbated by the burning of firewood in rustic stoves and poorly ventilated environments. Exposure to the pollutants emitted by this type of fuel results in increased morbidity and mortality. In Brazil, studies and estimates regarding these conditions are scarce. In order to understand this problem, the objective of this work was to investigate the use of firewood using the data series of government agencies to estimate the number of exposed people. The results indicated that firewood is the second most used fuel for cooking, being used by a significant portion of the population, more than 30 million Brazilians. A decisive factor in the increased use of this fuel is the socioeconomic level of the population associated with the price of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). The studies carried out in the country recorded high concentrations of particles during firewood burning, exceeding the limits suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO). Associations were also observed between the exposure to the pollutants generated by the burning and the aggravation of health problems, among them respiratory diseases and cancer. Replacing fuelwood and other solid fuels with cleaner fuels should be the government's goal to minimize health costs.
Subject(s)
Humans , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis , Cooking/statistics & numerical data , Environmental Exposure/analysis , Respiratory Tract Diseases/etiology , Respiratory Tract Diseases/epidemiology , Socioeconomic Factors , Ventilation/standards , Wood , Brazil/epidemiology , Air Pollution, Indoor/adverse effects , Environmental Exposure/adverse effects , Neoplasms/etiology , Neoplasms/epidemiologyABSTRACT
This paper identifies the presence and etiology of maxillary sinusitis in archaeological populations from protohistoric (1500 B.C.) and medieval (around 17th century) India. 339 human skeleton remains found at the archaeological sites of Chalcolithic Nevasa (1500~600 B.C.), Inamgaon (1000~700 B.C.), Balathal (2000 B.C.), Megalithic Kodumanal (400 B.C.~100 A.D.), Early Historic Navdatoli (200 B.C.), Kodumanal (100~300 A.D.) and Jotsoma (17th c A.D.) were studied. Macroscopic physical examination revealed that 9 individuals out of 74 observable individuals (12.16%) suffered from inflammation. Of this, 6 were male while 3 were female. Considering the ethnographic aspects, the study reveals that inflammation possibly caused by inhaling polluted air for a long duration or because of dental disease. Also, apart from pollution in domestic zones, external pollution because of vocation is also discussed in this study using relevant ethnographic parallels.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , India , Inflammation , Inhalation , Leprosy , Maxillary Sinus , Maxillary Sinusitis , Occupations , Physical Examination , Skeleton , Stomatognathic DiseasesABSTRACT
Routine exposure to domestic cooking fuels is an important source of indoor air pollution causing deterioration of lung function. We conducted a community based cross-sectional study in 760 non-smoking rural women involved in household cooking with four types of cooking fuels i.e. Biomass, Kerosene stove, Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) and Mixed (combination of two and more cooking fuels). Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) less than 80% of the predicted was considered as abnormal PEFR. The overall prevalence of abnormal PEFR was found to be 29.1% with greater predominance among biomass fuel users (43.3%) with high risk ratio (1.86) as compared to kerosene (0.63), LPG (0.75) and mixed (0.66) fuel users. However the pair wise comparison of different groups of cooking fuels by Marascuilo procedure reported significant differences within different groups except kerosene - mixed group. The study also demonstrated a negative correlation between observed PEFR and exposure indices in different cooking fuels (r=–0.51). Our results indicate that prolonged exposure to cooking fuels particularly biomass fuels as a source of cooking adversely affects PEFR in nonsmoking rural women.
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Objetivo: Abordar alguns aspectos da poluição do ar e sua influênciasobre a saúde dos indivíduos, dando maior ênfase aos efeitos sobre oaparelho respiratório.Fontes de dados: Artigos originais, revisões e consensos indexadosnos bancos de dados PubMed, Medline e SciELO nos últimos 30 anos,assim como a linha de pesquisa desenvolvida pelos autores no LaboratórioMultidisciplinar da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro para aelaboração de suas Teses de Doutorado.Síntese dos dados: Crescentes evidências demonstram que aexposição a certos poluentes aéreos pode aumentar a resposta a alérgenos,fazendo com que indivíduos com doenças respiratórias (asmae/ou rinite) sejam especialmente susceptíveis ao impacto dos poluentesintra ou extradomiciliares.Comentários: O conhecimento dos mecanismos através dos quaisa poluição agrava os sintomas da rinite e da asma e sua provável relaçãocom o aumento da prevalência dessas doenças é fundamental naimplementação de medidas apropriadas de prevenção.
Objective: To discuss some aspects of the air pollution and theinfluence on the populations health, giving more emphasis on therespiratory tract effects.Sources: Original articles, reviews and consensus indexed inPubMed, MEDLINE and SciELO databases in the last 30 years. In addition,the results of the research that was developed by the authors in theMultidisciplinary Laboratory of the Federal University of Rio de Janeirofor the development of their PhD thesis.Results: Growing evidences show that the air pollutants exposurecan increase the reaction to allergens, making individuals with respiratorydiseases (asthma and/or rhinitis) more susceptible to the impact ofindoor or outdoor pollution.Comments: Knowledge of the mechanisms through them thepollution get worse the symptoms of rhinitis and asthma and the probablerelation with the increased prevalence of these diseases is fundamentalfor appropriate prevent measures implementation.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Air Pollution , Allergens , Asthma , Environmental Pollutants , Rhinitis , Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures , Environmental Pollutants , PrevalenceABSTRACT
The influence of acaridida on the peoples' living was discussed in this review, the harm of acaridida to stored grain and human health were mentioned also. It was pointed out that house acaridida pollution was a common phenomenon. So some suggestions were given to control acaridida breeding in house. First of all, make sure that no good living condition for acaridida when you select house and decorate it, secondly, the resistance of furniture to mites should be considered, last but not least, more attention should be paid in daily activity to control house acaridida pollution.