Chemical and sensory assessment of extra virgin olive oil blends with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from plant origin

Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is known for its health benefits, although it provides a minimum amount of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), which play an important role in the human organism. In this study, EVOO was blended with vegetable oils which are rich sources of n-3 PUFA alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and/or stearidonic acid (SDA) (chia, walnut, linseed and viper's bugloss seed oils). Fatty acid profiles, induction time, and organoleptic characteristics of the resulting blends were assessed. The n-3 PUFA enrichment in the blends was proportional to the degree of blending. Sensory analysis carried out by a trained panel showed that it is possible to enrich EVOO with up to 20% chia, linseed and viper's bugloss seed oil without altering the original organoleptic characteristics of EVOO. However, the induction time of the blends was significantly reduced compared with EVOO even after adding n-3 PUFA in small proportions, meaning that shelf-life time of these blends is much lower than that of EVOO, which should be considered when preparing these products for commercial purposes.

El aceite de oliva extra virgen (AOEV) es ampliamente conocido por sus beneficios para la salud, aunque apenas aporta ácidos grasos poliinsaturados n-3 (AGPI n-3), los cuales juegan un papel importante en el organismo humano. En este estudio se elaboraron mezclas de AOEV con aceites vegetales ricos en ácido alfa-linolénico (ALA) y/o estearidónico (SDA) (chia, nuez, linaza y viborera). Se evaluaron los perfiles de ácidos grasos, tiempos de inducción y características organolépticas de las mezclas resultantes. El enriquecimiento en AGPI n-3 fue proporcional al grado de mezcla. El análisis sensorial llevado a cabo por un panel entrenado mostró que es posible enriquecer AOEV con hasta un 20% de aceite de chia, linaza o viborera sin alterar las características organolépticas originales del AOEV. Sin embargo, los tiempos de inducción de las mezclas fueron significativamente menores que el del AOEV, incluso tras añadir AGPI n-3 en pequeñas proporciones, lo que significa que el tiempo de vida media de las mezclas es mucho menor que el del AOEV. Este hecho debería tenerse en cuenta al preparar las mezclas con propósitos comerciales.

The effect of propofol when injected at different speeds for induction of general anesthesia: an observational study

Background:The hypotensive effect of propofolis attributable to a decrease in sympathetic activity,direct vasodilatation and myocardial depression. The aim of the study wasto assessthe effect of propofol when injected at different speeds for induction of general anesthesia on the following parameters:blood pressure,time of induction of anesthesia,dose of propofol used.Methods:The present study was conducted in post Graduate Department of Anesthesia and Surgery, Govt. Medical College,Srinagar for a period of two years and included 90 patients from July 2014 to June16,the study was prospective one.Results:In our study patients divided into three groups with 30 patients in each group.The mean age in group P400,P600,P800 wasstatistically insignificant p>0.843.The mean weight in group P400, P600, P800 was statistically insignificant p>0.885.The mean height in group P400,P600,P800 was statistically insignificant p>0.748.The mean induction time in P400 and in P600 was statistically significant.The mean systolic blood pressure, pre and post induction in P400,in P600 and in group P800 was statistically significant. The mean diastolic blood pressure, in pre and post induction in P400,P600,P800 was statistically insignificant with a p>0.05.The mean arterial pressure in pre and post induction in P400,P600,P800 was statistically significant (p<0.05).The mean heart rate in pre and post induction was statistically insignificant. The mean oxygen saturation (%) pre and post induction was statistically insignificant. Conclusions: We concluded that induction dose required for loss of consciousness increased with a faster rate of infusion while time for induction was shorter in P800 compared to P400 and P600, and the decrease in mean blood pressure was less after induction in P400.Propofol injection should be slow enough to prevent any hemodynamic deterioration in anesthesia induction

Induction Time Required for Successful Laryngeal Mask Airway Insertion with Sevoflurane and No Muscle Relaxant in Children / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: The laryngeal mask airway (LMA) is a simple and safe method for airway control in children.We therefore determined, with meaningful confidence intervals, the time required for successful insertion of LMA in 95% of children with 8 vol% inspired sevoflurane and no muscle relaxant. METHODS: Forty-six patients, ASA physical status I or II, aged 12-108 months old who were scheduled to undergo elective surgery were included.Patients received 5 mg/kg of thiopental and 0.02 mg/kg of atropine intravenously.After loss of the eye lid reflex, we applied an anesthesia circuit prefilled with 8 vol% dialed sevoflurane in 100% O2.A classic LMA (# 2) insertion was attempted after a predetermined induction time.A probit analysis was used to determine the induction time required to achieve 50% and 95% success rates during LMA insertion. RESULTS: A probit model of induction time was predictive of successful intubation (P = 0.155).The induction times needed to achieve 50% and 95% successful LMA insertion were 125 s (95% confidence interval, 52-146 s) and 208 s (178-382 s), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Ninety five percent success can be obtained with approximately 208 s for ages one to 9 years with classic LMA (# 2).The induction time can vary by LMA size and induction methods.Therefore further studies using different sizes of LMA and induction methods are needed.

Application of nicardipine induced hypotension in endoscopic sinus surgery / 中国耳鼻咽喉头颈外科

OBJECTIVE To investigate the advantages of nicardipine induced hypotension in endoscopic sinus surgery.METHODS Eighty patients underwent endoscopic sinus surgery under general anesthesia were randomly assigned into two groups(n=40 each):Group A(Enflurane Group), Group B (Nicardipine Group).The effect of controlled hypotension was compared between the two groups.The changes of MAP, HR were recorded during induced hypotension, the time of induction, maintenance and recovery in induced hypotension were recorded.RESULTS 1.The induced hypotension induction time in group A was significant shorter than that in group B, BP recovery time in group A was obviously longer than that in group B (P

Effects of Chronic Alcohol Consumption on Midazolam Induced Sedation during Colonoscopy / 대한소화기내시경학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: It is suggested that patients consuming large amounts of alcohol are difficult to be sedated by midazolam probably due to cross tolerance. We studied to know the adequate administration doses of midazolam in patients with chronic alcohol consumption. METHODS: Study I; We prospectively studied 117 outpatients presenting for colonoscopy. According to alcohol consumption we divided four groups such as group I: 0 g/day, group II: 40 g/day. We initially administered 0.06 mg/kg midazolam and add up to spontaneous eye closure. We measured grade of amnesia, level of consciousness, endoscopist's assessment and VAS scale for pain after recovery. Study II; We measured induction time after 0.08 mg/kg midazolam in 60 patients who drink alcohol. RESULTS: Additional amount of midazolam was not significantly different between the groups (group I: 0.0145 mg/ kg, group II: 0.0214 mg/kg, group III: 0.0181 mg/kg, group IV: 0.0199 mg/kg). There were no differences of sedation parameters between the groups. However the induction time was prolonged and correlated with alcohol consumption. CONCLUSIONS: For adequate sedation in patients with chronic alcohol consumption, longer induction time rather than increasing dosage is required.

The Effect of Continuous Infusion of Alfentanil in Combination with Desflurane / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Desflurane provides satisfactory surgical anesthesia when used alone or in combination with N2O or fentanyl or both. The goals of this study were to determine the effect of alfentanil infusion in the presence of desflurane and nitrous oxide. METHODS: Sixty patients undergoing plastic surgery were anesthetized with desflurane, 50% nitrousoxide, and alfentanil (10mu g/kg loading dose followed by 0.25mu g/kg/min infusion [group 1], 0.25mu g/kg/min infusion [group 2], no infusion [group 3]). The minimum alveolar concentration of desflurane, induction and recovery time, and perioperative side effects according to charge of the alfentanil regimen were checked. RESULTS: Induction and recovery time were shorter in group 1 (20.2 min, 4.5 min) and group 2 (30.0 min, 4.2 min) than group 3 (48.1 min, 7.9 min) (P < 0.05). Minimum alveolar concentration of desflurane was lower in group 1 (3.6 vol%) and group 2 (3.7 vol%) than group 3 (6.7 vol%) (P < 0.05). Incidences of hypotension and bradycardia were significantly higher in group 1 than group 2 or 3 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We recommend 0.25mu g/kg infusion without a loading dose of alfentanil combined with 3.7 vol% of desflurane and 50% N2O as the best combination dosage in plastic surgery to shorten the induction and recovery time without significant side effects.

The Effect of clonidine on the Induction Time of Midazolam / 대한마취과학회지

These studies were conducted to determine the influence of intravenous clonidine on the induction time of midazolam when used for induction of anesthesia and assoeiated hemodynamic effect. Eighty ASA physical status I or II patients were randomly allocated to one of four treatment groups ; normal saline (control, group 1, n=20), clonidine 1.25 ug/kg (group 2, n=20), clonidine 2.5 ug/kg (group 3, n=20), clonidine 5 ug/kg (group 4, n=20). The test drug was admi- nistered 15 min before induction of anesthesia with intravenous midazolam (0.23 mg/kg). After injection of midazolam, induction time (the time from the start of injection to spontaneous closing of eyes and to loss of eye-lash reflex) and apnea ratio were recorded as well as mean arterial pressure, heart rate and oxygen saturation at 3 min intervals up to induction of anesthesia and then at 1 min intervals for 10 min. Significant shortening in induction time were observed in clonidine groups (33+/-8 and 448 sec in group 2, 32+/-7 and 428 sec in group 3, 26+/-8 and 38+/-8 sec in group 4) compared with the control group (68+/-11, 83+/-11 sec in group 1), but there were no significant difference between clonidine groups. Mean arterial pressure and heart rate were significantly decreased by large dose of clonidine (group 3 and 4), but not changed by saline and small dose of clonidine (group 1 and 2). These results suggest that small dose (1.25 ug/kg) of clonidine shortened the induction time of midazolam and did not significantly affect the hemodynamics.

Uptake of Inhalation Anesthetics at the Different Inflow Rate in Semiclosed Circuit / 대한마취과학회지

Any factor which increases rebreathing (such as a decrease in inflow rate or an increase in ventilation) or increase uptake (such as an increase in solubility or in cardiac output) will lower the inspired anesthetic concentration. This in turn, will be reflected in an slower rate of anesthesia induction. In a circle absorption system, the inspired anesthetic concentration may be reduced from the inflowing concentration by rebreathing of anesthetic depleted gas. Semiclosed system, most widely used modern anesthetic system was tested to determine what effect the inflow rate had on the rate of rise of anesthetizing alveolar concentration of halothane and enflurane. The results were as follows: 1) High fresh gas inflow rate put the inspired anesthetic concentration close to that of inflow more rapidly. 2) In halothane anesthesia with 4 and 6 L/min of fresh gas flow, the anesthesia induction time was about 20 and 15 minutes respectively. But there was marked delay of the development of anesthesia by 2 L/min of fresh gas fiow. 3) In enflurane anesthesia, the anesthesia induction time was within about 10 minutes without respect to inflow rate. With these results, in general inhalation anesthesia with halothane or enflurane when a semiclosed technique and 100% oxygen are employed, a total gas flow at 4 to 6L per minute is recommended to establish a satisfactory induction and maintenance level of anesthesia.