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ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of hepatitis C virus （HCV） infection and identify the underlying risk factors among drug users in Taizhou City of Zhejiang Province during 2009‒2020. MethodsA consecutive cross-sectional survey was conducted. A total of 400 drug users in correctional settings were randomly selected from April to August. The drug users were interviewed with a questionnaire to collect demographic characteristics， AIDS-related knowledge， detoxification service， drug use， and sexual behavior. Blood samples were then collected for anti-HCV antibody testing. Chi-square test and multivariate conditional logistic regression were used. ResultsA total of 5 042 drug users were included in this study. Seroprevalence of HCV was determined to be 22.7%. From 2009 to 2019， the seroprevalence showed a significant downward trend， from 34.9% to 8.8% （χ2=221.025， P<0.001）. However， in 2020， the seroprevalence was 12.7%. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that senior age （≥25 years old）， cohabitation， taking traditional or mixed drugs， injection drug use， and needle sharing were risk factors associated with HCV seroprevalence. ConclusionSince 2009， HCV seroprevalence among drug users in Taizhou City has shown a downward trend， however， it has increased slightly in 2020. It warrants strengthening prevention and treatment measures in response to risk factors related to HCV infection among drug users.
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【Objective】 To confirm Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections and identify infection status by excluding false positive in blood donors reactive to nucleic acid testing (NAT) but without serological markers (Seroneg-NAT). 【Methods】 Seroneg-NAT yields were selected among blood donors in Dalian Blood Center from November 1, 2010 to February 28, 2021, and their HBV DNA was further confirmed with TaqMan HBV DNA quantification or virions concentration by polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation combined with in-house nested PCR targeting the S, BCP, PreS/S and Precore/core regions of the viral genome, and follow-up test was carried out, including blood routine screening and HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBc testing. HBV infection was confirmed by HBV DNA yielding and anti-HBs/anti-HBc seroconversion in follow-up testing, and HBV DNA was further sequenced if necessary. 【Results】 During the period of 10 years and 4 months, 0.03% (126/466 911) Seroneg-NAT yields were selected, of which 46.8% (59/126) were HBV DNA+ and 53.2% (67/126) were unconfirmed. Among 126 Seroneg-NAT yields, 40.5% (51/126) were involved in follow-up test, of which 28 were HBV DNA+ and 23 were unconfirmed. HBV infections were confirmed in 48% (60/126) of Seroneg-NAT yields. Of follow-up donors, 54.9% (28/51) were identified as early infection before seroconversion, 2.0% (1/51) seronegative occult HBV infection (OBI), and 37.3% (19/51) NAT false positive. There were still 5.9% (3/51) classified as the indetermination. 【Conclusion】 Nearly half Seroneg-NAT yields in Dalian blood donors were infected with HBV and more than 50% were early infections before seroconversion. The majority of HBV DNA unconfirmed without serological markers were false positives.
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Background: Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection is closely related to the occurrence of gastric cancer and other gastrointestinal and extra-gastrointestinal diseases. Detection and eradication of Hp infection is of great importance for prevention and treatment of the related diseases. Understanding the local Hp infection status may provide a reference for formulating targeted strategy for management of Hp infection. Aims: To investigate the current status and influencing factors of Hp infection in health examination population and outpatients in Baoshan District, Shanghai. Methods: Residents of Baoshan District for physical examination (including 13C-urea breath test, 13C-UBT) in Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital (North Branch), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from Jan. 2017 to Jan. 2018 were enrolled.Also, local outpatients of the same hospital for 13C-UBT from Aug. 2017 to Aug. 2018 were enrolled. The results of 13C-UBT were used for the study of Hp infection status, and a questionnaire survey was conducted in outpatients for understanding the influencing factors of Hp infection. Results: Altogether 5 164 health examination subjects were included, and the prevalence of Hp infection was 36.3%. Of the 800 questionnaires conducted in outpatients enrolled, 746 valid questionnaires were collected for analysis. The prevalence of Hp infection in outpatients was 58.0%. Univariate analysis showed that occupation, married, alcohol drinking, frequently taking meals outside, high salt/fat diet, smoked food, and family history of Hp infection were identified as the influencing factors for Hp infection (P<0.05). Conclusions: The prevalence of Hp infection in health examination population in Baoshan District, Shanghai is lower than the national average, however, the infection rate of outpatients is still relatively high. Eating separately, less taking meals outside, abstinence of wine, and light diet might be helpful for preventing Hp infection and its spreading.
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Objective To identify related factors associated with unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) among HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) in the context of knowing their HIV infection status.Methods HIV positive MSM who known that they had been infected with HIV for more than 6 months and accepted follow up services were recruited by convenience sampling method in Chengdu 2015.Semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect their information,such as demographic characteristics,antiviral therapy and sexual behavior characteristics etc.Logistic regression model was used for univariate and multivariate analyses.Results A total of 330 HIV-positive MSM were recruited,201 eligible MSM were interviewed.The prevalence of UAI in recent six months was 18.41％ (37/201).The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the number of anal intercourse with male ≥3 in last month (OR=6.22,95％CI:1.88-20.56),low education level (OR=7.29,95％CI:1.36-39.16),married,divorced or widowed status (OR=4.65,95％CI:1.13-19.17),homosexual cohabitation (OR=3.32,95％CI:1.01-10.95) were the risk factors related with UAI among the HIV-positive MSM.Conclusion Frequent homosexual anal intercourse,low education level,married,divorced or widowed status and homosexual cohabitation might be the risk factors related with UAI in HIV-positive MSM in Chengdu.
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Objective To understand the prevalence of HIV infection and syphilis in clients in Ya'an of Sichuan province.Methods A survey was conducted in clients recruited through snowball method in Ya'an of Sichuan from April 2014 to December 2015.The information of the clients,including basic demography characteristics,AIDS knowledge awareness,high-risk behaviors and others,were collected through face-to-face interviews.Blood sample (5 ml) was taken from each client to test antibodies against HIV and syphilis.Statistical software SPSS 18.0 was used for data analysis.Results Among the 708 clients,the constituent ratio of those aged ≥50 years was 51.27％ (363/708),those in Han ethnic group was 99.72％ (706/708),those with junior high school educational level or below was 90.11％ (638/708),those who got married or cohabitated with others was 74.15％ (525/708),and those who used condoms at each sex was 27.40％ (194/708).Seven HIV positive cases were detected and 4 cases were aged ≥50 years.Seven syphilis cases were detected and all the cases were aged ≥ 50 year.No HIV-syphilis co-infection case was detected.The prevalence of HIV infection and syphilis were all 0.99％ (95％CI:0.30％-1.70％).Results from the multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the clients who had their first commercial sex behavior at age ＜30 years (OR=6.61,95％CI:1.09-40.18) would have higher HIV positive rate.Conclusion The rate of condom use was low in the clients in Ya'an and they didn't pay enough attention to their self-protection in sexual activities.Especially the clients aged ≥50 years were with low educational level and had high risk commercial sexual behaviors for HIV infection and syphilis.Close attention needs to be paid to them.
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Objective To identify related factors associated with unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) among HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) in the context of knowing their HIV infection status.Methods HIV positive MSM who known that they had been infected with HIV for more than 6 months and accepted follow up services were recruited by convenience sampling method in Chengdu 2015.Semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect their information,such as demographic characteristics,antiviral therapy and sexual behavior characteristics etc.Logistic regression model was used for univariate and multivariate analyses.Results A total of 330 HIV-positive MSM were recruited,201 eligible MSM were interviewed.The prevalence of UAI in recent six months was 18.41％ (37/201).The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the number of anal intercourse with male ≥3 in last month (OR=6.22,95％CI:1.88-20.56),low education level (OR=7.29,95％CI:1.36-39.16),married,divorced or widowed status (OR=4.65,95％CI:1.13-19.17),homosexual cohabitation (OR=3.32,95％CI:1.01-10.95) were the risk factors related with UAI among the HIV-positive MSM.Conclusion Frequent homosexual anal intercourse,low education level,married,divorced or widowed status and homosexual cohabitation might be the risk factors related with UAI in HIV-positive MSM in Chengdu.
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Objective To understand the prevalence of HIV infection and syphilis in clients in Ya'an of Sichuan province.Methods A survey was conducted in clients recruited through snowball method in Ya'an of Sichuan from April 2014 to December 2015.The information of the clients,including basic demography characteristics,AIDS knowledge awareness,high-risk behaviors and others,were collected through face-to-face interviews.Blood sample (5 ml) was taken from each client to test antibodies against HIV and syphilis.Statistical software SPSS 18.0 was used for data analysis.Results Among the 708 clients,the constituent ratio of those aged ≥50 years was 51.27％ (363/708),those in Han ethnic group was 99.72％ (706/708),those with junior high school educational level or below was 90.11％ (638/708),those who got married or cohabitated with others was 74.15％ (525/708),and those who used condoms at each sex was 27.40％ (194/708).Seven HIV positive cases were detected and 4 cases were aged ≥50 years.Seven syphilis cases were detected and all the cases were aged ≥ 50 year.No HIV-syphilis co-infection case was detected.The prevalence of HIV infection and syphilis were all 0.99％ (95％CI:0.30％-1.70％).Results from the multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the clients who had their first commercial sex behavior at age ＜30 years (OR=6.61,95％CI:1.09-40.18) would have higher HIV positive rate.Conclusion The rate of condom use was low in the clients in Ya'an and they didn't pay enough attention to their self-protection in sexual activities.Especially the clients aged ≥50 years were with low educational level and had high risk commercial sexual behaviors for HIV infection and syphilis.Close attention needs to be paid to them.
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Objective To study status and risk factors of nosocomial infection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in hospital ,provided a basis to clinical control infected of PDRPA .Methods Monitoring of nosocomial infection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Februar‐y 2014 to March 2012 in our hospital ,retrospective analysis of the clinical data of the corresponding cases ,analysis of the risk fac‐tors for PDRPA infection .Results PDRPA was mainly distributed in the severe medicine department and department of Neurosur‐gery ,given priority to with sputum ,59 .5% and 31 .0% were the source of the pan resistant strains ,respectively ;Age ,duration of hospitalization ,use of antimicrobial drugs ,the use of carbapenems ,the use of cephalosporins ,quinolones ,diabetes ,coronary heart disease ,deep vein intubation ,endotracheal intubation ,ventilator ,nasogastric tube and PDRPA infection significantly correlated(P0 .05) .Conclusion Age ,duration of hospitalization ,use of antibacterial drugs ,the use of carbapenems ,the use of cephalosporins ,quinolones ,diabetes , coronary heart disease ,deep vein intubation ,endotracheal intubation ,ventilator ,nasogastric tube is a risk factor for PDRPA infec‐tion ,Control of diabetes ,coronary heart disease ,rational use of antimicrobial agents ,reduce the invasive operation is the key to pre‐vent and control nosocomial infection in PDRPA .
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To know the infection status of zoonotic trematode metacercariae in brackish water fish, we surveyed mullets collected from 18 coastal areas in the Republic of Korea. The metacercariae of Pygidiopsis summa were detected in 236 (68.2%) out of 346 mullets examined. They were found in mullets from 15 areas except for those from Boseong-gun (Jeollanam-do), Pohang-si, and Uljin-gun (Gyeongsangbuk-do). Especially in mullets from Taean-gun (Chungcheongnam-do) and Geoje-si (Gyeongsangnam-do), their prevalences were 100% and 95.5%, and the average metacercarial density was more than 1,000 per fish. They were also detected in mullets from 3 coastal lakes, Gyeongpoho, Songjiho, and Hwajinpoho, in Gangwon-do, and their average densities were 419, 147, and 672 per infected fish, respectively. The metacercariae of 5 other heterophyid species, including Heterophyes nocens, Heterophyopsis continua, Metagonimus sp., Stictodora fuscata, and Stictodora lari, were found in the mullets examined. The metacercariae of H. nocens were detected in 66.7, 100, 28.6, 81.6, 3.9, 61.5, and 27.3% of mullets from Muan-gun, Shinan-gun, Haenam-gun, Gangjin-gun, and Boseong-gun (Jeollanam-do), Hadong-gun, and Geoje-si (Gyeongsangnam-do), and their metacercarial intensities were 64, 84, 119, 99, 1, 24, and 24 per fish infected, respectively. From the above results, it has been confirmed that P. summa metacercariae are heavily infected in mullets from coastal areas of Korea. It is suggested that residents who frequently consume raw mullet dish can be easily infected with heterophyid flukes.
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Heterophyidae , Korea , Lakes , Metacercariae , Prevalence , Republic of Korea , Saline Waters , Smegmamorpha , TrematodaABSTRACT
Objective To understand the infection status of HIV among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Henan province and provide scientific evidence for the development of AIDS prevention and control measures.Methods The analysis was conducted on the data about incidence of HIV infection and related risk factors among MSM in Henan from 2008 to 2013,which were obtained from AIDS reporting information system and AIDS survey in MSM.Results The constituent of HIV infection in MSM increased from 1.3％ in 2008 to 17.1％ in 2013.The HIV infection rate in MSM increased from 4.69％ in 2008 to 8.33％ in 2013 (trend x2=39.24,P＜0.001).Univariate analysis indicated that the risk factors related with HIV infection included age (x2=21.03,P＜0.001),education level (x2=31.66,P＜0.001),occupation (x2=14.59,P=0.01),condom use in the last anal sex (x2=134.97,P＜ 0.001),condom use in anal sex during past 6 months (x2 =97.15,P＜0.001),STI history (x2=67.21,P＜0.001) and syphilis prevalence (x2=163.60,P＜0.001).Multivariate analysis indicated that HIV infection related risk factors included age,STD history,syphilis prevalence and poor awareness of AIDS related knowledge.Conclusion The incidence of HIV infection among MSM in Henan increased rapidly,and homosexual transmission has become the major route of HIV infection.HIV infection related risk behavior is prevalent among MSM,therefore,it is necessary to take effective measures to prevent and control HIV/AIDS in MSM.
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Objective:This study aims to select the more suitable testing method for early screening of uterine cervical cancer to protect susceptible populations. Application value was compared between the two methods of high-risk HPV detection in early screening of uterine cervical cancer. Methods:The two methods, namely, fluorescence quantitation polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and HC2-HPV-DNA, were used to detect the infection status of 13 high-risk HPV types during women's health examination. The examined women were divided into four groups according to age (23 to 29 years old, 30 to 39 years old, 40 to 49 years old, and 50 to 58 years old). Statistical methods were applied to analyze the results. Results:The detected positive rates by fluorescence quantitation PCR and HC2-HPV-DNA were 15.93%(140/879) and 11.83%(104/879), respectively, among the 879 examined women. The common positive and negative rates were 9.56%(84/879) and 81.80%(719/879), respectively. The results of the two methods showed that the infection positive rate was obviously higher in the 40 to 49 year old and 50 to 58 year old groups. Statistical difference was observed between fluorescence quantitation PCR and HC2-HPV-DNA in detecting high-risk HPV types (P40 years old who are at high risk of HPV, to prevent uterine cervical cancer efficiently.
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Objective To understand the status on AIDS awareness,AIDS-related behaviors,risk factors on HIV infection status among 15-90 years or older men at the sexually transmitted disease clinics.Methods Data from the 2009 and 2010 national sentinel surveillance system,regarding men attending sexually transmitted disease clinics was collected from Guangdong,Guangxi,Henan,Sichuan,Yunnan and Jiangxi provinces,where the AIDS epidemic among 15-90 years or older population was serious.Data was uploaded to National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention (NCAIDS) through the comprehensive AIDS control and prevention information system.Data was then analyzed by SPSS 18.0.Results A total of 64 003 pieces of data were collected.Among them,8783 ( 13.7％ ) were related to men at ≥ 50 years or older,and to men 15-49 years older were 55 220.The rates on the awareness of AIDS knowledge were from 69.6％ vs.80.1％,on frequently having had commercial sexual contacts in the last three months were between 34.1％vs.36.6％,on having had casual sexual contact in the last three months were 18.7％ vs.28.4％,on having had homosexual anal intercourse as 0.7％ vs.1.4％.The rates of taking HIV antibody testing in the last year (14.3％ vs.17.1％ ) among this population were all significantly lower than the rate among the 15 to 49 years age group.However,the HlV-positive rate among the older age group (fifty years of age or older) was significantly higher than the rate among 15 to 49 year age group ( 1.1％ vs.0.7％ ).Regard the fifty years of age or older men.Data from the multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that factors as:having regular partner (OR=0.588,P=0.034),having homosexual anal intercourse (OR=5.226,P=0.006) were associated with positivities of HIV antibody.Conclusion High-risk sexual behaviors,including homosexual anal intercourse were the major risk factors for men at ≥50 years or older age,related to the infection of HIV.
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To investigate the infection status of pigs with Cryptosporidium parvum, 589 fecal samples were collected from pigs raised at farm in Chungcheongbuk-do and Chungcheongnam-do. Of the 589 pig fecal samples, 62 (10.5%) were positive for C. parvum. The area showing the highest positive rate was Dangjin-gun, Chungcheongnam-do (14.0%), and the lowest (0%) Salmi-myon, Chungcheongbuk-do. The positive rate of C. parvum in Judok-eup increased from 12.7% in the winter to 22.1% in the summer. The results of this study suggest that the pigs may be a source of human C. parvum infection.