Viés Atencional na Esquizofrenia: uma Revisão Crítica da Literatura / Attentional Bias in Schizophrenia: a Critical Review of Literature

O viés atencional, compreendido como a tendência de processar informações de acordo com a valência emocional ou significado, pode contribuir para a vulnerabilidade a transtornos psiquiátricos. Este estudo apresenta uma revisão da literatura sobre pesquisas empíricas que investigaram associações entre viés atencional e esquizofrenia. A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados PsycInfo, Web of Science, MedLine e Scopus. Um total de 641 estudos foi identificado. Após a aplicação dos critérios de elegibilidade, 16 artigos foram incluídos na amostra final, com a inclusão de um artigo a partir das referências dos estudos da amostra. Foram observados a utilização de tarefas e estímulos diversos, que apresentaram resultados variados, indicando, por um lado, a presença de viés atencional, e, por outro, interferência equivalente de estímulos emocionais em pacientes e pessoas saudáveis. São necessários mais estudos que, além de investigarem a associação entre viés atencional e esquizofrenia, permitam o controle de variáveis confundidoras.

Attentional bias, understood as the tendency to process information according to emotional valence or meaning, can contribute to vulnerability to psychiatric disorders. This study presents a review of empirical research literature that investigated the associations between attentional bias and schizophrenia. The search was conducted in the PsycInfo, Web of Science, MedLine, and Scopus databases. A total of 641 studies were identified. After applying eligibility criteria, 16 articles were included in the final sample, including one article retrieved from the references of the sample studies. Various tasks and stimuli were observed, yielding diverse results, indicating, on the one hand, the presence of attentional bias, and on the other hand, equivalent interference from emotional stimuli in patients and healthy individuals. Further studies are needed that, in addition to investigating the association between attentional bias and schizophrenia, allow for the control of confounding variables.

Las funciones ejecutivas: su significado y aplicación clínica / Executive functions: meaning and clinical application

Las funciones ejecutivas generalmente se conceptualizan como un conjunto de procesos generales de control de orden superior que trabajan juntos para dirigir y gestionar las funciones cognitivas, emocionales y conductuales, especialmente durante la resolución activa de problemas. Su disfunción es frecuente de ser detectada como comorbilidad de otros trastornos del neurodesarrollo, causa o efecto? La detección precoz de la disfunción ejecutiva y su abordaje terapéutico temprano, mejora el pronóstico global madurativo en el periodo infantojuvenil. Esta sucinta revisión de las funciones ejecutivas intenta resaltar su importancia para el pediatra y su mirada de los trastornos del neurodesarrollo (AU)

Executive functions are typically understood as a set of general higher-order control processes that collectively direct and manage cognitive, emotional, and behavioral functions, especially during active problem solving. Their dysfunction is often detected as a comorbidity of other neurodevelopmental disorders; cause or effect? Early detection of executive dysfunction and a prompt therapeutic approach improves the overall developmental prognosis in childhood and adolescence. This brief review of executive functions aims to highlight their importance for the pediatrician and his/her view of neurodevelopmental disorder (AU)

The clinical symptoms and neurocognitive impairment of first-episode deficit and nondeficit subtype of schizophrenia / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To ulteriorly explore the differences of psychotic symptoms and neurocognitive between patients with first-episode deficit subtype of schizophrenia (FDS) and patients with first-episode nondeficit subtype of schizophrenia (FNDS).Methods:From January 2021 to September 2021, a total of 88 first-episode treatment-naive schizophrenia were recruited from the Mental Health Center of West China Hospital and divided into FDS group( n=44) and FNDS group( n=44) according to the schedule for the deficit syndrome (SDS), and 44 healthy subjects were included as healthy control group (HC group, n=44). Positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) was used to assess psychotic symptoms of patients and Wechsler adult intelligence scale, trail making test and logic memory test were used to evaluate intelligence quotient and neurocognitive function of all subjects.SPSS 22.0 was used for statistical analysis, and independent samples t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to compare variables that met normal distribution, while the Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis H test were used to compare variables that did not meet normal distribution. Results:(1) There were significant differences in psychotic symptoms between the FDS group and the FNDS group.Compared with the FNDS group, the FDS group had higher total score of PANSS ((95.95±16.82) vs (88.39±16.29)), negative symptoms ((27.57±7.52) vs (16.57±5.76)) and anergastic reaction ((13.43±3.82) vs (7.00(5.00, 9.00)), and lower positive symptoms scores ((21.95±6.88) vs (25.41±6.07)), activation ((8.00(5.00, 9.00) vs (9.27±3.47)), depression ((5.50(4.00, 9.00) vs (8.00(6.00, 12.00)) and supplementary item ((13.60±4.17) vs (17.30±5.39))(all P<0.05). (2) There were differences in neurocognitive functions between FDS group and FNDS group, and which in FDS and FNDS group were worse than that in HC group.Spatial memory (block design test: (23.70±11.05) vs (31.72±11.49)) and information processing speed (digit symbol test: (38.38±15.85) vs (47.97±14.99)) of FDS group were significantly lower than those of FNDS group(both P<0.05). Intelligence quotient, information processing speed and spatial memory of FDS group and FNDS group were lower than those of HC group(all P<0.05). Conclusion:FDS patients has more severe negative symptoms and anergastic reaction, and exit worse information processing speed and spatial memory dysfunction than FNDS patients.This unique pattern of impairment suggests that information processing speed and spatial memory may be important classification indicators for differentiating the deficit subtype of schizophrenia in the early stage.

Reflection on the Changes in the Scope of Ethical Review / 中国医学伦理学

At the end of February 2023, the new Notice on the Issuance of Ethical Review Measures for Life Science and Medical Research Involving Humans was issued by the National Health Commission, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Science and Technology, and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine. It adheres to the basic principles and institutional framework of the Ethical Review Measures for Biomedical Research Involving Humans , and combines with the actual situation of domestic ethical work to optimize and improve the details and procedures of the review. Based on the Ethical Review Measures for Biomedical Research Involving Humans, the Ethical Review Measures for Life Science and Medical Research Involving Humans have expanded the scope of application of ethical review. Different experts in the field have discussed in detail the changes in the scope of review, and proposed review procedures that may need to be corresponding adjustments based on the changes for the readers’ reference.

Valoraciones sobre el procesamiento de información en investigaciones asociadas a especialidades médicas / Assessments on the processing of information in research associated with medical specialties

RESUMEN El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo valorar las regularidades de los principales problemas que se evidencian en el uso y empleo de la dinámica del procesamiento de la información en investigaciones asociadas a especialidades médicas, a partir de una selección de tesis vinculadas a la especialidad de Medicina General Integral y de otras especialidades médicas defendidas en los últimos 5 años en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Camagüey. Los principales resultados de la revisión documental se centran en deficiencias en la presentación e interpretación de la naturaleza de las relaciones entre las variables del diseño metodológico y las técnicas estadísticas que se utilizan desde el diseño, ejecución y presentación del resultado científico.

SUMMARY The present work aims to assess the regularities of the main problems that are evidenced in the use and employment of the dynamics of information processing in research associated with medical specialties, from a selection of theses linked to the specialty of Comprehensive General Medicine and other medical specialties defended in the last 5 years at the University of Medical Sciences of Camagüey. The main results of the documentary review focus on deficiencies in the presentation and interpretation of the nature of the relationships between the variables of the methodological design and the statistical techniques that are used from the design, execution and presentation of the scientific result.

Obtención de nueva información sobre el síndrome urémico hemolítico mediante minería de texto / Obtaining new information on hemolytic uremic syndrome by text mining

Resumen El síndrome urémico hemolítico (SUH) está caracterizado por microangiopatía trombótica, anemia hemolítica, trombocitopenia e insuficiencia renal aguda. Puede causar desde secuelas permanentes hasta muerte, principalmente en niños. En este trabajo, utilizando minería de textos (MT), se analizó el texto explícito e implícito de 16 192 artículos científicos originales sobre SUH indexados en la base de datos de Europe PMC. Los objetivos fueron examinar comportamientos, realizar seguimiento de tendencias, hacer predicciones y cruzar datos con otras fuentes de información. Para el análisis se utilizaron -entre otras herramientas infor máticas- flujos de trabajo (FT) especialmente desarrollados en la plataforma KNIME. La MT sobre las palabras de los resúmenes de las publicaciones permitió: detectar asociaciones no descritas entre eventos relacionados con SUH; extraer información subyacente; hacer agrupamientos temáticos mediante algoritmos no supervisados; realizar predicciones sobre el curso de las investigaciones asociadas al tema. Tanto el abordaje como los FT desarrollados para realizar Ciencia de Datos sobre SUH pueden aplicarse a otros temas biomédicos y a otras bases de datos científicos, permitiendo analizar aspectos relevantes en el campo de la salud humana para me jorar la investigación, la prevención y el tratamiento de múltiples enfermedades.

Abstract Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is characterized by thrombotic microangiopathy, hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and acute renal failure. It can cause from permanent sequelae to death, mainly in children. In this work, using text mining (TM), we analyzed the explicit and implicit text of 16 192 original scientific articles on HUS indexed in the Europe PMC database. The objectives were to examine behaviors, track trends, and make predictions and cross-check data with other sources of information. For the analysis we used -among other computational tools- specially developed workflows (WF) in the KNIME platform. The TM on the words of the abstracts of the publications made it possible to: detect undescribed associations between events related to HUS; extract underly ing information; make thematic clustering using unsupervised algorithms; make forecasting about the course of research associated with the topic. Both the approach and the WFs developed to perform Data Science on HUS can be applied to other biomedical topics and other scientific databases, making it possible to analyze relevant aspects in the field of human health to improve research, prevention and treatment of multiples diseases.

Adaptación de la metodología didáctica a la virtualidad en los cursos de procesamiento técnico de la Escuela de Bibliotecología y Ciencias de la Información de la Universidad de Costa Rica / Adaptation of the didactic methodology to virtuality in the technical processing courses of the School of Library and Information Sciences of the University of Costa Rica

Resumen Este artículo tiene la finalidad de identificar la percepción estudiantil ante la adaptación de la metodología didáctica a la virtualidad en los cursos de procesamiento técnico BI-2001 Catalogación I y BI-3001 Indización, de la Escuela de Bibliotecología y Ciencias de la Información de la Universidad de Costa Rica, durante el I Ciclo lectivo del 2020. Para alcanzar dicho objetivo se realizó una investigación de tipo cuantitativa en la que se aplica un cuestionario en línea para analizar aspectos como el acceso que poseen a las clases virtuales y percepción respecto a las metodologías didácticas aplicadas. Se evidencia que contar con un adecuado acceso a internet es fundamental para continuar con el proceso educativo bajo la modalidad virtual, así como la importancia de adaptar los materiales didácticos y las evaluaciones que tradicionalmente se realizaban de manera presencial, considerando los factores que intervienen en la educación virtual.

Abstract This article identify the student perception of the adaptation of the didactic methodology to virtuality in the technical processing courses BI-2001 Cataloging I and BI-3001 Indexing, at the School of Library and Information Sciences of the University of Costa Rica, during the I school year of 2020. To achieve this objective a quantitative research was carried out in which an online questionnaire was applied to analyze aspects such as the access they have to virtual classes, perception regarding the applied didactic methodologies. It is observed that having an adequate internet access is essential to continue with the educational process under the virtual modality, as well as the importance of adapting the didactic materials and assessments that were traditionally carried out in person, considering the factors that intervene in the virtual education.

Efecto placebo y estimulación sonora binaural de ondas beta y theta en el rendimiento de una tarea de memoria de trabajo / Placebo Effect and Binaural Sound Stimulation of Beta Wave and Theta Wave in a Working Memory Task Performance

Resumen En el presente trabajo se realizó un estudio cuasi experimental de medidas repetidas con grupos caso y control, cuyo objetivo fue medir el efecto de los sonidos binaurales de onda beta y theta, y de la información placebo relacionada a ellos, sobre el rendimiento de una tarea de memoria de trabajo computarizada, versión libre del Automated Operation Span Task -AOSPAN-de Unsworth, Heitz, Schrock y Engle (2005). Dicha tarea se repitió en dos sesiones separadas por un lapso mínimo de dos semanas, una de las cuales se resolvía mientras se escuchaba una estimulación sonora binaural de onda beta o theta que, dependiendo del grupo, se acompañaba o no de información placebo. Se evaluaron 98 personas con distinto nivel de escolaridad divididas en seis grupos experimentales y uno de control. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en el tiempo de presentación de la tarea experimental asociada a información placebo, mostrando una mejoría en la segunda aplicación de la tarea. Debido a ambigüedades en los resultados, a pesar de encontrar diferencias significativas asociadas a la estimulación binaural de onda beta, no pudieron establecerse relaciones concretas entre la mejoría en el recuerdo de conjuntos de hasta cuatro elementos con la presencia de dicha variable. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en las variables de recuerdo global, lo cual puede explicarse por el tipo de tarea de memoria utilizado.

Abstract In this work, a quasi-experimental study of repeated measures with case and control groups was carried out, whose objective was to measure the effect of binaural sounds of beta and theta waves, and the placebo informa tion related to them, on the performance of a computerized working memory task, Automated Operation Span Task -AOSPAN- free version of Unsworth, Heitz, Schrock and Engle (2005). This task was repeated in two sessions separated by an interval of two weeks, one of which was resolved while listening to a binaural sound stimulation of beta wave or theta that, depending on the group, was supported or not by placebo information. 98 people with different levels of schooling were tested twice, divided into six experimental groups and one control group. Significant differences were found related to time duration in performing the experimental task associated with placebo information; it was showed an improvement the second time the task was administered. Due to ambiguities in the results, despite finding significant differences associated with binaural stimulation of beta wave, it was not possible to establish concrete relations between the improvement in the memory of sets up four elements with the presence of this variable. No significant differences were found in the global recall variables, which can be explained by the type of memory task performed.

Miniature Fluorescence Microscopy for Imaging Brain Activity in Freely-Behaving Animals / 神经科学通报·英文版

An ultimate goal of neuroscience is to decipher the principles underlying neuronal information processing at the molecular, cellular, circuit, and system levels. The advent of miniature fluorescence microscopy has furthered the quest by visualizing brain activities and structural dynamics in animals engaged in self-determined behaviors. In this brief review, we summarize recent advances in miniature fluorescence microscopy for neuroscience, focusing mostly on two mainstream solutions - miniature single-photon microscopy, and miniature two-photon microscopy. We discuss their technical advantages and limitations as well as unmet challenges for future improvement. Examples of preliminary applications are also presented to reflect on a new trend of brain imaging in experimental paradigms involving body movements, long and complex protocols, and even disease progression and aging.

Miniature Fluorescence Microscopy for Imaging Brain Activity in Freely-Behaving Animals / 神经科学通报·英文版

An ultimate goal of neuroscience is to decipher the principles underlying neuronal information processing at the molecular, cellular, circuit, and system levels. The advent of miniature fluorescence microscopy has furthered the quest by visualizing brain activities and structural dynamics in animals engaged in self-determined behaviors. In this brief review, we summarize recent advances in miniature fluorescence microscopy for neuroscience, focusing mostly on two mainstream solutions - miniature single-photon microscopy, and miniature two-photon microscopy. We discuss their technical advantages and limitations as well as unmet challenges for future improvement. Examples of preliminary applications are also presented to reflect on a new trend of brain imaging in experimental paradigms involving body movements, long and complex protocols, and even disease progression and aging.

Alfabetización Informacional: enseñanza y desarrollo de su competencia en la educación básica / Information Literacy: teaching and development of its competence in elementary school

Resumen Este artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación sobre la enseñanza de Alfabetización Informacional (ALFIN) en la educación básica, cuyo objetivo fue determinar las mejores prácticas para su implementación e identificar los temas a incorporar en una iniciativa de esta naturaleza, así como las formas de afrontar la problemática de la saturación de la información, de modo que se pretende que cada estudiante aprenda a buscar, a encontrar, a seleccionar, a evaluar y a comunicar información, para adquirir conocimientos, habilidades y actitudes. La metodología del estudio se basó en el análisis de experiencias usando un enfoque cualitativo, donde se concluye que ALFIN se implementó exitosamente por medio del uso del juego, aplicaciones digitales para su enseñanza, cursos específicos en sobre el tema, juegos de mesa, la técnica booleana de búsqueda de información, la lectoescritura, enseñanza por medio del dibujo e instrumentos para la evaluación y utilización de recursos educativos. El logro principal fue contribuir con el desarrollo de las competencias que necesita el estudiantado para desempeñarse con éxito en la escuela y para lograr la capacidad del aprendizaje permanente.

ABSTRACT This article presents a research on the teaching of Information Literacy (IL) in elementary education, whose objective is to determine the best practices for its implementation and to identify the topics that need to be incorporated into such an initiative, as well as the ways of facing the problem of information saturation; so that students learn to search, retrieve, select, evaluate and communicate information, in order to acquire knowledge, competences and attitudes. The methodology employed was based on the qualitative analysis of experiences, which allowed us to concluded that IL has been successfully implemented through the use of educational games, digital applications for its teaching, specific courses on the subject, board games, Boolean search techniques, teaching through drawing, and instruments for the evaluation and use of educational resources. The main achievement was to contribute to the development of the competences that students need to perform successfully in school and to reach the capacity required for lifelong learning.

An exploration of the processing of suppressed memories during Rebirthing-Breathwork / Uma exploração do processamento de memorias suprimidas durante Rebirthing-Breathwork / Una exploración del procesamiento de memorias suprimidas durante Rebirthing-Breathwork

Rebirthing-Breathwork is a technique that uses the breathing rhythm to activate a somatic-cognitive cycle. When allowed to unfold, this cycle activates suppressed and traumatic memories, brings them to consciousness and leads to their resolution. In this analytic and interpretative study we draw on first-person experiences and clinical observations to describe the phases of a typical Rebirthing Breathwork session. Changes in consciousness and in particular the phases related to the processing of suppressed or traumatic memories during Rebirthing Breathwork are described in detail, with the objective of developing a processing model. The findings are compared with the Adaptive Information Processing model developed by Shapiro to explain the processing of dysfunctional memories during Eye movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Shapiro's model is based on neurobiological theories and on the hypothesis that during EMDR traumatic memories form new connections and are assimilated in larger neural networks. Our findings suggest a different model, which involves the distillation and re-evaluation of subjective conceptual content. We sketch an alternative processing model ­ not based on information processing, but on consciousness and cognition ­ in which the subjective content of the memory is compared to an intuitively perceived higher self-image.(AU)

Rebirthing-Breathwork é uma técnica que utiliza o ritmo respiratório para ativar um ciclo cognitivo-somático. Quando permitido que se desenvolva, esse ciclo ativa memórias traumáticas reprimidas, trazendo-as à consciência e conduzindo-as à sua resolução. Neste estudo analítico e interpretativo utilizamos experiências pessoais e observações clínicas para descrever as fases de uma sessão típica de Rebirthing-Breathwork. Descrevemos em detalhes as mudanças de consciência e, particularmente, as fases relacionadas ao processamento de memórias reprimidas ou traumáticas durante a sessão. As evidências são comparadas ao Adaptive Information Processing model (AIP ­ modelo de processamento de informações adaptativas) desenvolvido por Shapiro para explicar a elaboração de memórias disfuncionais durante a terapia EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, ou Dessensibilização e Reprocessamento por Movimentos Oculares). O modelo de Shapiro é baseado em teorias neurobiológicas e na hipótese de que, durante o EMDR,as memórias traumáticas formamnovas conexõese são assimiladas em redes neurais maiores. As nossas observações sugerem um modelo diferente, que envolve a destilação e reavaliação do conteúdo conceitual subjetivo. Esboçamos um modelo alternativo de processamento ­ não baseado no processamento de informação, mas emconsciência e cognição ­ no qual o conteúdo subjetivo da memória é comparado a uma autoimagem superior que é percebida intuitivamente.(AU)

Rebirthing-Breathwork es una técnica que utiliza el ritmo respiratorio para activar un ciclo cognitivosomático. Cuando permitido que se desarrolle, este ciclo activa memorias suprimidas y traumáticas, lleva las mismas a la conciencia y conduce hacia su resolución. En este estudio analítico e interpretativo aportamos experiencias personales y observaciones clínicas para describir las fases de una sesión típica de Rebirthing-Breathwork. Cambios en conciencia y en especial las fases relativas al procesamiento de memorias suprimidas y traumáticas durante el Rebirthing-Breathwork son descritos en detalles. Las evidencias son comparadas al Adaptive Information Processing model (AIP ­ modelo de procesamiento de informaciones adaptativas) desarrollado por Shapiro para explanación de la elaboración de memorias non-funcionales durante la terapia EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, o Desensibilización y Reprocesamiento por Movimientos Oculares). El modelo de Shapiro es basado en teorías neurobiológicas y en la hipótesis de que, durante el EMDR, las memorias traumáticas forman nuevas conexiones y son asimiladas en redes neurales más grandes. Nuestras observaciones sugieren un modelo distinto, que abarca la destilación y revaluación del contenido conceptual subjetivo. Esbozamos un modelo alternativo de procesamiento ­ non basado en el procesamiento de información, pero en conciencia y cognición ­ en el cual el contenido subjetivo de la memoria es comparado a una autoimagen superior que es percibida intuitivamente.(AU)

Velocidad de procesamiento de la información en la enfermedad de Alzheimer / Information processing speed in Alzheimer's disease

Resumen Introducción: El enlentecimiento en la velocidad de procesamiento de la información (VPI) es un hallazgo frecuente en una gran variedad de patologías cerebrales. Desde un punto de vista clínico la evaluación de la VPI reviste gran interés ya que puede afectar al procesamiento cognitivo con importantes repercusiones en las actividades de la vida diaria. El objetivo fue estudiar el tiempo de realización de diferentes tareas ejecutivas como medida de la velocidad de procesamiento de la información, en sujetos con enfermedad de Alzheimer de diferente grado de severidad. También hemos analizado el número de errores en las diferentes tareas. Método: 50 pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer con deterioro cognitivo leve (n = 17), moderado (n = 17) y moderadamente grave (n = 16), según la Escala de Deterioro Global y 60 sujetos sin deterioro cognitivo. Se utlizó el Trail-Making Test, el Test del Mapa del Zoo y el Stroop. Resultados: Existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos en todas las medidas analizadas, tiempo de ejecución y números de errores del Trail-Making Test; tiempo de ejecución y número de errores en el Test del mapa del Zoo y en la condiciones del Stroop palabras, colores y palabras-colores (p < 0,01 ). Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados indican que el procesamiento de la información en pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer está lentificado, en los que se evidencia un mayor tiempo de ejecución y en un mayor número de errores, en relación a los sujetos sin deterioro cognitivo.

Introduction: Slowdown of information processing speed (ISP) is a common finding in a variety of brain pathologies. From a clinical point of view, assessment of ISP is of great interest since cognitive processing can be affected and, consequently, show consequences on daily living activities. The aim was to study the time in performing different executive tasks, as measures of information processing speed, in subjects with different severity of Alzheimer's Disease. Number of mistakes in the different taks has also been analysed. Method: 50 patients with Alzheimer's Disease presenting mild (n = 17), moderate (n = 17) and moderately severe (n = 16) cognitive impairment, according to Global Deterioration Scale; and 60 subjects with no cognitive impairment. Trail-Making test, Zoo Map test and Stroop test were administered. Results: Statistically significant differences were found between all groups in all measures performed, time of performance and number of mistakes in Trail-Making test; time of performance and number of mistakes in the Zoo Map test; and words, color and, word-color conditions in Stroop test (p < 0,01). Conclusions: Our results suggest that information processing in patients with Alzheimer's Disease is slower compared to patients with no cognitive impairment, since a higher time of performance and rate of mistakes are presented.

The mediating effect of intelligence between the information processing speed and numerical magnitude in hearing-impaired children / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective@#To explore the mediating role of intelligence in the relationship between information processing speed and numerical magnitude processing of hearing-impaired children.@*Methods@#A survey was conducted among 249 hearing-impaired children by using tests of Choice Reaction Time, Numerosity Comparison, and Raven's Progressive Matrices(simplified version).@*Results@#(1)The accurate rate of information processing speed(0.89±0.18)of hearing-impaired children was positively correlated with that of numerical magnitude processing(0.65±0.15)and intelligence(11.83±10.34)(r=0.165, 0.263, both P<0.01). The reaction time of information processing speed was negatively correlated with those of numerical magnitude processing and intelligence(r=-0.164, -0.197, both P<0.05). And there was significant positive correlation between intelligence and numerical magnitude processing (accurate rate and reaction time ) (r=0.269, 0.140, both P<0.05). (2)The accurate rate of information processing speed significantly predicted that of numerical magnitude processing in hearing-impaired children(β=0.17, t=2.64, both P<0.01). The reaction time of information processing speed significantly predicted that of numerical magnitude processing in hearing-impaired children(β=-0.16, t=-2.61, both P<0.05). And intelligence played a complete mediating role in this relationship and the moderating effect were 36.71% and 31.25%.@*Conclusion@#Information processing speed has indirect effects on numerical magnitude processing through intelligence in hearing-impaired children.

The mediating effect of intelligence between the information processing speed and numerical magni-tude in hearing-impaired children / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To explore the mediating role of intelligence in the relationship between in-formation processing speed and numerical magnitude processing of hearing-impaired children. Methods A survey was conducted among 249 hearing-impaired children by using tests of Choice Reaction Time,Numero-sity Comparison,and Raven's Progressive Matrices( simplified version). Results (1) The accurate rate of information processing speed(0. 89±0. 18)of hearing-impaired children was positively correlated with that of numerical magnitude processing(0. 65±0. 15)and intelligence(11. 83±10. 34)(r=0. 165,0. 263,both P<0. 01). The reaction time of information processing speed was negatively correlated with those of numerical mag-nitude processing and intelligence(r=-0. 164,-0. 197,both P<0. 05). And there was significant positive correlation between intelligence and numerical magnitude processing (accurate rate and reaction time ) (r=0. 269,0. 140,both P<0. 05). ( 2) The accurate rate of information processing speed significantly predicted that of numerical magnitude processing in hearing-impaired children( β=0. 17,t=2. 64,both P<0. 01). The reaction time of information processing speed significantly predicted that of numerical magnitude processing in hearing-impaired children(β=-0. 16,t=-2. 61,both P<0. 05). And intelligence played a complete medi-ating role in this relationship and the moderating effect were 36. 71% and 31. 25%. Conclusion Information processing speed has indirect effects on numerical magnitude processing through intelligence in hearing-im-paired children.

Self-positivity bias in implicit information processing amongcollege students with depressive traits / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To explore whether there is self-positivity bias in implicit information processing among college students with depressive traits.Methods:Forty-two college students of the depressive-trait group [Trait Depression Scale (T-DEP) T＞60 and Trait Anxiety Inventory (T-AI) T＜60] and 42 cases of the non-depressive-trait control group [T-DEP and T-AI T＜60] were selected.They performed positive and negative words judgment tasks under self or other primed conditions by adopting the supraliminal attitude-prime paradigm, and the difference in reaction time between the two groups was compared.Result:The interaction effects between primed conditions and emotional words in depressive-trait group were not significant [F (1, 41) =1.56, P=0.218].There was significant interaction effect between primed conditions and emotional words in the control group [F (1, 41) =55.43, P＜0.001], and the reaction time of self-positive words and other-negative words in self-positivity bias was shorter than other-positive words and self-negative words outside the bias [ (602.64±20.03) ms, (654.56±20.41) ms vs. (663.19±20.78) ms, (678.64±20.70) ms, Ps＜0.001].Conclusion:It suggests that there may be no self-positivity bias in the implicit information processing of depressive-trait college students, and non-depressive-trait ones show the implicit self-positivity bias.

Cognitive impairment in patients with recurrent major depression disorder / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To explore the psychological process of cognitive impairment in patients with recurrent major depression disorder (MDD). Methods Patients with first-episode (n=30) and recurrent MDD (n=68) in the outpatient department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from Sep-tember 2016 to December 2017 were collected and healthy controls(n=30) were collected at the same time. According to HAMD-24 score,the group with recurrent attacks was further divided into recurrent attacks-on-set period (n=35) and recurrent attacks-remission period (n=33). All subjects were tested for cognitive function by MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery( MCCB). Results (1) In terms of cognitive function assessment,the scores of information processing speed ( 41. 27 ± 8. 44, 37. 00 ± 11. 68), working memory (40. 53±10. 33,41. 26±9. 37),attention/alertness ( 40. 50± 7. 25,39. 58± 8. 23),word learning ( 38. 83± 8. 39,38. 84±9. 57),visual memory(39. 30±14. 03,37. 57±10. 42),reasoning and problem solving(37. 80± 9. 55,38. 78±8. 66),and social cognition (34. 63± 9. 66) in the first-episode group and the recurrent group were lower than those in the control group ( information processing speed ( 48. 23±7. 63),working memory (50. 57±7. 84),attention/alertness (51. 63±7. 41),word learning (45. 57±9. 55),visual memory (50. 57± 8. 42),reasoning and problem solving (50. 03±9. 87) and social cognition (47. 90±19. 01)) (F=12. 818, 12. 173,26. 166,6. 004,15. 085,18. 331,10. 218,P<0. 05); (2) In working memory and social cognition, the difference was statistically significant in the first-episode group,repeated attacks-episodes(working mem-ory:37. 89±9. 15,social cognition:28. 48± 8. 35) and recurrent group-remission( working memory:44. 85± 8. 32,social cognition:40. 44 ± 11. 36, P=0. 010,0. 001). Further comparisons revealed that the score of working memory in repeated attacks-episodes was lower than that in recurrent group-remission (P=0. 003). the score of social cognition in the first-episode group was higher than that in the recurrent-attack period group (P=0. 038). The score of social cognition in the recurrent group-remission was higher than that in re-current-attack period group (P<0. 01). Conclusion There is cognitive impairment in the first episode and the recurrence MDD. The impairment in the recurrent episode is more serious than that in the first episode of depression. The impairment of social cognitive in the recurrent attacks-episodes is more serious than that in the first-episode of depression.

Hemoglobin A1c and 10-year information processing speed in Japanese community dwellers

BACKGROUND@#Hyperglycemia is believed to be a risk factor for cognitive decline, but the longitudinal relationship between hyperglycemia and cognitive decline in the Japanese population is unclear. The present study aimed to clarify the association between blood glucose levels and information processing ability in middle-aged and older adults.@*METHODS@#The subjects were 866 men and 815 women aged 40-79 years not taking medication for diabetes who participated in the first study wave (1997-2000) and then participated at least once in the subsequent six study waves (2000-2012) of the National Institute for Longevity Sciences-Longitudinal Study of Aging, Japan. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were categorized into four groups (< 5.6, 5.6 to < 6.0, 6.0 to < 6.5, ≥ 6.5%), and a mixed-effects model was used to evaluate the effects of the HbA1c level (four groups) on repeated measures of information processing speed. The models also included baseline age, body mass index, ethanol intake, smoking status, educational level, family income, and history of stroke, hypertension, heart disease, and dyslipidemia as covariates.@*RESULTS@#Mean (standard deviation) HbA1c and follow-up time in participants were 5.2 (0.5) % and 10.0 (3.6) years, respectively. A linear mixed model showed that the main effect of the four HbA1c groups on information processing ability was not significant in either men or women, but the interaction of HbA1c and time with information processing speed in the higher HbA1c level groups (≥ 6.5% group in men, 6.0 to < 6.5% and ≥ 6.5% groups in women) was significant compared to the lower HbA1c level (< 5.6%) group (P < 0.05). When the slope of information processing speed by HbA1c level at baseline was examined, the slope of information processing speed in the higher HbA1c level (≥ 6.5%) group was higher than in the lower HbA1c level (< 5.6%) group, both in men (- 0.31/year) and in women (- 0.30/year), as well as in women with an HbA1c level of 6.0 to < 6.5% (- 0.40/year).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Higher baseline HbA1c was associated with greater subsequent decline in information processing ability in Japanese community dwellers, even with the pre-clinical HbA1c level (6.0 to < 6.5%) in women. The results suggest that good glycemic control or prevention of hyperglycemia may contribute to maintaining information processing ability.

Effect of Multisensory Training on Visual Information Processing Ability for Children with Autism / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective:To explore the effect of multisensory training on the visual processing capacity for children with autism. Methods:The multisensory training intervention was developed and implemented in perceptual abilities for four children with autism. The intervention experiment design for single subject with multiple baseline was adopted to the monitor the change of abilities for children to receive colorful food signals and adapt to the changes of living space during the multisensory training from June to September, 2017, four children finishied training. They were assessed with Perception Ability Assessment before and after training. Results:Four subjects improved in accepting colorful food signals and adapting to the changes of living space after intervention. The scores of the visual, auditory and feeling perception abilities significantly improved at the end of intervention compared to those at baseline. Conclusion:The multisensory training could improve the visual information processing ability for children with autism.

Effect of agomelatine on psychomotor function tests in healthy human volunteers

Background: Agomelatine is a melatonergic agonist that acts specifically on MT1/MT2 melatonergic receptors and 5-HT2C antagonism. The present study was taken up to evaluate the effect of Agomelatine 25mg on psychomotor function in healthy human volunteers.Methods: The effect of Agomelatine was studied in 12 healthy volunteers of either gender. The study was a randomised, cross over, placebo controlled study, done after obtaining permission from NIMS Institutional Ethics Committee and informed consent taken from all the subjects, after briefly explaining the study procedure and training them adequately. Psychomotor function was assessed using Choice reaction time (CRT), Critical Flicker fusion test (CFFT), Digit letter substitution test (DLST), Six letter cancellation test (SLCT), Card sorting test (CST) and Visual analog scale (VAS). Psychomotor function tests were performed, 90 minutes after administering Agomelatine 25 mg or placebo. Washout period of seven days was allowed between the cross over. Statistical analysis was done by comparing groups using unpaired t test.Results: There was significant decrease in the mean percentage of time (p<0.01) in CRT in Agomelatine group (20.09±9.47%) when compared to placebo (10.48±3.68%). Improved mean percentage of performance was seen in CFFT with Agomelatine (6.2±2.1%) compared to placebo (9.11±2.99%). No significant difference was noted in the performance of DLST, SLCT and CST. Drug was subjectively rated as sedative on VAS.Conclusions: There is no significant effect of Agomelatine on psychomotor performance. CNS processing of information also improved. Agomelatine can thus be safely administered to depressed patients.