El humo del electrocauterio, el riesgo olvidado y minimizado de la cirugía / Smoke from electrocautery, the forgotten and minimized risk of surgery

Introducción. La nueva era de la cirugía es cada vez más dependiente de la tecnología, y un ejemplo de ello es el uso generalizado de electrocauterio como parte primordial de la práctica quirúrgica. El humo quirúrgico es un subproducto de la disección y la coagulación de los tejidos producidas por los equipos de energía, que representa múltiples riesgos potenciales para la salud del grupo quirúrgico, sin embargo, se han minimizado los peligros causados por la exposición de manera frecuente y acumulativa a este aerosol. Métodos. Se realizó un análisis crítico, desde una posición reflexiva de la información disponible, estableciendo los posibles riesgos relacionados con la exposición al humo quirúrgico. Discusión. Es visible la necesidad imperativa de establecer directrices nacionales, pautas normativas y recomendaciones estandarizadas para cumplir con las exigencias dadas por los sistemas de gestión en salud ocupacional y seguridad del trabajo, cuyo objetivo principal es hacer efectivo el uso de mascarillas quirúrgicas apropiadas, la implementación de programa de vigilancia epidemiológica ambiental en sala de cirugía, la priorización del uso constante de aspiradores y sistemas de evacuación, y la ejecución de programas educativos de sensibilización dirigidos al personal implicado. De igual manera, se abre la inquietud de la necesidad de nuevos estudios para definir con mayor precisión el peligro de este aerosol. Conclusión. Se recomienda de manera responsable utilizar todas las estrategias preventivas existentes para intervenir en salas de cirugía los riesgos minimizados y olvidados del humo quirúrgico.

Introduction. The new era of surgery is increasingly dependent on technology, and an example of this is the widespread use of electrocautery as a primary part of surgical practice. Surgical smoke is a byproduct of the dissection and coagulation of tissues produced by energy equipment, which represents multiple potential health risks for the surgical group; however, the dangers caused by cumulative exposure have been minimized. Methods. A critical analysis was carried out from a reflective position of the available information, establishing the possible risks related to exposure to surgical smoke. Discussion. The imperative need to establish national normative guidelines and standardized recommendations to comply with the demands given by the occupational health and work safety management systems, whose main objective is to make effective the use of appropriate surgical masks, implementation of environmental epidemiological surveillance program in the operating room, prioritizing the constant use of vacuum cleaners and evacuation systems, and carrying out educational awareness programs aimed at the personnel involved. Likewise, there is concern about the need for new studies to more precisely define the danger of this aerosol. Conclusion. It is recommended to responsibly use all existing preventive strategies to intervene in operating rooms to minimize the forgotten risks of surgical smoke.

Changes and clinical significance of multiple cytokines in exhaled breath condensate in patients with severe inhalation injury / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective:To investigate the changes and clinical significance of multiple cytokine levels in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) in patients undergoing tracheotomy with severe inhalation injury.Methods:A prospective study was conducted. A total of 32 patients with severe burn combined with severe inhalation injury admitted to the department of burns and plastic surgery of Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from May 2021 to August 2022 were enrolled. Twenty healthy volunteers from the same period were served as controls. EBC of patients at 12 hours after burn and the samples of healthy controls were collected. The levels of 27 cytokines in EBC, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-17), were determined by liquid phase chip technology. Meanwhile, plasma of patients at 12 hours after burn and the plasma of volunteers were collected, and the levels of inflammatory cytokines were detected by liquid chip technology, and the differences between the levels in plasma and those in EBC were analyzed. Plasma and EBC of patients with aspiration injury were collected at 12 hours and 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after burn, and TNF-α levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results:Finally, 32 patients were enrolled, and the total burned area was (40±16)% of total body surface area (TBSA). The time of admission was (4.2±2.3) hours after injury. ① Twenty-seven cytokines in EBC: 18 kinds of cytokines including macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1β), IL-6, IL-5, IL-2, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-10, IL-15, IL-9, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), TNF-α, chemotactic factor for eosinophil (Eotaxin), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), platelet derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB), interferon-inducible protein-10 (IP-10), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) were significantly increased in patients with severe aspiration injury compared with health controls. Eotaxin was not detected in EBC of healthy controls. Five cytokines, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5/RANTES), IL-13, IL-4 and MIP-1α, were not detected in EBC of severe inhalation injury patients and healthy controls. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and IL-12 p70 in EBC of severe aspiration injury patients were slightly decreased as compared with healthy controls, while IL-7 and IL-17 were slightly increased, but the differences were not statistically significant. ② Six inflammatory cytokines in plasma: the levels of IL-6 and IL-8 in the severe aspiration injury group were significantly increased as compared with healthy controls [IL-6 (ng/L): 18.51 (10.87, 26.21) vs. 0.22 (0.10, 0.36), IL-8 (ng/L): 10.75 (8.58, 18.79) vs. 1.06 (0.81, 2.14), both P < 0.01]. The plasma levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10 were slightly increased in patients with severe aspiration injury as compared with healthy controls, and IL-17 was slightly decreased, but the difference was not statistically significant. In the EBC collected during the same period, five inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10, in patients with severe inhalation injury were significantly increased as compared with healthy controls [TNF-α (ng/L): 16.42 (12.57, 19.21) vs. 7.34 (6.11, 8.69), IL-1β (ng/L): 15.57 (10.53, 20.25) vs. 0.99 (0.67, 1.41), IL-6 (ng/L): 13.36 (9.76, 16.54) vs. 0.70 (0.42, 0.85), IL-8 (ng/L): 1 059.29 (906.91, 1 462.37) vs. 10.36 (8.40, 12.37), IL-10 (ng/L): 2.69 (1.54, 3.33) vs. 1.54 (1.18, 2.06), all P < 0.05]. ③ Dynamic changes of TNF-α in plasma and EBC: the level of TNF-α in EBC of patients with severe aspiration injury was lower than that in plasma. Plasma TNF-α level was increased gradually with the extension of time after injury, and was significantly higher than that of healthy controls on day 3 [ng/L: 30.38 (24.32, 39.19) vs. 22.94 (17.15, 30.74), P < 0.05], and reached the peak on day 14, then fell back. The level of TNF-α in EBC at 12 hours after injury was significantly higher than that in healthy controls [ng/L: 15.34 (11.75, 18.14) vs. 6.99 (6.53, 7.84), P < 0.01], and reached the peak on 3 days after injury, and then gradually decreased. Conclusion:There are changes in the expression of multiple cytokines in EBC of patients with severe inhalation injury, and the changes of many inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α are more sensitive than those in plasma, which can be used to monitor and evaluate the condition of patients with inhalation injury.

Quemaduras severas asociadas a lesión por inhalación

La lesión por inhalación es uno de los factores de riesgo que más contribuye a la mortalidad de pacientes quemados. La mortalidad asociada a la inhalación de humo es de 48 al 76%, se ha determinado que la mortalidad asociada con las quemaduras aumenta aproximadamente en 20% al combinarse con lesión por inhalación. En Panamá, específicamente en el Hospital del Niño Doctor José Renán Esquivel (HDNJRE), en los últimos 20 años han ocurrido 181 lesiones por inhalación, con una mortalidad asociada del 1.1%. Por esto la importancia de la detección temprana y manejo agresivo de esta patología. Presentamos el caso clínico de un paciente de 9 años quien sufre quemadura térmica por gasolina de un 25.5% y lesión por inhalación referido a nuestra unidad. (provisto por Infomedic International)

Inhalation injury is one of the risk factors that most contributes to the mortality of burned patients. Mortality associated with smoke inhalation ranges from 48 to 76%, and it has been determined that the mortality associated with burns increases by approximately 20% when combined with inhalation injury. In Panama, specifically in Hospital del Niño, in the last 20 years, 181 inhalation injuries have occurred, with an associated mortality of 1.1%. Therefore, the importance of early detection and aggressive management of this pathology. We present the clinical case of a 9-year-old patient who suffered a 25.5% gasoline thermal burn and inhalation injury referred to our unit. (provided by Infomedic International)

Determinando el pronóstico del paciente gran quemado: correlación del Índice de Garcés con el Abbreviated Burn Severity Index (ABSI) / Defining the prognosis of the burned patient: correlation of the Garces Index with the Abbreviated Burn Severity Index (ABSI)

Resumen Introducción: Existen distintos scores pronósticos para determinar probabilidad de muerte en pacientes quemados. El Índice de Garcés (IG) utilizado en Chile, no es aceptado mundialmente. Objetivo: Decidimos evaluar la correlación entre IG y Abbreviated Burn Severity Index (ABSI), de uso generalizado. Materiales y Método Estudio descriptivo analítico transversal de pacientes quemados subidos a la plataforma online "Registro Nacional de Quemados" y luego ingresados a nuestro centro entre julio de 2017 y julio de 2018. Se calculó coeficiente de correlación de Pearson entre IG y ABSI. Se normalizan ambas variables para hacerlas comparables y se calculó concordancia entre estas con coeficiente de correlación de Lin. Con análisis de regresión logística se calculó probabilidad de fallecer asociada para ambas variables y se compararon áreas de las curvas ROC de ambos scores. Resultados: De 141 pacientes, 15 fallecieron durante hospitalización, con medias de IG de 104 ± 49 puntos y ABSI 7 ± 2. El coeficiente de correlación de Pearson entre IG y ABSI demostró ser muy alto con un valor de 0,928. El coeficiente de correlación de Lin entregó concordancia moderada con un valor de 0,93. Al comprobar cuál de las dos puntuaciones predice mejor la probabilidad de muerte mediante análisis de sensibilidad y especificidad, la curva ROC cubre más área en IG (0,82 vs. 0,83), sin ser estadísticamente significativo. Conclusiones: Ambos índices, IG y ABSI, son muy similares para predecir la probabilidad de muerte, por lo cual son equiparables a la hora de compartir resultados de estudios científicos.

Introduction: There are different prognostic scores to determine the probability of death in burned patients. The Garces Index (GI) used in Chile is not accepted worldwide. Aim: We decided to evaluate the correlation between IG and Abbreviated Burn Severity Index (ABSI), which is widely used. Materials and Method: Cross-sectional analytical and descriptive study of burned patients uploaded to the online platform "National Burns Registry" and then admitted to our center between July 2017 and July 2018. Pearson's correlation coefficient between IG and ABSI was calculated. Both variables were normalized to be able to make them comparable and the agreement between them was calculated with Lin's correlation coefficient. With logistic regression analysis, the associated probability of death was calculated for both variables and areas of the ROC curves of both scores were compared. Results: Of 141 patients, 15 died during hospitalization, with a mean GI 104 ± 49 and ABSI 7 ± 2. Pearson's correlation coefficient between GI and ABSI showed a very high correlation with a value of 0.928. Lin's correlation coefficient gave moderate agreement with a value of 0.93. When checking which of the two scores best predicts the probability of death through sensitivity and specificity analysis, the ROC curve covers more area in IG (0.82 vs 0.83) without being statistically significant. Conclusions: Both scores, IG and ABSI, are very similar when it comes to predicting the probability of death, which is why they are comparable at the time of sharing the results in scientific studies.

Research progress of surgical smoke / 国际外科学杂志

Surgical smoke is a by-product of aerosol produced by electrosurgical equipment, laser and other energy equipments when cuting tissue or coagulating blood vessels. It contains non-active particles, organic chemicals, pathogens, viable cells and so on. The characteristics of surgical smoke components produced by different types of tissues or using different kinds of energy devices are different. For example, the average diameter of smoke particles produced by electrocautery is smaller, the possibility of viable cells and pathogens in surgical smoke produced by ultrasonic knife is higher. According to the characteristics of its composition, surgical smoke may be an imporant risk factor to the health and safety of operating room staff and patients. The use of surgical masks, suction devices and portable smoke evacuation systems can reduce the risk to some extent. But the most operating room staff don′t take corresponding measures to protect them. In this paper, the characteristics of surgical smoke and the research progress of protective measures will be briefly reviewed.

Associação entre proteína 1 relacionada à uteroglobulina e gravidade da lesão por inalação de fumaça / Association of uteroglobin-related protein 1 with smoke inhalation injury severity

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a expressão sérica da proteína 1 relacionada à uteroglobulina na fase inicial após lesões por inalação de fumaça e sua associação com a gravidade da lesão por inalação em pacientes queimados. Métodos: A lesão por inalação de fumaça ou produtos químicos se associa com morbidade e mortalidade. As consequências da inalação resultam de uma resposta inflamatória. A proteína 1 relacionada à uteroglobulina é anti-inflamatória e pode melhorar a inflamação pulmonar. Nossa hipótese é que os níveis de proteína 1 relacionada à uteroglobulina podem refletir a gravidade da doença e predizer o desfecho em pacientes com lesão por inalação. Incluíram-se prospectivamente neste estudo 16 pacientes com diagnóstico de síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo decorrente de lesão por inalação de fumaça. Em todos os pacientes, colheu-se amostra de plasma quando da admissão à unidade de terapia intensiva, para avaliar a gravidade da lesão por inalação dentro de 72 horas. Os níveis plasmáticos de proteína 1 relacionada à uteroglobulina foram determinados em duplicata por meio de ensaio de imunoabsorção ligado à enzima. Resultados: A média de idade foi de 23 ± 5 anos, e a distribuição da lesão por inalação foi: três em grau 1, quatro em grau 2 e nove em grau 3. O nível de proteína 1 relacionada à uteroglobulina foi relacionado ao grau de severidade (grau 1: 0,389 ± 0,053 unidade arbitrária versus grau 2: 0,474 ± 0,0423 unidade arbitrária versus grau 3: 0,580 ± 0,094 unidade arbitrária; p = 0,007). Conclusão: Os níveis plasmáticos de proteína 1 relacionada à uteroglobulina se associam com o grau da lesão pulmonar por inalação.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate serum uteroglobin-related protein 1 expression early after smoke inhalation injuries and its association with the severity of inhalation injury in burned patients. Methods: Smoke or chemical inhalation injury is associated with morbidity and mortality. The consequences of inhalation result from an inflammatory response. Uteroglobin-related protein 1 is an anti-inflammatory protein and may improve lung inflammation. We hypothesized that uteroglobin-related protein 1 levels could reflect disease severity and predict outcome in patients with inhalation injury. Sixteen patients diagnosed with acute respiratory distress syndrome secondary to smoke inhalation injury were prospectively included in the study. Plasma was collected upon intensive care unit admission and within 24 hours of the inhalation injury. Bronchoscopies were carried out in all patients to assess the severity of inhalation injury within 72 hours. Uteroglobin-related protein 1 plasma levels were determined in duplicate with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The mean age was 23 ± 5 years, and the inhalation injury distribution was as follows: three of grade 1, four of grade 2, and nine of grade 3. The level of uteroglobin-related protein 1 was related to inhalation severity (grade 1: 0.389 ± 0.053 arbitrary units versus grade 2: 0.474 ± 0.0423 arbitrary units versus grade 3: 0.580 ± 0.094 arbitrary units; p = 0.007). Conclusion: Plasma levels of uteroglobin-related protein 1 are associated with the degree of lung inhalation injury.

Relationship between comorbid factors and mortality of inhalation trauma patients in Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital, Makassar

Background: Inhalation trauma is the leading cause of death in burn patients. Inhalation trauma is caused mainly by inhalant poisons such as smoke, gas and steam. Many patients die immediately at the scene due to inhalation trauma. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between comorbid factors and mortality rates in patients with inhalation trauma.Methods: The research design was analytical research method with cross sectional design. The study sample consisted of 26 people (51.0%) inhalation trauma and 25 people (49.0%) without inhalation trauma obtained by consecutive sampling.Results: There was a significant relationship between inhalation trauma and death outcomes (p<0.001). The proportion of deaths in inhalation trauma (65.4%) was significantly higher than in nonhaled trauma (16.0%). There was no significant relationship between DM and outcome (p>0.05). There was no significant relationship between hypertension and outcome of death (p>0.05). There is a significant relationship between onset and outcome (p<0.05). The proportion of deaths at <24 hours onset (35.6%) was significantly lower than at onset >24 hours (83.3%). The mean blood glucose level of dead patients was higher than that of alive, which was 124.4 compared to 114.9 but was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Both the mean systole and diastole pressures of the dead patients showed significantly lower results than that of alive, i.e., the mean systole was 101.2 compared to 114.1 (p<0.05) and the mean diastole was 62.2 versus 71.4 (p<0.05).Conclusions: According to the results of the study, it was found that there was a relationship between the onset of more than 24 hours, high GDS levels, and lower blood pressure to mortality.

Principais complicações respiratórias no adulto queimado internado em um hospital de referência do estado de Minas Gerais / Main respiratory complications in burned adult in a reference hospital of Minas Gerais State / Principales complicaciones respiratorias de los adultos quemados admitidos a un hospital de referencia del estado de Minas Gerais

OBJETIVO: Descrever as principais complicações respiratórias do adulto queimado admitido em um centro de terapia intensiva de um hospital de referência do estado de Minas Gerais. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal, no qual foram incluídos todos os pacientes admitidos no setor de terapia intensiva da Unidade de Tratamento de Queimados de 1º de janeiro a 30 de junho de 2017 deste hospital. Os dados coletados foram submetidos à análise estatística com o uso do software Microsoft® Office Excel 2010 e pelo Minitab® versão 18. O estudo foi aprovado no Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Instituição, com parecer número 2.698.566. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados 62 registros de pacientes, a maioria do sexo masculino (64,52%, n=40). A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 43,90±16,57 anos, sendo a faixa etária mais prevalente entre 18 e 34 anos (35,48%, n=22). A maior parte dos pacientes necessitou de suporte avançado de vida, sendo que 74,20% (n=46) foram submetidos à intubação orotraqueal e, destes, 50% (n=23) foram traqueostomizados posteriormente. As complicações respiratórias foram observadas em 51,61% (n=32), sendo as principais: pneumonia (25,81%, n=16), lesão de via aérea (24,19%, n=15), atelectasia (17,74%, n=11), congestão pulmonar (12,90%, n=8) e síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo (8,06%, n=5). CONCLUSÃO: As principais complicações respiratórias foram pneumonia e lesão de via aérea. Tais complicações contribuíram para maior tempo de internação hospitalar e de ventilação mecânica.

Objective: To describe main pulmonary complications in burned adults admitted to intensive care unit of a burn center of Minas Gerais State. METHODS: Cross-sectional study, which included all patients admitted to the intensive care unit of a burn unit, from January, 1st until June, 30th. Collected data were submitted to statistical analyzes using software Microsoft® Excel 2010 and Minitab® version 18. The study was approved by Research Ethics Committee of the institution, with opinion number 2698566. RESULTS: 62 patients records were analyzed, most male (64.52%, n=40), mean age of patients was 43.90±16.57 years, being most prevalent age group between 18 and 34 years (35.48%, n=22). Most patients needed advanced life support, 74.20% (n=46) used endotracheal tube and, of these, 50% (n=23) were tracheostomized later. Pulmonary complications were observed in 51.61% (n=32), and the main ones were: pneumonia (25.81%, n=16), airway injury (24.19%, n=15), atelectasis (17.74%, n=11), pulmonary congestion (12,90%, n=8) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (8.06%, n=5). CONCLUSION: Main pulmonary complications were pneumonia and airway injury. Such complications have contributed to increase time of hospitalization and mechanical ventilation.

Objetivo: Describir las principales complicaciones respiratorias de los adultos quemados admitidos en el centro de cuidados intensivos de un hospital de referencia del estado de Minas Gerais. Método: Estudio transversal, que incluyó a todos los pacientes ingresados en el sector de cuidados intensivos de la Unidad de Quemados de este hospital, del 1º enero hasta 30 junio de 2017. Los datos recolectados fueron sometidos al análisis estadístico utilizando los programas Microsoft® Office Excel 2010 y por Minitab® versión 18. El estudio fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética de Investigación de la institución - dictamen nº 2.698.566. Resultados: 62 pacientes participaron del estudio, en su mayoría hombres (64,52%, n=40), con media de edad de 43,90±16.57 años, siendo más prevalente el grupo de edad comprendido entre 18 y 34 años (35,48%, n=22). La mayoría de los pacientes necesitó apoyo vital avanzado, conun 74,20% (n=46) sometidos a intubación orotraqueal y, de estos, 50% (n=23) fueron traqueostomizados posteriormente. Se observaron complicaciones respiratorias en un 51,61% (n=32) de los pacientes, siendo las principales: neumonía (25,81%, n=16), lesiones de las vías respiratorias (24,19%, n=15), atelectasia (17,74%, n=11), congestión pulmonar (12,90%, n= 8) y síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda (8,06%, n=5). Conclusión: Las principales complicationes respiratorias fueron neumonía y lesiones de las vías respiratorias. Tales complicaciones han contribuido a estancias más largas en el hospital y utilización de ventilación mecánica.

Protective effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes on smoke inhalation injury in rats / 医学研究生学报

Objective Acute lung injury induced by variety causes can be reduced by mesenchymal stem cells.Some studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes have similar features with mesenchymal stem cell,but its role in acute lung injury is less studied.The study was to investigate the protective role and underlying mechanisms of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (BMSC-DEs) on smoke inhalation injury (SⅡ) in rats.Methods Thirty Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 equal groups:normal control group,smoke inhalation injury (SⅡ) model group and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (BMSC-DEs) treated group.12 h after establishing the SⅡ model,BMSC-DEs treated group was injected with 0.5 mL BMSC-DEs (derived from 4× 106 BMSCs),and normal control group and SⅡ model group were injected with equivalent volume of normal saline.7 days later,samples were collected.The histopathologic changes of lung were observed after HE staining;BCA was used to test the amounts of total protein in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF);Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to test the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) in the lung tissue;Immunohistochemical was used to test the levels of pulmonary surfactant protein C(SP-C).Results The BALF levels of total protein of SⅡ group was significantly higher than those of normal control group (P＜0.01) and BMSC-DEs groups(P＜0.05);Compared with normal group [(0.164±0.021) ng/L],the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α of SII and BMSC-DEs groups [(0.355±0.106)、(0.234±0.024) ng/L] (P＜ 0.05) were significantly higher,and SⅡ group was higher than that of BMSC-DEs group(P＜0.01);Compared with normal group,the KGF protein expression level in lung tissue of SⅡ group was significantly lower (P＜0.05),but BMSC-DEs group was higher (P＜0.05).BMSC-DEs group was higher than SⅡ group (P＜0.01);Immunohistochemistry showed that the SP-C expression level in lung tissue of SⅡ group was significantly lower than those of other groups (P＜0.05).There was no statistically difference between BMSC-DEs group and control group (P＞0.05).Conclusion BMSC-DEs has a protective effect of smoke inhalation injury rats,the underlying mechanism may be related to BMSC-DEs to reduce inflammation and promote restoration of the alveolar epithelial type Ⅱ.

Clinical Curative Effects of High Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation on Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Caused by Smoke Inhalation Injury in the Lungs / 昆明医科大学学报

Objective To study the curative effect of high frequency oscillatory ventilation on acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by smoke inhalation injury in the lungs. Methods Fifty ARDS patients with lung injury caused by smoke inhalation were selected from 2010 to 2015. Patients were randomly divided into two groups, respectively choosing conventional mechanical ventilation or high frequency oscillatory ventilation. Results PaO2, PaCO2, and PaO2/FiO2were improved in both groups after the treatment (P＜0.05) . Patients in the treatment group improved significantly compared to those in the control group (P＜0.05) . The ventilation time and length of hospital stay reduced significantly in the treatment group (P＜0.05) . No significant difference was found in mortality and complication rates in both groups within 30 days (P＞ 0.05) . Conclusion High frequency oscillatory ventilation can effectively alleviate symptoms of ARDS caused by smoke inhalation injury in the lungs by improving oxygenation index. No obvious improvement is found in prognosis.

Establishment and evaluation of a rat model of inhalation lung injury induced by ship smog / 解放军医学杂志

Objective To establish and evaluate a rat model of inhalation lung injury induced by ship smog.Methods A rat model of inhalation lung injury was established by analyzing the composition of ship materials after combustion.Fortytwo healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal control group and 2,6,12,24,48 and 72h groups (6 each)after inhalation,these rats were killed at each time point,and the changes of arterial blood gas,coagulation function,the lung water content (％) were detected.Macroscopic and microscopic changes in lung tissues were observed to judge the degree of lung injury.Results The main components after combustion of 7 kinds of nonmetal materials on ship included CO,CO2,H2S,NOx and other harmful gases in this study,AIKE in one gas detector was used to monitor O2,CO,CO2 and H2S,and their concentrations remained relatively stable within 15 minutes,and the injury time was 15 minutes.The rats presented with shortness of breath and mouth breathing.Smoke inhalation caused a significant hypoxemia,the concentration of blood COHb reached a peak value 2h and the lung water content (％) did 6h after inhalation (P＜0.05).It is metabolic acidosis in the early stage after inhalation,but metabolic acidosis combined with respiratory acidosis in the later period.Histopathological observation showed diffuse hemorrhage,edema and inflammatory cell infiltration in the lung tissue as manifestations of lung injury,and the injury did not recover at 72h after inhalation,the change of blood coagulation function was not statistically significant.Conclusion A rat model of inhalation lung injury induced by ship smog has been successfully established,and has the advantages of easy replication,stability and reliability,thus can be used to research and treat inhalation lung injury induced by ship smog in naval war environment and other cases.

Acute clinical manifestations in toxic smoke inhalation victims: systematic review of observational studies / Manifestações clínicas agudas em vítimas de inalação de fumaça tóxica: revisão sistemática de estudos observacionais / Manifestaciones clínicas agudas en víctimas de inhalación de humos: revisión sistemática de estudios observacionales

Abstract Introduction: Lung injuries from toxic smoke inhalation are the main causes of death in fire victims; however, information regarding the acute effects on the respiratory system after smoke inhalation and its constituents in closed environments are still scarce in literature. Objective: To investigate the acute clinical manifestations observed in victims of smoke inhalation during enclosed-space fires by means of systematic review. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in the following databases: MEDLINE (via PubMed), Lilacs, Scopus and Web of Science. There were no appliedrestrictions in terms of thepublication date. In addition, a manual search was performed on the references of published studies. Observational studies assessing the prevalence of acute clinical manifestations in victims of toxic smoke inhalation in closed environments were included. Results: Of the 4,603 articles identified, eight were included, comprising a total of 233 patients. The signs and symptoms were identified and ranked according to frequency. Dyspnea (58.80%, six studies), carbonaceous sputum (54.51%, four studies), hoarseness (39.91%, three studies), wheezing (34.33%, five studies) and sore throat (33.90%, two studies) were the most frequent acute clinical manifestations of smoke inhalation. Besides these, chest pain and pulmonary edema were observed, respectively in 13.30%, 5.15% of the studies. Conclusion: The results suggest that dyspnea, carbonaceous sputum, hoarseness, wheezing and sore throat were the most frequent acute clinical manifestations in victims of smoke inhalation. Further studies of a higher level of evidence and greater methodological rigor are required.

Resumo Introdução: As lesões pulmonares decorrentes da inalação de fumaça tóxica são as principais causas de morte em vítimas de incêndio; no entanto, informações a respeito das repercussões agudas no sistema respiratório decorrentes da inalação de fumaça e seus constituintes em ambientes fechados ainda são escassas na literatura. Objetivo: Investigar as manifestações clínicas agudas observadas em vítimas de inalação de fumaça tóxica em ambientes fechados através de uma revisão sistemática. Métodos: Uma pesquisa sistemática foi realizada nas seguintes bases de dados: MEDLINE (via PubMed), Lilacs, Scopus e Web of Science. Não houve restrições quanto ao ano de publicação. Além disso, realizou-se uma pesquisa em referências de estudos publicados. Foram incluídos estudos observacionais que avaliaram a prevalência das manifestações clínicas agudas em vítimas de inalação de fumaça tóxica em ambientes fechados. Resultados: Dos 4.603 artigos encontrados, oito foram incluídos, compreendendo um total de 233 pacientes. Os sinais e sintomas foram identificados e classificados de acordo com a frequência com que apareceram nos estudos incluídos. Dispneia (58,80%, seis estudos), escarro carbonáceo (54,51%, quatro estudos), disfonia (39,91%, três estudos), sibilância (34,33%, cinco estudos) e dor de garganta (33,90%, dois estudos) foram as manifestações clínicas agudas mais frequentes de inalação de fumaça. Além disso, dor torácica e edema pulmonar foram observados, respectivamente em 13,30% e 5,15% dos estudos. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que dispneia, escarro carbonáceo, disfonia, sibilância e dor de garganta foram as manifestações clínicas agudas mais frequentes nas vítimas de inalação de fumaça tóxica. São necessários novos estudos com alto nível de evidência e melhor rigor metodológico.

Resumen Introducción: Las lesiones pulmonares producidas por la inhalación de humo son las principales causas de muerte entre las víctimas de fuego, sin embargo, informaciones con respeto de las repercusiones agudas en el sistema respiratorio derivadas de la inhalación de humo y sus constituyentes en ambientes cerrados siguen escasas en la literatura. Objetivo: Investigar las manifestaciones clínicas agudas observadas en víctimas de inhalación de humo en ambientes cerrados a través de una revisión sistemática. Métodos: Una pesquisa sistemática fue realizada en las siguientes bases de datos: MEDLINE (vía PubMed), Lilacs, Scopus y Web of Science. No hubo restricciones con relación al año de publicación. Además, se realizó una pesquisa en referencias de estudios publicados. Fueron incluidos estudios observacionales que evaluaron la prevalencia de las manifestaciones clínicas agudas en víctimas de inhalación de humo tóxico en ambientes cerrados. Resultados: De los 4.603 artículos encontrados, ocho fueron incluidos, comprendiendo un total de 233 pacientes. Los signos y síntomas fueron identificados y clasificados de acuerdo con la frecuencia con que aparecieron en los estudios incluidos. Disnea (58,80%, seis estudios), esputo carbonáceo (54,51%, cuatro estudios), disfonía (39,91%, tres estudios), sibilancia (34,33%, cinco estudios) y dolor de garganta (33,90%, de los estudios) han sido las manifestaciones clínicas agudas más frecuentes de la inhalación de humo. Además, dolor torácico y edema pulmonar han sido observados, respectivamente en 13,30% y 5,15% de los estudios. Conclusión: Los resultados sugieren que la disnea, esputo carbonáceo, disfonía y dolor de garganta fueron las manifestaciones clínicas más frecuentes en las víctimas de inhalación de humo tóxico. Son necesarios nuevos estudios con alto nivel de evidencia y mejor rigor metodológico.

Meta analysis on effectiveness of epidermal growth factor in treating patients with inhalation injury / 中华烧伤杂志

Objective@#To systematically evaluate the effectiveness of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in treating patients with inhalation injury by meta analysis.@*Methods@#Databases including PubMed, Cochrance Library, and Embase were searched using key words " inhalation injury, smoke inhalation injury, epidermal growth factor, and EGF" , and Chinese Journals Full-text Database, China Biology Medicine disc, VIP Database, and Wanfang Database were searched using key words in Chinese version "吸入性损伤,表皮生长因子" to obtain the randomized controlled trails about EGF published publicly in the treatment of patients with inhalation injury from the establishment of each database to December 2017. The measurement indexes included content of total protein and albumin, colloid osmotic pressure (COP), the number of total cells, percentages of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), the time of disappearance of pulmonary symptoms, the time of exfoliation of necrotic mucous membrane, the time of removal of tracheal tube, the amount of respiratory secretions, and the incidence of lung infection. Meta-analysis was conducted by RevMan 5.3 statistical software.@*Results@#A total of 6 trials involving 375 patients were included, with 182 patients in group EGF who received EGF treatment and 173 patients in conventional treatment group who received conventional treatment. All of the 6 trails had unclear risk of bias. The content of total protein and albumin and COP in BALF of patients in group EGF were lower than those in conventional treatment group, with standardized mean differences (SMDs) respectively -9.37, -26.77 , and -8.13 [with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) respectively -14.11--4.63, -41.85--11.69, -9.54--6.73, P<0.001]. The number of total cells and percentages of neutrophils and lymphocytes in BALF of patients in group EGF were lower than those in conventional treatment group, while the percentage of fibroblasts in BALF of patients in group EGF was higher than that in conventional treatment group, with SMDs respectively -20.22, -13.08, -12.28, 2.99 (with 95% CIs respectively -22.27--17.66 , -14.76--11.40, -13.86--10.70, 2.48-3.50, P<0.001). The time of disappearance of pulmonary symptoms, the time of exfoliation of necrotic mucous membrane, and the time of removal of tracheal tube of patients in group EGF were shorter than those in conventional treatment group, with SMDs respectively -1.05, -1.22 , -1.11 (with 95% CIs respectively -1.36--0.74, -1.54--0.91, -1.39--0.82, P<0.001). The amount of respiratory secretions of patients in group EGF was lower than that in conventional treatment group, with SMD -1.44 (with 95% CI -1.90--0.98, P<0.001). The incidence rate of pulmonary infection of patients in group EGF was lower than that in conventional treatment group, with relative risk 0.46 (with 95% CI 0.24-0.89, P<0.05). There may be publication bias in the content of total protein, albumin, and COP in BALF (P<0.05), while the time of disappearance of pulmonary symptoms, the time of exfoliation of necrotic mucous membrane, and the time of removal of tracheal tube showed no significant publication bias (P>0.05).@*Conclusions@#Conventional treatment combined with EGF therapy can reduce respiratory inflammation of inhalation injury, promote restoration of respiratory epithelium, shorten the time of removal of tracheal tube, reduce the incidence of pulmonary infection of patients, and therefore has good effect on inhalation injury.

Perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes com lesão inalatória que foram atendidos em uma Unidade de Queimados de um Hospital de Pronto-Socorro / Epidemiological profile of patients with inhaled lesions who were treated in a Burns Unit of a First Aid Hospital / Perfil epidemiológico de los pacientes con lesión inhalatoria que fueron atendidos en una Unidad de Quemados de un Hospital de Pronto Socorro

Objetivo: Descrever o perfil e o desfecho pós-alta hospitalar, além de sequelas pulmonares em pacientes com queimaduras inalatórias internados no Hospital de Pronto Socorro de Porto Alegre. Método: Estudo quantitativo, descritivo e transversal desenvolvido no Hospital de Pronto Socorro de Porto Alegre (HPS). Foram selecionados prontuários de pacientes internados na UTI queimados do hospital com diagnóstico de queimadura inalatória durante os anos de 2013 e 2014. Dados sociodemográficos dos pacientes foram coletados, bem como aqueles relacionados ao trauma e à internação, como tipo de queimadura, superfície corporal atingida, tratamento realizado no hospital, necessidade de ventilação mecânica e tempo de internação. Incluíram-se pacientes com lesão inalatória e que também tinham outros tipos de queimaduras, como de pele, mucosas e olhos. Não participaram pacientes que não apresentaram queimadura inalatória. Os pacientes responderam um questionário semiestruturado sobre as principais dificuldades encontradas pós-alta hospitalar e as principais alterações respiratórias remanescentes. Resultados: Os pacientes eram em sua maioria do sexo masculino, adultos, necessitaram de suporte ventilatório, permaneceram internados em tempo prolongado, tiveram queimaduras extensas e de segundo grau, em sua maioria em regiões como face e tórax, além de apresentarem pneumonia como complicação pulmonar. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem a inserção do profissional fisioterapeuta nos diversos níveis de atenção ao cuidado do paciente queimado.

Objective: To describe the profile and outcome after hospital discharge in addition to pulmonary sequelae in patients with inhaled burns hospitalized at the Hospital of Pronto Socorro in Porto Alegre. Methods: The quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out at the Hospital of Pronto Socorro in Porto Alegre (HPS). The medical records of patients hospitalized in the ICU who were burned at the hospital with a diagnosis of inhalation burn during the years of 2013 and 2014 were selected. Sociodemographic data were collected from the patients, as well as those related to trauma and hospitalization, such as burns, burned body surface, treatment performed at the hospital, need for mechanical ventilation and length of hospital stay. Those with inhaled lesions were included and also presented other types of burns, such as skin, mucous membranes and eyes. Those who did not present inhaled burn were excluded from the study. The patients answered a semi-structured questionnaire about the main difficulties encountered after hospital discharge and the main remaining respiratory changes. Results: Patients were mostly males, adults, required ventilatory support, were hospitalized in a prolonged period, had extensive and second degree burns mostly in regions such as the face and chest, and presented pneumonia as a pulmonary complication. Conclusion: The results suggest the insertion of the professional physiotherapist in the various levels of attention to the care of the burned patient, considering the need for both short and long term rehabilitation in this patient profile.

Objetivo: Describir el perfil y el desenlace post-alta hospitalario además de secuelas pulmonares en pacientes con quemaduras inhaladas internadas en el Hospital de Pronto Socorro de Porto Alegre. Método: El estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal, fue desarrollado en el Hospital de Pronto Socorro de Porto Alegre (HPS). Se seleccionaron prontuarios de pacientes internados en la UTI quemados del hospital con diagnóstico de quemadura inhalatoria durante los años de 2013 y 2014. Se recogieron datos sociodemográficos de los pacientes, así como aquellos relacionados al trauma y la internación, tratamiento realizado en el hospital, necesidad de ventilación mecánica y tiempo de internación. Se incluyeron aquellos con lesión inhalatoria y que también presentaron otros tipos de quemaduras, como de piel, mucosas y ojos. Se excluyeron del estudio aquellos que no presentaron quemadura inhalatoria.Los pacientes respondieron un cuestionario semiestructurado sobre las principales dificultades encontradas post-alta hospitalaria y las principales alteraciones respiratorias restantes. Resultados: Los pacientes eran en su mayoría del sexo masculino, adultos, necesitaron de soporte ventilatorio, permanecieron internados a tiempo prolongado, presentaron quemaduras extensas y de segundo grado en su mayoría en regiones como cara y tórax, además de presentar neumonía como complicación pulmonar. Conclusión: Los resultados sugieren la inserción del profesional fisioterapeuta en los diversos niveles de atención al cuidado del paciente quemado.

Effects of sivelestat sodium on early inflammatory reaction in rats with smoke inhalation injury / 天津医药

Objective To investigate the effects of sivelestat sodium on early inflammatory reaction in rats with smoke inhalation injury. Methods Forty SPF male SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups:normal control group (A), injury group (B), smoke inhalation treated with 10 mg/kg sivelestat sodium group (C), smoke inhalation treated with 20 mg/kg sivelestat sodium group (D) and smoke inhalation treated with 30 mg/kg sivelestat sodium group (E), 8 rats for each group. After smoke inhalation injury model was established, the treatment groups were intraperitoneally injected sivelestat sodium 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg separately. B group was treated with the same volume of physiological saline. After 24 hours,ELISA was used for detecting serum contents of neutrophil elastase (NE), myeloperoxidase (MPO), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in five groups. Meanwhile the water content of lung tissue was measured, and the pathological changes were observed by HE staining. The thickness of alveolar septum was measured and compared between groups. Results Compared with control group, the serum levels of NE, MPO, IL-6, TNF-α, water content of the lung tissue and thickness of alveolar septum were significantly higher in other four groups (P<0.05). Compared with injury group, the serum levels of NE, MPO, IL-6, TNF-α, water content of the lung tissue and thickness of alveolar septum were significantly lower in treatment groups (P<0.05). Compared with 20 mg/kg treatment group and 30 mg/kg treatment group, the serum levels of NE, MPO, IL-6, TNF-α, water content of the lung tissue and thickness of alveolar septum were significantly lower in 10 mg/kg treatment group (P<0.05). Conclusion The result shows that sivelestat sodium can reduce the early inflammatory reaction of rats with smoke inhalation injury and attenuates the lung edema. In this experiment, the treatment effect of 10 mg/kg sivelestat sodium is better than other treatment doses.

Effects of non-muscle myosin ⅡA silenced bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on lung damage of rats at early stage of smoke inhalation injury / 中华烧伤杂志

Objective@#To investigate the effects of non-muscle myosin ⅡA (NMⅡA) silenced bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on the lung damage of rats at early stage of smoke inhalation injury.@*Methods@#Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control, simple injury, NMⅡA-BMSCs, and BMSCs groups according to the completely random method, with 10 rats in each group. Rats in control group inhaled air normally, while rats in the latter 3 groups inhaled smoke to reproduce model of smoke inhalation injury. At 30 min post injury, rats in simple injury group were injected with 1 mL normal saline via caudal vein, and rats in group BMSCs were injected with 1 mL the fifth passage of BMSCs (1×107/mL), and rats in group NMⅡA-BMSCs were injected with 1 mL NMⅡA silenced BMSCs (1×107/mL). At post injury hour (PIH) 24, abdominal aorta blood and right lung of rats in each group were harvested, and then arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), and pH value were detected by blood gas analyzer. Ratio of wet to dry weight of lung was determined by dry-wet weight method. Pathological changes of lung were observed with HE staining. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were collected, and then tumor necrotic factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) content of BALF was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data were processed with one-way analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis H test, and least-significant difference test.@*Results@#(1) At PIH 24, compared with those in control group, PaO2 values of rats in simple injury, BMSCs, and NMⅡA-BMSCs groups were obviously decreased (with P values below 0.05), and PaCO2 values were obviously increased (with P values below 0.05). Compared with those in simple injury group, PaO2 values of rats in groups NMⅡA-BMSCs and BMSCs were obviously increased (with P values below 0.05), while PaCO2 values were obviously decreased (with P values below 0.05). PaO2 value of rats in group NMⅡA-BMSCs was obviously increased as compared with that in group BMSCs (P<0.05). The pH value of arterial blood of rats in simple injury group was obviously lower than that in control group (P<0.05). (2) At PIH 24, ratios of wet to dry weight of lung of rats in control, simple injury, BMSCs, and NMⅡA-BMSCs groups were 4.36±0.15, 7.79±0.42, 5.77±0.18, and 5.11±0.20, respectively. Compared with that in control group, ratio of wet to dry weight of lung of rats was obviously increased in the other 3 groups (with P values below 0.05). Compared with that in simple injury group, ratio of wet to dry weight of lung of rats was obviously decreased in groups BMSCs and NMⅡA-BMSCs (with P values below 0.05). Compared with that in group BMSCs, ratio of wet to dry weight of lung of rats in group NMⅡA-BMSCs was obviously decreased (P<0.05). (3) At PIH 24, alveolar structure of rats in control group was complete without abnormality. Compared with those in simple injury group, lung injury and infiltration of inflammatory cells of rats in groups BMSCs and NMⅡA-BMSCs were obviously alleviated, and alveolar structure was relatively complete with no thickening of alveolar wall. (4) At PIH 24, compared with that in control group, TNF-α content of BALF of rats in simple injury and BMSCs groups was obviously increased (with P values below 0.05). Compared with that in simple injury group, TNF-α content of BALF in groups BMSCs and NMⅡA-BMSCs was obviously decreased (with P values below 0.05). Compared with that in control group, IL-10 content of BALF in simple injury, NMⅡA-BMSCs and BMSCs groups were obviously increased (with P values below 0.05). Compared with that in simple injury group, IL-10 content of BALF in groups BMSCs and NMⅡA-BMSCs was obviously increased (with P values below 0.05). Compared with that in group BMSCs, IL-10 content of BALF in group NMⅡA-BMSCs was obviously increased (P<0.05).@*Conclusions@#NMⅡA silenced BMSCs can alleviate lung damage of rats at early stage of smoke inhalation injury, showing better effectiveness than using BMSCs only.

Management of Critical Burn Injuries: Recent Developments / 대한구급학회지

BACKGROUND: Burn injury and its subsequent multisystem effects are commonly encountered by acute care practitioners. Resuscitation is the major component of initial burn care and must be managed to restore and preserve vital organ function. Later complications of burn injury are dominated by infection. Burn centers are often called to manage problems related to thermal injury, including lightning and electrical injuries. METHODS: A selected review is provided of key management concepts as well as of recent reports published by the American Burn Association. RESULTS: The burn-injured patient is easily and frequently over resuscitated, with ensuing complications that include delayed wound healing and respiratory compromise. A feedback protocol designed to limit the occurrence of excessive resuscitation has been proposed, but no new “gold standard” for resuscitation has replaced the venerated Parkland formula. While new medical therapies have been proposed for patients sustaining inhalation injury, a paradigm-shifting standard of medical therapy has not emerged. Renal failure as a specific contributor to adverse outcome in burns has been reinforced by recent data. Of special problems addressed in burn centers, electrical injuries pose multisystem physiologic challenges and do not fit typical scoring systems. CONCLUSION: Recent reports emphasize the dangers of over resuscitation in the setting of burn injury. No new medical therapy for inhalation injury has been generally adopted, but new standards for description of burn-related infections have been presented. The value of the burn center in care of the problems of electrical exposure, both manmade and natural, is demonstrated in recent reports.

Management of Critical Burn Injuries: Recent Developments / 대한중환자의학회지

BACKGROUND: Burn injury and its subsequent multisystem effects are commonly encountered by acute care practitioners. Resuscitation is the major component of initial burn care and must be managed to restore and preserve vital organ function. Later complications of burn injury are dominated by infection. Burn centers are often called to manage problems related to thermal injury, including lightning and electrical injuries. METHODS: A selected review is provided of key management concepts as well as of recent reports published by the American Burn Association. RESULTS: The burn-injured patient is easily and frequently over resuscitated, with ensuing complications that include delayed wound healing and respiratory compromise. A feedback protocol designed to limit the occurrence of excessive resuscitation has been proposed, but no new “gold standard” for resuscitation has replaced the venerated Parkland formula. While new medical therapies have been proposed for patients sustaining inhalation injury, a paradigm-shifting standard of medical therapy has not emerged. Renal failure as a specific contributor to adverse outcome in burns has been reinforced by recent data. Of special problems addressed in burn centers, electrical injuries pose multisystem physiologic challenges and do not fit typical scoring systems. CONCLUSION: Recent reports emphasize the dangers of over resuscitation in the setting of burn injury. No new medical therapy for inhalation injury has been generally adopted, but new standards for description of burn-related infections have been presented. The value of the burn center in care of the problems of electrical exposure, both manmade and natural, is demonstrated in recent reports.

Early Predictors of Critical Cases for the Patients Who Visited Emergency Department due to Gas Inhalation: Early Predictors of Severity in Gas Inhalation

PURPOSE: To define early predictors of critical cases involving patients who visited the emergency department (ED) due to gas inhalation, with the goal of identifying patients who require intensive monitoring and treatment. METHODS: The retrospective study was carried out for patients who visited the ED at Ulsan University Hospital due to gas inhalation from March 2014 to February 2016. General demographics, mechanism of accident, critical symptoms, vital signs, blood lab test results, severity, and clinical manifestation were investigated. Patients were divided into a critical group and non-critical group, and predictors of critical cases were investigated by comparing both groups. RESULTS: Of the 180 patients, 26 patients were in the critical group. In this group, more patients displayed altered mentality and cardiac arrest (both p<0.001). The critical group also showed significantly higher fractions for low-blood pressure (systolic blood pressure<90 mmHg; p<0.001), number of critical symptoms (p<0.001), transport by emergency medical services (p=0.003), and consultation involving other departments (p<0.001). Patients in the critical group showed higher Korean Triage and Acuity Scale (KTAS) level (p<0.001), lactate value (p=0.001), and carboxy-hemoglobin value (p=0.017) as well as older age (p=0.001), lower pH (p=0.001), and HCO₃⁻ value (p<0.001). Multiple regression analysis revealed that predictors of critical cases were older age and higher KTAS level (both p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Patients admitted to the ED for treatment of gas inhalation, who were older and had a higher KTAS level, require intensive monitoring and treatment.

Airway management of a series of patients with inhalation injury caused by smoke from smoke pot based on grade classification / 中华护理杂志

In this study,we summarized airway management of a series of patients with inhalation injury caused by smoke from smoke pot based on grade classification,which were:establishment of a special team for these classified patients,classifying the patients into four sub-groups including extremely severe,severe,moderate and mild,establishment of a program for trachea management and relevant measures on these classified sub-groups.Key points of management on extremely severe patients were as follows:protective isolation,mechanical ventilation,nursing of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and pneumothorax and mediastinal emphysema,prevention of tracheo-esophgeal fistula,nursing cooperation of fiberoptic bronchoscopy.Key points of management on severe patients were as follows:disinfection and isolation,rational oxygen therapy,sputum elimination management,observation of illness status,preparation of emergency treatment,prevention and nursing of complications.Key points of management on moderate patients were as follows:ventilation,oxygen uptake,aerosol inhalation,sputum elimination guidance,respiratory function training.For mild patients,there was no special management except ventilation,aerosol inhalation and regular pulmonary function examination.One patient died due to multiple organ failure complicated with massive hemoptysis,four patients recovered with airway scar proliferation and lung fibrosis,and fifty-five patients fully recovered.