ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the effect of two different injection durations and four local pressing durations on the incidence of subcutaneous hemorrhage after low molecular weight heparin, and find a optimum injection duration and pressing time to reduce the incidence of subcutaneous hemorrhage associated with subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin. Methods 80 patients, who were deep venous thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), and undergone inferior vena cava filter (IVCF) after the operation and received low molecular weight heparin (LWMH) for eight times were selected. The injection time and pressing duration after the injection were randomized into 30 s and 2 min, 30 s and 6 min, 30 s and 10 min, 30s and 14 min, 10s and 2 min, 10s and 6 min, 10 s and 10 min, 10 s and 14 min respectively. The incidence of subcutaneous hemorrhage were measured after 12 h. Single and multiple factor logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the data. Results The injection time and pressing duration after the injection were randomized into 30 s and 2 min, 30 s and 6 min, 30 s and 10 min, 30 s and 14 min, 10 s and 2 min, 10 s and 6 min, 10 s and 10 min, 10 s and 14 min respectively. The results of the incidence rate of subcutaneous hemorrhage were 46.25% (37/80), 22.50% (18/80), 23.75% (19/80), 25.00% (20/80), 71.25% (57/80), 43.75% (35/80), 50.00% (40/80), 50.00% (40/80) respectively. By the single factor test, the results showed that pressing duration and injection duration are associated with the incidence of subcutaneous hemorrhage after low molecular weight heparin. With regard to the incidence of subcutaneous hemorrhage, there was significantly difference between 2 min group and the other 3 groups (P0.05). By multiple factors logistic regression analysis, it was revealed that pressing duration and injection duration were significant factors (P|b'(pres ing duration)|=|-1.0729|). Compared with inject 10 s, there was a significantly lower incidence of bruising in inject 30 s. There was a significantly lower incidence of bruising in the longer pressing duration (b|b'(pres ing duration)|). Compared with inject 10 s, there was a significantly lower incidence of bruising in inject 30 s (b<0). there was significantly difference between 2min group and the other 3 groups (P<0.01), while other adjacent groups had no significant differences. Compared with others, there was a significantly high incidence of bruising in pressing 2min and the pressing duration for at least 6 min. Conclusions It is suggested that inject 30 s with pressing for 6 min can effectively reduce the incidence of subcutaneous hemorrhage resulted from subcutaneous injection of LMWH.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to establish the values for optimal fixed scan delays and diagnostic scan delays associated with the bolus-tracking technique using various contrast material injection durations in canine abdominal multi-phase computed tomography (CT). This study consisted of two experiments employing the crossover method. In experiment 1, three dynamic scans at the porta hepatis were performed using 5, 10 and 15 sec injection durations. In experiment 2, two CT scans consisting of five multi-phase series with different scan delays of 5 sec intervals for bolus-tracking were performed using 5, 10 and 15 sec injection duration. Mean arrival times to aortic enhancement peak (12.0, 15.6, and 18.6 sec for 5, 10, and 15 sec, respectively) and pancreatic parenchymal peak (17.8, 25.1, and 29.5 sec) differed among injection durations. The maximum mean attenuation values of aortas and pancreases were shown at the scan section with 0 and 5, 0 and 10 and 5 and 10 sec diagnostic scan delays during each injection duration, respectively. The optimal scan delays of the arterial and pancreatic parenchymal phase in multi-phase CT scan using fixed scan delay or bolus-tracking should be determined with consideration of the injection duration.
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Aorta , Liver , Methods , Pancreas , Tomography, X-Ray ComputedABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the effect of injection duration on bruising and pain after the subcutaneous injection of heparin.Methods The relevant randomized controlled trials,quasi-randomized controlled trials about subcutaneous heparin injection duration of ≥30 s and ≤ 10 s were searched in the databases of CNKI,CBM,VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals,PubMed,Highwire,ScienceDirect,Chinese Cochrane Library,Wanfang database and Google.The quality of RCTs was assessed and Metaanalysis was conducted by RevMan 5.0 Software.Results Twelve RCTs involving 1 986 injections were included.The results of Meta-analysis showed that:There was significant difference between the two groups in the occurrence of bruising.The injection duration of 30 s was much better to prevent bruising.Statistical differences existed in pain intensity between the two groups.Conclusions Prolonging the injection duration to 30 s may reduce the occurrence of subcutaneous bruising.There is no enough evidence to draw a conclusion on pain intensity.Adequately,the current study is limited to a small sample,powered and high quality randomized controlled trials are still needed to be conducted.