Desafíos y Reflexiones en la Formación de Docentes Universitarios Inclusivos: una Indagación Narrativa Autobiográfica / Challenges and Reflections in the Training of Inclusive University Professors: an Autobiographical Narrative Inquiry

RESUMEN: En este artículo se da a conocer un estudio realizado mediante la indagación narrativa autobiográfica haciendo uso de la tridimensionalidad de la indagación narrativa: temporalidad, sociabilidad y lugar. Se explora acerca de los desafíos que implica formarse como docente universitario inclusivo, basándose en las historias de Eddy, un profesor universitario hondureño. A través de la lectura del texto, revisiones, conversaciones y reflexiones, los autores pudieron reescribir las narrativas de Eddy. En dicho intercambio emergen y se profundiza en cuatro historias siendo estas: a) encuentro con la discapacidad, b) involucrarse en la lucha por generar un contexto inclusivo, c) formarse como docente inclusivo y d) sus posibles retos en un entorno desigual.

ABSTRACT: In this article, it is disseminated a study conducted through an autobiographical narrative inquiry, using the three-dimensionality of narrative inquiry: temporality, sociability and local. The challenges that imply the training of the inclusive university professor are explored, based on Eddy's stories, a Honduran university professor. Through reading the text, revisions, conversations and reflections, the authors were able to rewrite Eddy's narratives. In this exchange, four stories emerged and were deepened, namely: a) encountering with the disability; b) getting involved in the struggle to generate an inclusive context; c) training as an inclusive professor; and d) his possible challenges in an unequal environment.

Case-problem-based learning of pathophysiology based on inquiry-based learning and process management / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Based on the teaching concept of constructivism, this study aims to promote independent inquiry-based learning and clinical thinking among students and establish the guiding ideology of "full participation, process control, in-depth discussion, and expansion of thinking". A blending learning model was adopted with offline inquiry-based group learning and in-class defense and comment, as well as online teacher-student interaction and supervision to promote learning. Case-problem-based learning (CPBL) of pathophysiology was carried out among the medical students in the class of 2017, and process management was strengthened to effectively manage the two key links of data retrieval and group discussion. The analysis of 176 teaching evaluations collected at the end of the semester show that in terms of the overall evaluation of CPBL teaching, 162 students (92.05%) had high evaluation on teaching objectives, organization, cases, and personal gains and held a very or relatively favorable attitude. There were more negative feedbacks on "appropriate time allocation"; 21 students (11.93%) held a relatively or very disapproving attitude, and 149 students (84.66%) "felt very tired". In terms of teaching effect evaluation, 150 students (85.23%) strongly or relatively agreed that CPBL teaching may help to understand professional knowledge, stimulate learning enthusiasm and initiative, improve problem solving ability, emphasize clinical practice to cultivate clinical thinking, supervise and promote learning, and enhance team cooperation and teacher-student communication. In terms of the evaluation of teachers, 167 students (94.89%) thought that teachers were rigorous, responsible, and enthusiastic in teaching, attached importance to process management, and did well in effective guidance and thinking inspiration (strongly or relatively agree). The above results suggest that the CPBL teaching reform of pathophysiology based on process management can effectively promote in-depth inquiry-based independent learning and the cultivation of clinical thinking and improve teaching effectiveness, but further improvement is needed for teaching arrangement and time allocation.

Promoting learning gains and practical ability of nursing students: the construction and empirical research of inquiry learning community / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To develop an inquiry learning community centered on learning experience in the course of Nursing Clinical Comprehensive Experiment to verify the influence of this teaching mode on the learning gains and practical ability of nursing students. Methods:A total of 132 undergraduate nursing students form grade 3 in Chongqing Medical University were enrolled. The participants were randomly assigned to a learning community group ( n = 69) and a control group ( n = 63) using Minitab 14.0 software. The students in the learning community group adopted the inquiry learning community mode in accordance with the curriculum map for online self-learning, group discussion and skills practice, while the control group received the teacher-led teaching mode for offline theory teaching, operation teaching and skills practice. After the teaching intervention, both groups of students received the assessment questionnaire of learning gains and the comprehensive experimental ability evaluation. Chi-square test or paired t-test was performed using SPSS 23.0. Results:Compared with the control group, students in the learning community group reported that their sense of learning gain was enhanced ( P<0.001, Cohen d=0.97); sub-items showed that the effect size for the understanding of learning content ( P<0.001, Cohen d=1.22), the overall course situation ( P<0.001, Cohen d=0.90), the course activities ( P=0.000, Cohen d=0.83), and the information obtained ( P<0.001, Cohen d=1.16) was significantly different. The total score of practical ability of comprehensive experiment was significantly improved ( P = 0.005, Cohen d=0.51), in which the experimental situation displays ( P=0.002, Cohen d=0.55) and experimental effect ( P=0.006, Cohen d=0.49) were better than the control group. There was no significant difference in the performance of experimental preparation and case analysis between the two groups. Conclusion:Developing an inquiry learning community in nursing clinical comprehensive experiment can effectively enhance student' sense of learning gains and promote the improvement of clinical practical ability.

Discussion on Collection of Clinical Questions in International Clinical Practice Guidelines of Acupuncture-Moxibustion / 中国结合医学杂志

The clinical questions of acupuncture-moxibustion (Acup-Mox) guidelines are complicated, including not only the curative effect of Acup-Mox intervention measures, but also the operational elements of Acup-Mox. This paper aimed to put forward the idea and process of collecting clinical questions in developing international acupuncture clinical practice guidelines. The experience was collected and the idea of collecting clinical questions of Acup-Mox was formed through expert consultation and discussion in combination with expert opinions. Based on the characteristics of Acup-Mox discipline. This paper put forward the thinking of collecting elements of clinical questions following the intervention-population-outcome-control (I-P-O-C) inquiry process, according to the discipline of Acup-Mox. It was emphasized that in the process of collecting clinical questions, "treatable population" and "alleviable outcome indicators" for a specific Acup-Mox intervention with certain therapeutic effect should be focused on, so as to highlight the pertinence of clinical questions of Acup-Mox guidelines in terms of population and outcome elements.

Qualitative evaluation of immediate rehabilitation: a case report with 5 years of follow-up / Avaliação qualitativa de reabilitação imediata: relato de caso com 5 anos de acompanhamento

Próteses totais imediatas e overdentures mandibulares em carga imediata, são boas alternativas para restaurar a função e a estética. Além disso, proporcionam um fator psicológico positivo, eliminando as consequências emocionais e sociais da perda dos dentes. O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar um caso clínico, com cinco anos de acompanhamento, utilizando parâmetros clínicos e ferramentas qualitativas, para analisar o impacto na qualidade de vida do paciente e no sucesso do tratamento. Este caso clínico foi desenvolvido em um projeto assistencial da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil, que promove a reabilitação oral de pacientes de baixa renda com dentes severamente comprometidos. Paciente do sexo masculino, 57 anos, apresentou-se para tratamento com condição severa de saúde dental e periodontal. O plano de tratamento proposto foi a extração dos dentes remanescentes e confecção de prótese total imediata maxilar e overdenture mandibular, em carga imediata, sobre implantes. O paciente foi acompanhado periodicamente, a cada seis meses, para substituição do o´rings, conforme recomendação do fabricante. Após 5 anos, as próteses foram reembasadas com resina acrílica termopolimerizável e os componentes protéticos da overdenture foram substituídos. Em um acompanhamento qualitativo, a equipe utilizou uma entrevista narrativa, com foco nos impactos do tratamento na qualidade de vida desse paciente. Ele confirmou, em um relato em primeira pessoa, sua satisfação com o tratamento realizado e a melhora nas relações sociais, afetivas e no trabalho, mostrando como a reconquista do sorriso pode transformar a experiência pessoal do indivíduo(AU)

Immediate complete dentures and mandibular immediately loaded overdentures are good alternatives to restore function and aesthetics. Moreover, they provide positive psychological factor, eliminating the emotional and social consequences of tooth loss. The aim of this study was to report a clinical case, with five years of follow-up using clinical parameters and qualitative tools, to analyze the impact on quality of life and the success of treatment. This clinical case was developed in an assistance project of the Dental School of Federal University of Minas Gerais in Brazil, which promotes oral rehabilitation of low-income patients with severely damaged dentitions. A 57-yearold male patient presented for treatment with a severe dental and periodontal health condition. The proposed treatment plan was extraction of the remaining teeth and making maxillary immediate complete denture and mandibular immediately loaded implant-supported overdenture. The patient was monitored periodically, every six months, to replace the polymer ring ball attachment, according to the manufacturer's recommendation. After 5 years, the prostheses were relining with heat-polymerized acrylic resin and overdenture prosthetic components were replaced. In a qualitative follow-up, the team used a narrative interview, focusing on the impacts of treatment in the quality of life of this patient. He confirms, in a firstperson account, his satisfaction with the treatment performed and improvements in social and affective relations and in the work, showing how the reconquest of the smile can transform the personal experience of the individual(AU)

Construction of an evidence-based discharge preparation intervention protocol for stroke patients / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:Under the guidance of evidence-based theory, the discharge preparation intervention plan for stroke patients was constructed, in order to provide a reference for improving the discharge preparation of stroke patients.Methods:To retrieve the relevant guidelines, consensus, literature and quality evaluation, summarize relevant evidence and evaluate the first draft of the intervention plan, implement two rounds of expert enquiry, according to the expert score and opinions, and improve the entries after the group discussion to form the final intervention plan.Results:In the two rounds of correspondence, the expert positive coefficient was 100%, the expert authority coefficient was 0.81 and 0.84 respectively, and the Kendall harmony coefficient of each entry was 0.165 and 0.453 respectively. The difference was statistical significant ( P<0.05). The ultimate in intervention plan included 6 primary entry, 23 secondary entries. Conclusions:The discharge preparation intervention plan for stroke patients constructed in this study is scientific, reliable and feasible, and is of great significance to improving the discharge preparation of stroke patients.

Inquiry of Application Value about Medical Consumables Unique Device Identifier (UDI) in Internet of Things / 中国医疗器械杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To discuss how to implement and promote the lean management of medical devices life cycle through establishing medical device UDI.@*METHODS@#Discuss the application of UDI on medical consumables lean management by relying on the construction of medical device UDI system in our country, and summarize the pilot experience of implanted medical devices in Shanghai.@*RESULTS@#Improve the application value of UDI in medical device Internet of Things through analyzing the present situation of implanted medical device and further strengthen the UDI application standardization.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Form the interconnection and mutual recognition during medical device life cycle and reduce the input of product cost and resource consumption in our country through establishing a more standardized and effective UDI circulation system.

Validation of ELISA with recombinant antigens in serological diagnosis of canine Leishmania infantum infection

BACKGROUND Dogs are the main peridomiciliary reservoir of Leishmania infantum thus the correct diagnosis of infection is essential for the control of the transmission and treatment as well. However, the diagnosis is based on serological assays that are not fully effective. OBJECTIVE We aimed to establish an effective serological assay for the diagnosis of L. infantum infected dogs using Leishmania-derived recombinant antigens. METHODS Leishmania derived rK39-, rK28-, rKR95-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was standardized using symptomatic and asymptomatic L. infantum-infected dogs. Then 2,530 samples from inquiry in endemic areas for VL were evaluated and the results compared with recommended assays by the Brazilian Ministry of Health (MH algorithm). Further samples from a cohort of 30 dogs were searched. FINDINGS For rK39-, rK28- and rKR95-ELISA the sensitivity was around 97% and specificity 100%. The positivity of these three ELISA in the inquiry samples was 27-28%, around 10% higher than the assays currently in use. When cohort samples were searched, we observed likely false-negative results (> 65%) with supposedly negative samples that turned positive six months later with the assays in use (MH algorithm). MAIN CONCLUSIONS For the diagnosis of L. infantum-infected dogs, rK39-based ELISA showed better diagnostic performance than other assays in use in Brazil and worldwide.

Pesquisador Virtual: solución informática para la detección de casos sospechosos de COVID-19 / Pesquisador Virtual: IT solution for the detection of suspected COVID-19 cases

Se presenta el Pesquisador Virtual, solución informática desarrollada por la Universidad de las Ciencias Informáticas (UCI) en colaboración con el Ministerio de Salud Pública (MINSAP), que mediante encuestas permite captar información del estado de salud (síntomas y padecimientos) de la población, como complemento al proceso de pesquisa activa, en el marco del enfrentamiento epidemiológico a la pandemia COVID-19. Para la realización de la encuesta se cuenta con una solución móvil y una solución Web. El resultado de la encuesta (información estadística y nominal) es monitorizada en tiempo real mediante gráficos y estadísticas por las diferentes instancias del MINSAP, tanto a nivel nacional como provincial y municipal, mostrando reportes personalizados según el nivel de acceso en dependencia del nivel del organismo. Con esta información, diferentes instancias del sistema de Salud actúan de manera inmediata, sobre todo la atención primaria de salud (APS), para evitar la propagación de la epidemia y la atención temprana de posibles contagiados(AU)

This article presents Pesquisador Virtual, a computer solution developed by the University of Informatics Sciences (UCI) in collaboration with the Ministry of Public Health (MINSAP), which, through surveys, allows the capture of information about the population's health status, as a complement to the active inquiry process in the context of the epidemiological response to the COVID-19 pandemic. A mobile and Web solutions are available for the presentation of the survey. The results of the survey (statistical and nominal information) are monitored in real time through graphics and statistics by the different MINSAP structures at the national, provincial and municipal levels, with variable access depending on the level of the structures. With this information, different departments of the health system act immediately, especially Primary Health Care (APS), to prevent the spread of the epidemic and to provide early care for those who may be infected(AU)

Serviço Social e escuta especializada: proteção integral ou produção antecipada de provas? / Social Service and specialized listening: Full Protection or Early Proof Production?

Resumo: Problematizar a escuta especializada, aos moldes da Lei nº 13.341/2017, de crianças e adolescentes vítimas ou testemunhas de violência, perpassa pela garantia da "proteção integral" frente a reflexão do movimento histórico. O presente estudo pretende discutir as implicações de tais requisições nos espaços sócio-ocupacionais do assistente social atuante na Rede de Proteção de Crianças e Adolescentes, a partir de análise bibliográfica e do arcabouço legal acerca da metodologia.

Abstract: Problematizing the specialized listening, to the molds of the law 13.341/2017, of children and adolescents victims or witnesses of violence, permeated by the guarantee of "integral protection" in the face of the reflection of the historical. The present study intends to discuss the implications of such requests in the socio-occupational spaces of the social worker working in the Child and Adolescent Protection network, based on bibliographic analysis and the legal framework About the methodology.

Sistemas de significados en torno a la experiencia erótica y los abusos sexuales en la infancia / Systems of Meanings concerning the Erotic Experience and Child Sexual Abuse

Resumen El abuso sexual infantil puede dejar efectos en la experiencia erótica de las personas. Sin embargo, cuando dicha vivencia es narrada por los participantes ellos podrían significar de diversas maneras sus posibles consecuencias. Por lo tanto, llevamos a cabo una investigación cualitativa, bajo el marco teórico del construccionismo social, en la que participaron cuatro mujeres y dos hombres, quienes experimentaron abusos sexuales en la infancia. Realizamos entrevistas semi-estructuradas y temáticas. En el análisis de las narrativas, observamos la importancia de los constructos de género tradicionales en las primeras experiencias eróticas. Adicionalmente, las vivencias de abusos sexuales permitieron dar sentido a las dificultades observadas en la edad adulta. Finalmente, destacamos que el valor otorgado al amor fue un elemento que permitió la resignificación positiva de la experiencia.

Abstract Child sexual abuse may have effects on the erotic experience of people. However, when such an episode is narrated by the participants, they might give meaning to its possible consequences in different ways. Therefore, we carried out a qualitative research within the theoretical framework of social constructionism involving four women and two men who experienced sexual abuse in childhood. We conducted semi-structured and thematic interviews. In the analysis of the narratives, we noted the importance of the traditional gender constructs in the first erotic experience. Additionally, the experiences of sexual abuse helped to make sense of the difficulties observed in adulthood. Finally, we highlight that the value attributed to love was an element that allowed the positive re-signification of the experience.

The construction of coronary heart disease intervention scheme based on Omaha system theory / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective@#To construct a nursing intervention program for patients with coronary heart disease based on the theory of Omaha intervention system, and to provide evidence for the specialist nursing of patients with coronary heart disease.@*Methods@#Based on the Omaha intervention system, the specialist nursing intervention plan for patients with coronary heart disease was preliminarily established on the basis of reviewing the medical records, and was modified by the Delphi method.@*Results@#Reviewing the medical records combined with the Omaha intervention system, preliminary development of nursing intervention programs for patients with coronary heart disease. The expert inquiry letter of the intervention program was 2 rounds, and the expert positive coefficients of the 2 rounds of inquiry letters were 91.67% and 93.94%, the authoritative coefficient was 0.92, and the Kendall Harmony Coefficient was 0.34 and 0.47 respectively. The specialist nursing intervention for patients with coronary heart disease was finally determined.@*Conclusion@#The nursing intervention plan for patients with coronary heart disease based on Omaha theory has a good theoretical basis and has been unanimously recognized by experts.

Implementación de la metodología indagatoria-mayéutica en la educación médica en Chile / Implementation of the inquiry-maieutic methodology in the medical education in Chile

La indagación científica se entiende como un "proceso en el cual se plantean preguntas acerca del mundo natural, se generan hipótesis, se diseña una investigación, y se colectan, analizan datos con el objeto de encontrar una solución al problema" (Windschitl, 2003: 113). La educación médica en Chile presenta un enfoque médico hegemónico que aún arrastra falencias en torno a un modelo mecanicista, segmentado y desigual. Esta manifestación se perpetúa a través de la educación desde el ciclo preescolar hasta la enseñanza secundaria. Acerca de este tópico la A. de Cs. de Chile expresó en 2005la Academia de Ciencias, durante el 2005 señaló que: "Ha girado tradicionalmente en torno de una enseñanza desagregada o disciplinaria del saber científico, una instrucción enciclopedista, un aprendizaje memorístico de conocimientos atomizados, datos fragmentarios e informaciones puntuales, con una comprensión de la ciencia descontextualizada del mundo cotidiano y de las necesidades de la vida social"

Generación de un acuerdo Marco para una Nueva Política Educativa Médica Chilena / Generation of a Framework Agreement for a New Policy Chilean Medical Education

Desde el origen de la República, Chile ha probado diversos modelos educativos con el fin de responder a los requerimientos y necesidades de una población en un avanzada transición epidemiológica y demográfica y que requerirá un nuevo tipo de profesional que responda de forma versátil y adaptada a una sociedad en constante cambio, donde la migración, la adquisición de enfermedades foráneas y el acelerado proceso de envejecimiento y de industrialización de la sociedad llevarán a un incremento explosivo de las enfermedades neurodegenerativas, los cánceres y la emergencia de nuevas enfermedades de origen parasitaria, virales y bacterianas a las cuales la población no se encontraba adaptada

Since the origin of the Republic, Chile has tested different educational models in order to respond to the requirements and needs of a population in an advanced epidemiological and demographic transition and that will require a new type of professional who respond in a versatile way and adapted to a society constantly changing, where migration, acquisition foreign diseases and the accelerated process of aging and industrialization of society will lead to an explosive increase in diseases neurodegenerative drugs, cancers and the emergency of new diseases of parasitic, viral and bacteria to which the population was not adapted

Depuis l'origine de la République, le Chili a testé différents modèles éducatifs afin de répondre aux les besoins et les besoins d'une population une transition épidémiologique et démographique avancée et qui nécessitera un nouveau type de professionnel qui répondre de manière polyvalente et adaptée à une société en constante évolution, où la migration, l'acquisition maladies étrangères et le processus accéléré de vieillissement et industrialisation de la société conduira à une augmentation explosive des maladies médicaments neurodégénératifs, les cancers et l'urgence nouvelles maladies parasitaires, virales et bactéries auxquelles la population n'était pas Adapté

Experiências e apontamentos para a pesquisa em psicologia baseada nas artes / Experiencias y apuntes para la investigación en psicología basada en las artes / Experiences and notes for research in arts-based psychology

Resumo A proposta deste artigo é pensar a criação de um campo híbrido de pesquisa/experimentação na intersecção entre arte contemporânea e psicologia. Nesse sentido, exploramos o eixo arte/experiência, na intenção de produzir linhas singulares e sensíveis de subjetivação, mais afeitas ao devir e aos fluxos do que a identidades fixas. Enquanto sujeitos/pesquisadores/artistas, nossa proposta foi criar metáforas, experiências, imagens de pensamento e rasgos no que nos chega pronto, a partir da elaboração de uma figuração híbrida/plástica de corpo/subjetividade. Este foi o meio que encontramos para dar passagem para diferentes superfícies intensivas. Para tanto, valemo-nos da Metodologia de Pesquisa Baseada nas Artes e de conceitos como figuração, conexões parciais, saberes localizados (Haraway, 1995, 2013), subjetividade estética (Rolnik, 2002; Teixeira, 1993), lógica da sensação (Deleuze, 2002), entre outros.

Resumen La propuesta de este artículo es pensar la creación de un campo híbrido de investigación/experimentación en la intersección entre psicología y arte contemporáneo. En este sentido, exploramos el eje arte/experiencia, con el fin de producir líneas singulares y sensibles de subjetivación, más acostumbradas al devenir y a los flujos que a las identidades fijas. Como sujetos/investigadores/artistas, nuestra propuesta fue crear metáforas, experiencias, imágenes de pensamiento y rasgos de aquello que nos llega listo, desde la elaboración de una figuración híbrida/plástica de cuerpo/subjetividad. Este fue el medio que encontramos para dar paso a diferentes superficies intensivas. Con este fin, nos basamos en la metodología de investigación basada en las artes y conceptos tales como figuración, conexiones parciales, conocimiento situado (Haraway, 1995, 2013), subjetividad estética (Rolnik, 2002; Teixeira, 1993), lógica de la sensación (Deleuze, 2002), entre otros.

Abstract The aim of this article is to consider the creation of a hybrid research/experimentation field at the intersection of contemporary art and psychology. In this sense, we explore the art/experience axis, with the intention of producing singular and sensitive lines of subjectivation. Lines that are more akin to becoming and to the flows than to fixed identities. While individuals/researchers/artists, our proposal was to create metaphors, experiences, images of thoughts and tears in what come to us as ready-made by creating a hybrid figuration/plastic body/subjectivity. This was the way we found to make different intensive surfaces flow. To do so, we followed the Arts Based Research Methodology, and concepts such as figuration, partial connections, located knowledges (Haraway, 1995; 2013), aesthetic subjectivity (Teixeira, 1993; Rolnik, 2002), the logic of sensation (Deleuze, 2002), among others.

De vuelta a la clínica. Métodos I. Diseños de investigación. Mayor calidad de información, mayor certeza a la respuesta / Back to the clinic. Methods I. Research designs. Higher quality of information, greater certainty to the answer

Resumen Los diseños de investigación se refieren a la forma como se obtiene la información y están limitados por viabilidad ética, económica y temporal. Son estrategias estandarizadas para disminuir los sesgos que en el modelo arquitectónico de la investigación se identifican en el estado basal, maniobra y desenlace; de ahí que no hay diseños específicos para cada pregunta. El diseño con menor probabilidad de sesgos es el ensayo clínico, seguido de la cohorte, el estudio de casos y controles y, finalmente, la encuesta transversal. Entre las principales características que dan mérito a los diseños están las siguientes: la pesquisa de la población, que se refiere a la ubicación de la población en relación con el curso clínico o historia natural de la enfermedad; la maniobra, o acción que se espera modifique la condición basal, que puede ser observacional o experimental; el seguimiento, o monitoreo documentado que se le da a cada sujeto, que puede ser longitudinal o transversal; y la direccionalidad, prolectiva o retrolectiva, que alude al tiempo de recopilación de la información con fines de investigación. Siempre será mejor tener una pregunta valiosa, incluso cuando se responda con un diseño con mayor riesgo de sesgos, que una pregunta irrelevante o sin aplicabilidad.

Abstract Research designs refer to the way information is obtained and are limited by ethical, economic and temporal viability. Research designs are standardized strategies to reduce biases, which in the architectural model of research are identified in the baseline state, the maneuver and the outcome; hence, there are no specific designs for each question. The design with the lowest probability of bias is the clinical trial, followed by cohort and case-control studies and, finally, by cross-sectional surveys. Among the main characteristics that give merit to research designs are the following: population inquiry, which refers to the situation of the population in relation to the clinical course/natural history of the disease; the maneuver, or action that is expected to modify the baseline state, which can be observational or experimental; follow-up, or documented monitoring that is given to each subject, which can be longitudinal or cross-sectional; and directionality, which can prolective or retrolective and refers to the timing of data collection for research purposes. It will always be better having a valuable question, even when answered with a design with higher risk of bias, than a question that is irrelevant or has no applicability.

Discussion on "Mai Dong (bing) Fa" (pathogenesis of meridian disorders) in book Zhen Jiu Jia Yi Jing (A-B Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) / 针刺研究

The "Mai Dong (bing) Fa" (pathogenesis of channel or meridian disorders) was proposed in the concept by Huangfu MI (from the Jin Dynasty), and was classified and elaborated according to the characteristics and comprehensive analysis of symptoms and signs collected by inspection, auscultation and olfaction, inquiry and pulse taking and palpation in his book Zhen Jiu Jia Yi Jing (A-B Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion). In-depth exploration on the academic origin of "pathogenesis of meridian disorders" may help us understand the connotation of meridian problems once again. Firstly, when the meridian falls in disorder, resulting in abnormal functional changes and then a series of symptoms and signs arose. Secondly, generally, not just one meridian falls in disorders, but more meridians are simultaneously involved, which needs to be differentiated through comprehensive analysis of the four diagnostic methods and meridian identification. Thirdly, based on the diagnosis of the disorders of the related meridians, appropriate acupoints are selected. Correct understanding about the "pathogenesis of meridian disorders" is definitely helpful to our observation and summarization of modern clinical diseases and theoretical sublimation, and also favorable to guide our clinical practice and clarification of meridian-collateral's implications.

Outcome-based education combined with inquiry-based teaching model in experimental teaching of medical microbiology / 中华医学教育探索杂志

In this study,a new medical microbiology experiment teaching system,which was based on outcome-based education combined with inquiry-based teaching model,was developed and evaluated.According to the professional requirements of doctors,the objectives of emotion and comprehensive experimental ability were added,and the requirement for experimental operation skills was raised.In accordance with the concept of inquiry-based teaching,experimental contents were reorganized,and practical operation contents and comprehensive analytical experiments were increased to facilitate students' abilities of independent thinking and innovation.In addition,the proportion of microbiology laboratory examination was increased,experimental skill examination was focused,the assessment method was reformed,and extracurricular interest groups were established to deepen the learning.The teaching effect was evaluated by questionnaire,performance and follow-up survey.The result showed that the new model increased the students' course scores,improved their capability in innovation,academic writing and clinical working,and strengthened the weakness of traditional teaching in application and exploration,providing a new idea for the reform in medical microbiology experiment teaching.

A Narrative Inquiry of Medical Students' Experiences of Expulsion and Military Service / 의학교육논단

The aim of this study was to use narrative inquiry to explore the experiences of medical students who faced expulsion, military service, and readmission, and their journeys of identity formation. Three medical students were recruited via snowball sampling, and each participant was interviewed twice. According to the sequence of experiences, their stories were summarized as follows: the process of being expelled, the military service experience and readmission process, and the present. Before all three students were expelled, they lived dissolute lives free of concern from the entrance examination and failed to cope well with dropping out. They felt that military experience had helped them develop interpersonal skills in the clinical setting and the strength to withstand a difficult crisis. Two students were motivated to become doctors after military service, but the other was not. They had reflected deeply over their unique experiences. The scars imprinted from their experiences became a means of stimulation, and they ultimately acquired the resilience and ability to accommodate for and counteract their weaknesses. This appears to have been an important influence on their identity formation. The narrations of their rare experiences can help medical educators more fully understand and support medical students through difficulties, specifically with regard to academic failure or expulsion. These findings may prompt medical professors to think about the kind of guidance or motivation that could help students before expulsion, rather than assuming that they are simply lacking academic ability.

Outcome-based education combined with inquiry-based teaching model in experimental teaching of medical microbiology / 中华医学教育探索杂志

In this study, a new medical microbiology experiment teaching system, which was based on outcome-based education combined with inquiry-based teaching model, was developed and evaluated. According to the professional requirements of doctors, the objectives of emotion and comprehensive experimental ability were added, and the requirement for experimental operation skills was raised. In accordance with the concept of inquiry-based teaching, experimental contents were reorganized, and practical operation contents and comprehensive analytical experiments were increased to facilitate students' abilities of independent thinking and innovation. In addition, the proportion of microbiology laboratory examination was increased, experimental skill examination was focused, the assessment method was reformed, and extracurricular interest groups were established to deepen the learning. The teaching effect was evaluated by questionnaire, performance and follow-up survey. The result showed that the new model increased the students' course scores, improved their capability in innovation, academic writing and clinical working, and strengthened the weakness of traditional teaching in application and exploration, providing a new idea for the reform in medical microbiology experiment teaching.