La superación del profesor de Educación Física para desarrollar la autodeterminación, en educandos con discapacidad intelectual

La superación continua de los profesores de Educación Física constituye una necesidad que ha transcendido diferentes generaciones de docentes, determinada por el desarrollo creciente de la ciencia y la técnica, las exigencias del tercer perfeccionamiento educacional cubano, las demandas en la preparación y capacitación del profesorado y la necesidad de su incidencia en la formación de un egresado apto y capaz de desarrollar no solo habilidades y capacidades físicas, sino también para la vida, que les permitan actuar en el medio social, familiar y laboral. El objetivo de esta investigación consistió en diseñar una estrategia pedagógica de superación para transformar los modos de actuación de los profesores de Educación Física, en la dirección del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, en función del desarrollo de habilidades de autodeterminación en los educandos en situación de discapacidad intelectual. Los métodos investigativos utilizados en el orden teórico y empírico fueron el análisis y síntesis, el histórico-lógico, el inductivo-deductivo, la modelación y el sistémico-estructural-funcional; además de la entrevista, la observación, la encuesta, el análisis de documentos, el criterio de expertos y la triangulación múltiple, los que permitieron revelar las causales que inciden en el normal desarrollo de las habilidades de autodeterminación, así como elaborar la estrategia. Con su implementación se perfeccionó el desempeño profesional y personal de los profesores y los educandos, quienes egresaron con el empoderamiento de habilidades para la toma de decisiones, la realización de elecciones, la resolución de problemas y el establecimiento de metas y objetivos.

O aperfeiçoamento contínuo dos professores de Educação Física constitui uma necessidade que transcendeu as diferentes gerações de professores, determinada pelo crescente desenvolvimento da ciência e da tecnologia, pelas exigências do terceiro melhoramento educacional cubano, pelas exigências na preparação e formação de professores e pela necessidade de seu impacto na formação de um egresso qualificado, capaz de desenvolver não apenas competências e habilidades físicas, mas também para a vida, que lhe permitam atuar no ambiente social, familiar e de trabalho. Discapacidade intelectual. Os métodos investigativos utilizados na ordem teórica e empírica foram análise e síntese, histórico-lógico, indutivo-dedutivo, modelagem e sistêmico-estrutural-funcional; Além da entrevista, observação, inquérito, análise documental, peritagem e triangulação múltipla, que permitiram revelar as causas que afetam o normal desenvolvimento das competências de autodeterminação, bem como desenvolver a estratégia. Com a sua implementação melhorou-se o desempenho profissional e pessoal de professores e alunos, que se formaram com a capacitação de competências para tomar decisões, fazer escolhas, resolver problemas e estabelecer metas e objetivos.

The continuous improvement of Physical Education teachers constitutes a need that has transcended different generations of teachers, determined by the growing development of science and technology, the demands of the third Cuban educational improvement, the demands in the preparation and training of teachers and the need for its impact on the training of a qualified graduate capable of developing not only physical skills and abilities, but also for life, which allow them to act in the social, family and work environment. The objective of this research was to design a pedagogical improvement strategy to transform the modes of action of Physical Education teachers, in the direction of the teaching-learning process, based on the development of self-determination skills in students in situations of intellectual disability. The investigative methods used in the theoretical and empirical order were analysis and synthesis, historical-logical, inductive-deductive, modeling and systemic-structural-functional; In addition to the interview, observation, survey, document analysis, expert judgment and multiple triangulations, which allowed us to reveal the causes that affect the normal development of self-determination skills, as well as to develop the strategy. With its implementation, the professional and personal performance of teachers and students was improved, who graduated with the empowerment of skills for making decisions, making choices, solving problems and establishing goals and objectives.

Patentes, acesso e produção local de medicamentos: reflexões a partir de experiências no SUS / Patents, access, and local production of medicines: reflections from experiences in the SUS

Resumo Este artigo procurou contribuir para a literatura e para o debate nacional e global sobre a superação de uma polarização relacionada ao aspecto jurídico e administrativo do processo de inovação, procurando se concentrar nas patentes como um fator condicionante das trajetórias tecnológicas que viabilizam o aprendizado em âmbito produtivo. Baseou-se em um arcabouço teórico e político relacionado à inovação e ao acesso a medicamentos, especialmente quanto aos direitos de Propriedade Intelectual, e na análise crítico-reflexiva de instrumentos de Propriedade Intelectual utilizados em Parcerias para o Desenvolvimento Produtivo (PDP), desenvolvidas por um instituto de tecnologia em fármacos sintéticos, público e nacional. Os resultados demonstram a relevância da compatibilização dos direitos de patentes com a construção de uma capacidade tecnológica e de inovação no país, vinculada ao acesso universal, especialmente quando envolverem produtos que se destinam ao tratamento de doenças graves, de alta complexidade tecnológica e de alto custo. Conclui-se que, para superação da dependência tecnológica e ampliação do acesso a medicamentos no Brasil, o Estado deve buscar o equilíbrio entre os interesses públicos e privados na área da saúde, a articulação entre os instrumentos jurídicos legais existentes e o alinhamento entre suas políticas de saúde, industriais, de CT&I e Propriedade intelectual.

Abstract This article aims to contribute to the literature and to the national and global debate on overcoming the polarization related to the legal and administrative aspect of the innovation process, seeking to focus on patents as a conditioning factor of the technological trajectories that enable learning in the productive scope. It was based on a theoretical and political framework related to innovation and access to medicines, especially regarding Intellectual Property rights, and on a critical-reflexive analysis of Intellectual Property instruments used in Productive Development Partnerships (PDP), developed by a public national institute for synthetic drug technology. The results demonstrate the importance of making patent rights compatible with the construction of technological and innovation capacities in the country, which are linked to universal access, especially when they involve products that are intended to treat serious, technologically complex and high-cost diseases. In conclusion, to overcome technological dependence and expand access to medicines in Brazil, the State must seek a balance between public and private interests in the healthcare area, articulate the existing legal instruments and align its health, industry, ST&I and intellectual property policies.

O fim da extensão das patentes e as Parcerias para Desenvolvimento Produtivo: reflexos no acesso a medicamentos no Brasil / The end of patent extensions and the Productive Development Partnerships: effects on access to medicines in Brazil

Resumo A covid-19 jogou luz sobre o impacto negativo da propriedade intelectual na saúde e deu nova relevância à Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade 5529/DF, que, acatada pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal em 2021, culminou na extinção da extensão automática de patentes no Brasil. Este estudo busca analisar o efeito do julgamento histórico da ADI 5529/DF sobre pedidos de patente e as patentes de interesse das Parcerias para Desenvolvimento Produtivo (PDP). Trata-se de um estudo com base em uma pesquisa documental de análise do andamento, até 31 de dezembro de 2020, de 90 pedidos de patente relacionados a 15 medicamentos objetos de PDP. Nos sites do Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial, do Ministério da Saúde, da Anvisa e da Câmara de Regulação do Mercado de Medicamentos, foram pesquisadas variáveis para comparar o cenário patentário dos medicamentos com o das PDP. De 88 pedidos válidos, 28 patentes foram concedidas, das quais dezessete foram estendidas para mais de vinte anos (média de 24 anos e nove meses). A decisão do STF resultou em mais de 68 anos de monopólio perdidos, potencialmente desanuviando alternativas para a produção de genéricos no país. Neste momento de retomada das PDP, estratégias para a superação de barreiras patentárias deveriam ser incorporadas à política.

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has shed light on the negative impact of intellectual property on health and has given new relevance to the Direct Action of Unconstitutionality 5529/DF, which was ruled by the Supreme Court in 2021, resulting in the extinction of automatic patent extensions in Brazil. This documentary case study analyzes the effects of the judicial decision on patent applications and patents of interest for Productive Development Partnerships (PDP), investigating the progress of 90 patent applications related to 15 PDPs drugs of interest until Decembre 31, 2020. Variables for comparing the drug patent scenario with that of the PDPs were researched on the websites of the National Institute of Industrial Property, the Ministry of Health, ANVISA, and the Brazilian Medicines Market Regulation Chamber. Of 88 valid applications, 28 patents were granted, 17 of which had been extended to more than 20 years (24 years and 09 months average). The court decision resulted in a loss of over 68 years of monopoly, potentially opening alternatives for generic production. This resumption of the PDP policy should incorporate strategies to overcome patent barriers.

Establishment of Comprehensive Protection System for Intellectual Property of Single Herbs by Taking Callicarpa nudiflora of Jiuzhitang as An Example / 中国实验方剂学杂志

The development of single Chinese materia medica is an important direction of technological innovation in the field of Chinese materia medica at present， and the study of its comprehensive intellectual property protection system is of great significance to the intellectual property protection of the whole chain of innovative enterprises of single Chinese materia medica. Based on this， this paper takes the comprehensive protection system of intellectual property of Callicarpa nudiflora constructed by Jiuzhitang Pharmaceutical as a model to conduct empirical research， analyzes the protection forms applicable to intellectual property of Chinese materia medica， such as patents， administrative protection， trademarks， designs and intangible cultural heritages， and discusses the valuable and insufficient aspects of the protection system currently constructed by Jiuzhitang Pharmaceutical and puts forward the following suggestions：①paying attention to patent applications for planting/processing methods of raw medicinal materials， ②emphasizing the protection of geographical indications， authentic medicinal herbs， and new plant varieties， ③actively promoting product and technology upgrades， ④applying for data protection during product iteration， ⑤emphasizing the layout timing of patent and administrative protection， ⑥focusing on improving goodwill， ⑦enhancing awareness of intellectual property protection and promoting deep integration of industry， academia， and research. We hope that innovative enterprises engaged in the development of single Chinese materia medica can learn from the experience of the case， and optimize the strategy to better protect related products.

Percepciones maternas sobre la sexualidad como tabú en personas con discapacidad

Fundamento: Una persona con discapacidad además de las barreras físicas enfrenta limitaciones sexuales, afectados por estereotipos sociales de diversa índole. Objetivo: Analizar las percepciones maternas sobre la sexualidad como un tabú para las personas que tienen algún tipo de discapacidad física o intelectual. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo con enfoque fenomenológico; se entrevistaron 100 madres, las cuales tienen familiares con discapacidad intelectual y física. Se analizó su sexualidad como tabú, y en función de ello varios subtemas y códigos de análisis. Se empleó la entrevista, procesada con Atlas. Resultados: Se observó que algunas personas con discapacidad tienen pérdida del deseo sexual; y sus familiares el sexo lo conceptualizan y lo relacionan con la prostitución. A muchos de ellos los esterilizan sin su consentimiento con la idea de que no serían capaces de ser responsables de formar una familia, o que los hijos tengan la misma discapacidad que sus progenitores. Conclusiones: Existe rechazo social a las personas con discapacidad, todavía no hay una inclusión total a la sociedad y peor aún a sus derechos de sexualidad. A las personas con discapacidad en ocasiones se les ha privado de las decisiones corporales de control natal por prejuicios y miedos de sus familiares por factores hereditarios; idea esta muy presente en el contexto estudiado; por ello, el sexo es un tabú para las madres entrevistadas de personas con discapacidad.

Background: A disabled person faces sexual limitations in addition to physical barriers, affected by various kinds of social stereotypes. Objective: To analyze maternal perceptions about sexuality as a taboo for persons who have some physical or intellectual disability. Methodology: Qualitative study with a phenomenological approach; 100 mothers were interviewed, all of whom have relatives with intellectual and physical disabilities. Their sexuality as a taboo was analyzed, and, in function of this, several sub-themes and analyses codes. The interview, processed with Atlas, was applied. Results: It was observed that some disabled persons have sexual desire loss, and their family members conceptualize sex and relate it with prostitution. Many of them are sterilized without their consent with the idea that they would not be capable to be responsible for raising a family, or that the children have the same disability as their parents. Conclusions: There is social rejection for people with disabilities; there is still no total inclusion in society and even worse to their sexuality rights. Persons with disabilities have on occasion been deprived of bodily birth control decisions because of prejudices and fears of their family members due to hereditary factors, this idea is very present in the studied context; therefore, sex is a taboo for the interviewed mothers of disabled persons.

Quality of life in Down syndrome in Brazil: a cross-sectional study / Qualidade de vida na síndrome de Down no Brasil: um estudo transversal

Abstract Background Down syndrome is the most commonly genetic cause of developmental delay and intellectual disability, affecting 1:700 live births. It is associated with heart disease and recurrent infections, among other complications that greatly impair the patient's quality of life. Objective To evaluate the major factors associated with quality of life in a cohort of patients with Down syndrome. Methods We assessed 1,187 patients with Down syndrome, older than 4 years old, with an adaptation of the Personal Outcomes Scale validated for Portuguese language, interviewing patients, parents, and caregivers. Results A bad quality of life was reported in 56.4% of the sample. The main factors associated with better quality of life were female sex, first medical visit before 4 months old, higher parental education, a professionally active mother, and prenatal care. The main factors associated with worse quality of life were family history of alcohol abuse and psychiatric disorders and comorbidity with autism and epilepsy. Conclusion Clinical comorbidities such as autism and epilepsy carry a heavy burden among patients with Down syndrome, while factors related to family support, such as employment status and educational background of the parents, enhance quality of life. The factors associated with quality of life among patients with Down syndrome should be adequately evaluated in medical consultation and targeted in public health policies.

Resumo Antecedentes A síndrome de Down é a mais comum causa identificável de atraso de desenvolvimento e deficiência intelectual, afetando 1 a cada 700 nascidos vivos. Está associada a cardiopatias, infecções recorrentes e outras complicações que impactam significativamente a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Objetivo Avaliar os principais fatores associados a qualidade de vida em uma coorte de pacientes com Síndrome de Down. Métodos Avaliamos 1.187 pacientes com síndrome de Down com mais de 4 anos de idade utilizando uma adaptação da versão validada para o português da Escala Pessoal de Resultados, entrevistando pacientes, pais e cuidadores. Resultados Uma má qualidade de vida foi encontrada em 56.4% da amostra. Os principais fatores associados à melhor qualidade de vida foram sexo feminino, primeira consulta médica antes dos 4 meses de idade, maior nível educacional dos pais, mãe profissionalmente ativa e atenção pré-natal. Os principais fatores associados à pior qualidade de vida foram o histórico familiar de abuso de álcool e distúrbios psiquiátricos, além de comorbidade com autismo e epilepsia. Conclusão As comorbidades clínicas como autismo e epilepsia levam a um maior impacto entre os pacientes com síndrome de Down, enquanto fatores relacionados ao apoio familiar, como situação profissional e formação educacional dos pais, estão associados à melhor qualidade de vida. Os fatores associados à qualidade de vida de pacientes com síndrome de Down devem ser adequadamente avaliados em consulta médica e alvo de políticas públicas de saúde.

Social skills, behavioral problems, and academic competence of students with intellectual disabilities / Habilidades sociais, problemas de comportamento e competência acadêmica de alunos com deficiência intelectual / Habilidades sociales, problemas de conducta y competencia académica de estudiantes con discapacidad intelectual

This study had as general objective to characterize and associate social skills, behavior problems, and academic competence of students with intellectual disabilities in school inclusion and; as specific objectives to verify predictive values for social skills and differences between groups diagnosed with intellectual disability and other associated diagnoses. This was a quantitative, cross-sectional, descriptive, correlational, predictive, and comparative study. Forty-four students with intellectual disability participated (11 of them presented other associated diagnoses), who were evaluated by 42 guardians and 34 teachers. The instruments used were Social Skills Rating System (SSRS-BR) and the Parental Educative Social Skills Interview Script (RE-HSE-P). The evaluation from guardians and teachers were different. Social skills were negatively associated with behavior problems and positively associated with academic competence; behavior problems and diagnosis were negative predictors to social skills. There were significant differences in the groups. The results highlight the importance of intervention programs to develop social skills.(AU)

O estudo teve como objetivo geral caracterizar e associar habilidades sociais, problemas de comportamento e competência acadêmica de alunos com deficiência intelectual em inclusão educacional e; como objetivos específicos verificar valores preditivos para habilidades sociais e diferenças entre grupos com diagnóstico de deficiência intelectual somente e com outros diagnósticos associados. Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, transversal, descritivo, correlacional, preditivo e comparativo. Participaram 44 alunos com deficiência (11 apresentavam outros diagnósticos associados), que foram avaliados por 42 responsáveis e 34 professoras. Os instrumentos utilizados foram Social Skills Rating System (SSRS-BR) e Roteiro de Entrevista de Habilidades Sociais Educativas Parentais (RE-HSE-P). A avaliação de responsáveis e professores foi diferente. Habilidades sociais foram negativamente associadas aos problemas de comportamento e positivamente associadas a competência acadêmica; problemas de comportamento e diagnósticos associados foram preditores negativos de habilidades sociais. Houve diferença significativa entre grupos. Resultados evidenciam a importância de programas para promoção de habilidades sociais.(AU)

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo general caracterizar y asociar las habilidades sociales, los problemas de conducta y la competencia académica de estudiantes con discapacidad intelectual en la inclusión escolar; y como objetivos específicos verificar los valores predictivos de las habilidades sociales y las diferencias entre grupos diagnosticados con discapacidad intelectual y otros diagnósticos asociados. Se trató de un estudio cuantitativo, transversal, descriptivo, correlacional, predictivo y comparativo. Participaron 44 estudiantes con discapacidad intelectual (11 de ellos presentaban otros diagnósticos asociados), quienes fueron evaluados por 42 tutores y 34 docentes. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron el Sistema de Evaluación de Habilidades Sociales (SSRS-BR) y el Guion de Entrevista de Habilidades Sociales para Educación de los Padres (RE-HSE-P). Las evaluaciones de los tutores y docentes fueron diferentes. Las habilidades sociales se asociaron negativamente con problemas de conducta y positivamente con la competencia académica; los problemas de conducta y el diagnóstico fueron predictores negativos de las habilidades sociales. Hubo diferencias significativas entre los grupos. Los resultados destacan la importancia de los programas de intervención para desarrollar habilidades sociales con la población estudiada.(AU)

Quality of Life of Elderly People with Severe Intellectual Disabilities in Chile / Calidad de vida en adultos mayores con discapacidades intelectuales severas en Chile / Qualidade de vida para idosos com deficiência intelectual grave no Chile

Introduction: Currently, the concept of the quality of life (QoL) is key to defining health policies aimed at the population with intellectual disability (id). Most QoL studies in this field have been limited to people with id with higher functioning levels. This has resulted in a little interest in evaluating QoL interventions among people with id and a high need for supports, affecting their general well-being and conditioning the care they received. This study seeks to explore the QoL levels of people with severe and profound id and to examine their differences based on some variables. Material and methods: From a quantita-tive-descriptive approach, the San Martín scale, based on the eight-dimensional QoL Model of Schalock and Verdugo, has been used in 201 Chilean people with severe or profound id ages between 60 and 86 years. Results: Data show how most participants have low QoL levels, with self-determination and social inclusion being the most affected dimensions. When comparing the QoL score with sociodemographic variables, differences in the level of support needs and the type of center they are used are observed. Conclusion: Low QoL levels should be carefully considered because of a notable risk that they lead to greater vulnerability situations for this group. Likewise, a higher frequency in the support offered should be advocated, and spaces in which these people operate should be brought as close as possible to the community.

Introducción: actualmente, el concepto de calidad de vida (CdV) es clave para definir políticas de salud dirigidas a personas con discapacidad intelectual (di). La mayoría de los estudios sobre CdV en este campo se han limitado a personas con di más leves. Esto ha derivado en un escaso interés por evaluar las intervenciones sobre CdV en personas con di y grandes necesidades de apoyo, que afectan su bienestar general y condicionan la atención recibida. Este estudio busca explorar los índices de CdV de perso-nas con di severa y profunda, y examinar sus diferencias según distintas variables. Material y métodos: desde un enfoque cuantitativo-descriptivo se ha aplicado la Escala San Martín, basada en el Modelo de CdV de ocho dimensiones de Schalock y Verdugo, a 201 chilenos con di severa o profunda entre los 60 y 86 años. Resultados: los datos muestran cómo la mayoría de los participantes tienen bajos índices de CdV, de los cuales la autodeterminación y la inclusión social son las dimensiones más afectadas. Al comparar la puntuación de CdV con algunas variables sociodemográficas, surgen diferencias según la necesidad de apoyo de los participantes y el tipo de centro del que son usuarios. Conclusión: es necesario prestar atención a los bajos índices de CdV, porque existe un riesgo notable de que conduzcan a mayores situaciones de vulnerabilidad para este grupo. Asimismo, conviene abogar por una mayor frecuencia en los apoyos ofrecidos y acercar lo más posible a la comunidad los espacios en los que se desenvuelven estas personas.

Introdução: atualmente, o conceito de qualidade de vida (QdV) é fundamental para a definição de polí-ticas de saúde voltadas às pessoas com deficiência intelectual (di). A maioria dos estudos de QdV neste campo foi limitada a pessoas com di mais leve. Isso gerou pouco interesse em avaliar intervenções de QdV em pessoas com di e altas necessidades de suporte, afetando seu bem-estar geral e condicionando os cuidados recebidos. Este estudo busca explorar os níveis de QdV de pessoas com di severa e profunda e examinar suas diferenças de acordo com diferentes variáveis. Material e métodos: a partir de uma abordagem quantitativo-descritiva, a Escala de San Martín, baseada no modelo de QdV de Schalock e Verdugo em oito dimensões, foi aplicada a 201 chilenos com di severa ou profunda entre 60 e 86 anos de idade. Resultados: os dados mostram como a maioria dos participantes apresenta baixos níveis de QdV, sendo a autodeterminação e a inclusão social as dimensões mais afetadas. Ao comparar o escore de QdV com algumas variáveis sociodemográficas, surgem diferenças de acordo com o nível de necessidade de apoio dos participantes e o tipo de centro de que são usuários. Conclusão: deve-se atentar para os baixos níveis de QV, pois há um risco notável de que levem a maiores situações de vulnerabilidade para esse grupo. Da mesma forma, é aconselhável advogar por uma maior frequência no apoio oferecido e aproximar os espaços de atuação dessas pessoas o mais próximo possível da comunidade.

Experiencias de personas adultas con discapacidad intelectual sobre el derecho a la vida independiente: Un estudio de caso / Experiences of adults with intellectual disabilities on the right to independent living: A case study

Resumen En el ámbito de la discapacidad intelectual, el desarrollo de una vida independiente se ha configurado como un derecho humano y civil que permite a estas personas articular planes de vida deseados. Esta investigación analiza, mediante un estudio de caso, los significados que un grupo asesor compuesto por ocho personas adultas con discapacidad intelectual tiene sobre el concepto de vida independiente en el contexto chileno. Para la recopilación de los datos se diseñó una entrevista grupal semiestructurada acompañada de moodboards que facilitaron la verbalización de las respuestas. Sobre los relatos obtenidos a partir de las entrevistas se realizó un análisis de contenido temático. Los resultados muestran cómo el desempeño de una actividad laboral remunerada o el establecimiento de relaciones afectivas sólidas se conforman como elementos imprescindibles para la independencia personal. La dificultad para ser económicamente independientes o la falta de accesibilidad en el entorno laboral se identifican también como principales barreras para la concreción de este derecho. Igualmente, se destaca el rol que desempeñan la pareja y las amistades como figuras de apoyo constante a la independencia y al empoderamiento personal. Estos resultados sugieren algunas orientaciones para la planificación de intervenciones sobre este constructo, las cuales deben procurar la adquisición de habilidades que fortalezcan la capacidad de autocuidado de este colectivo, promover el incremento de oportunidades para la realización de elecciones significativas en el ámbito laboral, personal y comunitario, y adaptarse a los espacios en los que se desenvuelven las personas con discapacidad intelectual en la edad adulta.

Abstract In the field of intellectual disability, the development of an independent life has been configured as a human and civil right that allows these people to articulate desired life plans. Despite the advances, at the international level, research on aspects related to independent living in people with intellectual disabilities continues to be very scarce. Generally, the approaches to the study of this construct are based on broader investigations dedicated to evaluating the levels of quality of life or self-determination of this population in residential services or sheltered housing. Precisely, this study analyzes, through a case study, the meanings that an advisory group made up of eight adults with intellectual disabilities has on the concept of independent living in the Chilean context in order, on the one hand, to identify relevant elements for the definition of the construct from the perceptions and experiences of this population; and on the other, to propose guidelines at various levels that allow progress in the realization of this right. To collect the data, a semi-structured group interview was designed whose questions were grouped around four themes: previous conceptions of the participants about the construct of independent life, satisfaction with life and possibilities of the context for the development of personal independence, role of family, friendship and partner in independent life, and opportunities of the work context for the achievement of personal independence. During the interview, another strategy was incorporated in which visual language gained more relevance. Specifically, a set of ten moodboards were used that allowed participants to delve into the different topics addressed. The results of the code validation process were calculated using Krippendorff's alpha statistics (.954) and Cohen's kappa (.953), which showed a high level of inter-judge agreement. As a result of this process, categories (N = 6) and subcategories (N = 17) were established. The results show how various needs, barriers and facilitators for the development of independent life are identified from the interviews of the interviewees. Among the main needs is the performance of a paid work activity or the establishment of solid affective relationships. With regard to the barriers that hinder personal independence, the most notorious are related to the difficulty of being financially independent or to the lack of accessibility in the work environment. Regarding the elements that facilitate the development of an independent life, the role of the couple stands out as a constant figure of support for independence and personal empowerment. These results suggest some guidelines for planning interventions on this construct. Among others, they should seek the acquisition of skills that strengthen the self-care capacity of this group; should promote increased opportunities for making meaningful choices in the workplace, personal and community; and they must adapt to the spaces in which people with intellectual disabilities operate in adulthood. On the other hand, it is assumed that one of the main limitations of this research is that the results are not generalizable. However, this study has some strengths. Among others, it contributes to enriching the bulk of research on independent living, this being an aspect barely addressed in the literature. It also complements the results of other research regarding the elements that can condition the development of skills for personal independence. This allows for the design of interventions that provide opportunities for independent living based on the felt needs of these people. In addition, it raises future lines of research related, for example, to the importance of the informed choice of the residential environment or to the study of the possibilities of the digital world as an incident phenomenon in the acquisition of skills for personal independence.

Concepción teórico-metodológica para el desarrollo de la coordinación en educandos con discapacidad intelectual leve

La discapacidad intelectual leve provoca un lento aprendizaje de las habilidades motrices, en particular de la coordinación, y se considera que esta problemática precisa de atención. En las clases de Educación Física se observó que los educandos con discapacidad intelectual leve presentaron alteraciones en las capacidades coordinativas motoras, posturales, sensoriales y en las conductas de adaptación a los diferentes contextos como la casa, la institución educativa y la comunidad; por lo que se planteó como objetivo desarrollar la coordinación en los educandos de siete a ocho años, mediante juegos motrices en las clases de Educación Física. El estudio que se presenta, se sustentó en la complementariedad metodológica al combinarse los enfoques cualitativo y cuantitativo; se emplearon métodos teóricos como el analítico-sintético, el sistémico-estructural-funcional, el histórico-lógico y el inductivo-deductivo y métodos empíricos como la observación, la entrevista, la encuesta y el experimento. Como resultado, se realizó la sistematización teórica, el diagnóstico y la propuesta de juegos motrices acorde con la edad y la discapacidad intelectual leve que se manifiesta en el desarrollo de la conducta motriz y en las relaciones de actuación de los educandos. De manera general, se constató una mejor coordinación y desarrollo de las habilidades para realizar los diferentes ejercicios y juegos motrices en las clases de Educación Física.

A deficiência intelectual leve causa uma aprendizagem lenta das habilidades motoras, particularmente da coordenação, e considera-se que esse problema precisa de atenção. Nas aulas de Educação Física, observou-se que os alunos com deficiência intelectual leve apresentavam alterações nas habilidades de coordenação motora, postural e sensorial e no comportamento de adaptação a diferentes contextos, como a casa, a instituição de ensino e a comunidade; portanto, o objetivo foi desenvolver a coordenação em alunos de sete a oito anos de idade, por meio de jogos motores nas aulas de Educação Física. O estudo aqui apresentado baseou-se na complementaridade metodológica, combinando abordagens qualitativas e quantitativas; foram utilizados métodos teóricos como o analítico-sintético, o sistêmico-estrutural-funcional, o histórico-lógico e o indutivo-dedutivo, bem como métodos empíricos como observação, entrevista, pesquisa e experimento. Como resultado, foram realizados a sistematização teórica, o diagnóstico e a proposta de jogos motores de acordo com a idade e a deficiência intelectual leve que se manifesta no desenvolvimento do comportamento motor e nas relações de desempenho dos alunos. Em geral, observou-se uma melhor coordenação e desenvolvimento de habilidades para realizar os diferentes exercícios e jogos motores nas aulas de Educação Física.

Mild intellectual disability causes slow learning of motor skills, particularly coordination, and this problem is considered to require attention. In Physical Education classes, it was observed that students with mild intellectual disabilities presented alterations in motor, postural, sensory coordinative capacities and in adaptation behaviors to different contexts such as home, the educational institution and the community; for this reason, the objective was to develop coordination in students from seven to eight years of age, through motor games in Physical Education classes. The study presented was based on methodological complementarity by combining the qualitative and quantitative approaches; theoretical methods such as the analytical-synthetic, the systemic-structural-functional, the historical-logical and the inductive-deductive and empirical methods such as observation, interview, survey and experiment were used. As a result, the theoretical systematization, the diagnosis and the proposal of motor games according to age and mild intellectual disability that manifests itself in the development of motor behavior and in the relations of action of the students were carried out. In general, there was a better coordination and development of skills to perform the different exercises and motor games in Physical Education classes.

Uso de psicofármacos en personas con discapacidad intelectual en Extremadura, España / Use of Psychotropic Drugs in People with Intellectual Disability in Extremadura, Spain

Resumen El uso de psicofármacos es frecuente en adultos con discapacidad intelectual, a menudo por conductas desafiantes en ausencia de diagnóstico de trastorno mental. Investigaciones previas cuestionan la eficacia de estos tratamientos a falta de una enfermedad psiquiátrica, y destacan sus efectos secundarios. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar el uso de psicofármacos en función del diagnóstico de enfermedad mental y conducta desafiante, así como la distribución de la población según el uso de psicofármacos en 569 adultos con discapacidad intelectual que presentan enfermedad mental o conductas desafiantes. Los datos acerca de la elevada prescripción de psicofármacos y, especialmente, de antipsicóticos alertan sobre la necesidad de una profunda revisión de la práctica clínica que permita reducir el uso de esta medicación en el tratamiento de la conducta y los trastornos mentales en esta población, para garantizar una atención de calidad y el respeto de los derechos de estas personas.

Abstract The use of psychotropic drugs in adults with an intellectual disability is frequent, often for defiant conduct due to the lack of a diagnosis of a mental disorder. Previous research has questioned the efficacy of such treatments in the absence of a psychiatric illness, and the stress has been on the side effects. The objective of this research is to analyze the use of psychotropic drugs based on the diagnosis of mental illness and behavioral disorders, as well as the distribution of the sample according to the use of psychotropic drugs in 569 adults with an intellectual disability who also suffer a mental illness and/or defiant conduct. Our data about the high prescription of psychotropic drugs and especially antipsychotics, warns of the need for a profound review of the clinical practice that would allow a reduction in the use of psychotropic drugs in the treatment of mental disorders and behaviour in the said collective, so as to guarantee quality mental health care for these persons and respect for their rights.

Consanguinidad no declarada en pacientes peruanos con trastorno del neurodesarrollo detectada a través de micromatrices

Introducción. La consanguinidad es la unión entre personas que comparten un ancestro en común, y cuya descendencia presenta un mayor riesgo de aparición de enfermedades autosómicas recesivas, manifestándose en algunos pacientes como trastornos del neurodesarrollo. Objetivos. Describir la consanguinidad parental no declarada en pacientes menores de 18 años con trastornos del neurodesarrollo, descubierta mediante el análisis cromosómico por micromatrices. Métodos. Se realizó el análisis cromosómico por micromatrices a 967 pacientes con trastorno del neurodesarrollo entre 2016 y 2021. Fueron seleccionados los pacientes con regiones de homocigosidad (ROH) con un valor superior a 0,5%. Resultados. Se evaluó a 288 pacientes, el 58,3% fueron varones y el 29,8% presentó una ROH mayor o igual a 0,5%. Se encontró que el 25,9% y el 0,83% de los pacientes tenían padres con un quinto y primer grado de consanguinidad no declarada, respectivamente. Los departamentos con mayor frecuencia relativa de consanguinidad no declarada por cada 10 000 habitantes fueron Huancavelica, Cajamarca y Apurímac. Conclusión. En Perú, existen regiones donde se evidencia uniones parentales consanguíneas, el cual es un factor de riesgo alto para la aparición de enfermedades recesivas autosómicas en su descendencia, como los trastornos del neurodesarrollo.

Introduction. Consanguinity is the union between people who share a common ancestor, and whose offspring have a higher risk of autosomal recessive diseases, manifesting in some patients as neurodevelopmental disorders. Objectives. To describe non-declared parental consanguinity of patients under 18 years of age with neurodevelopmental disorders, discovered by chromosomal microarray analysis. Methods. Chromosomal microarray analysis was performed on 967 patients with neurodevelopmental disorders between the years 2016-2021 and were selected to patients with regions of homozygosity (ROH) with a value greater than 0.5%. Results. 288 patients were evaluated, 58.3% of the patients were male and 29,8% presented an ROH greater than or equal to 0.5%. We found 25.9% and 0.83% of the patients had their parents of a fifth and first degree of consanguinity not previously declared, respectively. The most frequent neurodevelopmental disorder was delayed psychomotor development with 38.2%. The departments with the highest frequency relative of non declared consanguinity were Huancavelica, Cajamarca y Apurimac. Conclusions. In Peru, non-declared parental consanguinity is frequent, which is a high-risk factor for the appearance of autosomal recessive diseases in their offspring, how neurodevelopment disorders.

Cognitive Function in Children With ?-Thalassemia Major

Objectives: To assess intelligence Quotient (IQ) in transfusion dependent ?-thalassemia major patients using Malin Intelligence Scale for Indian Children (MISIC) and to correlate verbal IQ (VIQ), performance IQ (PIQ) and full scale IQ (FSIQ) with serum ferritin levels and annual blood transfusion requirements. Methods: Cross-sectional study design, enrolling 100 patients of transfusion-dependent ?-thalassemia aged 6 years to 15 years 11 months. IQ was assessed using MISIC. Results: Mean (SD) full scale IQ was 95.96 (7.23). IQ was ‘average’ in most of the patients. There was a significant negative correlation of serum ferritin levels with object assembly (r=-0.215, P=0.034) component of PIQ; annual blood requirement with general comprehension component of VIQ (r=-0.275, P=0.006) and age at diagnosis with PIQ (r=-0.273, P=0.006). There was a significant linear correlation of PIQ (r=0.280, P=0.005) and FSIQ (r=0.274, P=0.006) with pre-transfusion hemoglobin. Conclusion: IQ correlates with age at diagnosis and average annual pre-transfusion hemoglobin. This highlights the importance of early diagnosis and maintenance of satisfactory hemoglobin levels

Introducción al filtrado, análisis y curación de variantes genéticas en pacientes con Discapacidad Intelectual / Introduction to filtering, analysis and curation of genetic variants in patients with Intellectual Disability

Resumen Actualmente la secuenciación del exoma completo (WES; Whole-exome sequencing) mediante la técnica NGS (Next-generation sequencing) es uno de los estudios genéticos más solicitados dentro del abordaje de pacientes con Discapacidad Intelectual con o sin otras anomalías. Al igual que con otros proce dimientos y estudios clínicos, es conveniente que los médicos prescriptores tengan una comprensión clara de los alcances y limitaciones del uso de WES, del proceso de análisis de las variantes genéticas identificadas, así como de aspectos a evaluar acerca de la calidad y estructura de los informes de los estudios de NGS, con el objetivo de que puedan interpretar mejor los resultados de un estudio y plantear de la mejor manera la correlación de los mismos con la clínica observada.

Abstract Currently, Whole exome sequencing (WES) using NGS (Next-generation sequencing) technology is one of the most requested genetic studies within the approach of patients with intellectual disability with or without other anomalies. As with other procedures and clinical studies, it is convenient for prescribing physicians to have a clear understanding of the scope and limitations of the use of WES, the analysis process of the genetic variants identified, as well as aspects to be evaluated regarding quality and structure of the reports of the NGS studies, with the aim that they can better interpret the results of a study, evaluate its quality, and propose in the best way the correlation of the same with the observed phenotype.

Alta capacidad: competencias sociales y cyberbullying / High capacity: social competences and cyberbullying

Resumen La Alta Capacidad intelectual (ACI) es una manifestación diferencial de la inteligencia humana, de base neurobiológica, pero que debe expresar su alto potencial a lo largo del desarrollo de la per sona que la posee, mediante la covariación de factores moduladores endógenos (como la competencia social) y exógenos. El objetivo del trabajo es doble: 1) conocer, comparativamente la competencia social de menores con y sin ACI, 2) diferenciar aquellas competencias sociales que podrían ser factores protectores o de riesgo frente al mal uso de las tecnologías digitales. Se administra la Social Skills Improvement System-Rating Scales a una muestra de n = 70 aprendices (n = 35 con ACI, n = 35 con inteligencia promedio) de 11 a 16 años, analizando si existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en habilidades sociales y en dificultades de conducta. Los resultados muestran diferencias estadísticamente significativas, a favor de los participantes con ACI en habilidades sociales (especialmente en: Responsabilidad, Cooperación y Autocontrol) y mejor ajuste personal, con baja inci dencia de dificultades internalizantes y externalizantes. Se concluye y discute el rol protector de las habilidades sociales para afrontar contextos interactivos complejos como el derivado de la era digital y agresiones como el cyberbullying.

Abstract High Intellectual Ability (HIA) is a differential manifestation of human intelligence with a neurobiologi cal basis but which must express its high potential along the developmental trajectory through the covariation of endogenous (such as social competence) and exogenous modulating factors. The aim of the study is twofold: 1) to know, comparatively, the social competence of children with and without HIA, 2) to differentiate those social competences that could be protective or risk factors against the misuse of digital technologies. The Social Skills Improvement System-Rating Scales were administered to a sample of n = 70 learners (n = 35 with ICA, n = 35 with average intelligence) aged 11 to 16, analysing whether there are statistically significant differences in social skills and behavioural difficulties. Results show statistically significant differences in favour of participants with ICA in social skills (especially in: Responsibility, Co-operation and Self-Control) and better personal adjustment, with low incidence of internalising and externalising difficulties. We conclude and discuss the protective role of social skills in coping with complex interactive contexts such as the digital age and aggressions such as cyberbullying.

Reproductive rights of women with intellectual disability in India.

The reproductive rights of women with intellectual disability (WID) are a matter of concern for all stakeholders, including the woman herself, caregivers, guardians and her treating physicians. The judicial system often calls upon psychiatrists to opine regarding the “capacity to consent” of a WID to procedures such as medical termination of pregnancy and permanent sterilisation. Apart from physical and obstetric examinations, assessment of mental status and intelligence quotient (IQ) are also carried out to facilitate an understanding of the above issue. The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, (RPwD) and the Mental Healthcare Act, 2017, elucidate what constitutes free and informed consent as well as how to assess capacity. The assessment process of “capacity to consent” to reproductive system procedures among WID is important and can guide clinicians. Before assessing capacity, the treating physicians should educate a WID with appropriate information on the proposed procedure, its risks and benefits through various means of communication and then evaluate the “capacity to consent” to the procedure. This article summarises the provisions of the existing legislations on the reproductive rights of WID and puts forward guidance for clinicians on how to approach the issue.

Psychometric properties of the needs scale for families of adults with intellectual disabilities, Colombian version

Aim: Assess the psychometric properties of reliability and validity of the Family Needs Assessment (FNA) questionnaire designed for adults in Colombia. Conducting research studies to validate the FNA questionnaire in other contexts and age groups is important. Methods: Five hundred fifty-four caregivers of adults with intellectual disabilities participated in the study (298 men and 256 women). The ages of the individuals with disabilities ranged from 18 to 76 years. The authors carried out the linguistic adaptation of the items and cognitive interviews to identify if the items evaluated what was intended. A pilot test with 20 participants was also conducted. An initial confirmatory factor analysis was carried out. Given that, this analysis did not show a good adjustment of the theoretical model initially proposed, an exploratory factor analysis was carried out to elucidate the most appropriate structure for the Colombian population.. Results: The factor analysis found five factors, each with a high ordinal alpha (Caregiving and family interaction, social interaction and future planning, Economy, and recreation, independent living skills or autonomy, and Services related to disability). Of the 76 items, 59 were preserved, which had a factorial load greater than 0.40; and 17 were left out because they did not meet this requirement.. Conclusion: Future research considers corroborating the five factors found and establishing their clinical applications. Concerning the concurrent validity, the families perceive that high need for social interaction and future planning and little support for the person with an intellectual disability.

Objetivo: Evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de confiabilidad y validez del cuestionario FNA versión adultos en Colombia. Se justifica realizar investigaciones que validen el cuestionario FNA (Family Needs Assessment) en otros contextos y grupos etarios. Métodos: Participaron 554 cuidadores de adultos con discapacidad intelectual (madres, padres o cuidadores). La edad de la persona con discapacidad osciló entre 18-76 años, 298 hombres y 256 mujeres. Se realizó la adaptación lingüística de los ítems, entrevistas cognitivas para identificar si los ítems evaluaban lo que se pretendía, y una prueba piloto a 20 participantes. Se llevó a cabo el análisis factorial confirmatorio, dado que éste no evidenció un buen ajuste del modelo teórico inicialmente propuesto, se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio para dilucidar la estructura propia para Colombia. Resultados: El análisis factorial encontró cinco factores cada uno con un alfa ordinal alto (Cuidado e interacción familiar, Interacción social y planeación de futuro, Economía y recreación, habilidades de vida independiente y autonomía y Servicios relacionados con la discapacidad). De los 76 ítems se conservaron 59, aquellos que tuvieron una carga factorial superior a 0.40; y se eliminaron 17 debido a que no cumplieron este requis. Conclusión: En el campo investigativo, los cinco factores encontrados se deben corroborar en estudios posteriores, así como, establecer sus aplicaciones clínicas. En cuanto a la validez concurrente, las familias perciben que alta necesidad en Interacción social y planeación del futuro y poco apoyo a la persona con discapacidad intelectual en este aspecto.

Evaluación del desempeño cognitivo en escolares y adolescentes con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 / Evaluation of cognitive performance in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus

Resumen El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar el funcionamiento cognitivo de niños y adolescentes con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) de la consulta de Endocrinología del IAHULA, y compararlo al de niños no diabéticos, así como investigar la posible influencia de factores relacionados con la enfermedad sobre la cognición. Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico, transversal, que incluyó un grupo de 30 pacientes con DM1 de 8 a 16 años de edad (16 varones) y un grupo control de 30 individuos pareados por edad, género, escolaridad y condición socioeconómica. Se realizó interrogatorio y revisión de historias clínicas para obtener datos sobre las características clínicas y el tratamiento de la DM1. Se les aplicó el test WISC IV para evaluar cognición y cociente intelectual (CI). La edad promedio de los pacientes fue de 13,27 ± 2,31 años, la mitad de ellos masculinos. Se encontraron puntajes menores en los distintos dominios del WISC IV en el grupo con DM1 al compararlos con los del grupo control (p<0,01). El CI fue menor en los niños con DM1 que en los controles (75,47 ± 13,87 frente a 88,57±11,06; p=0,0001); así mismo, se observó con mayor frecuencia un puntaje del CI inferior al percentil 10 en los pacientes con DM1 en comparación con los controles (63,3% frente a 33,3%; p=0,02; Odds ratio: 3,45; IC95%: 1,19-9,99). Se concluyó que la DM1 impacta negativamente el desempeño cognitivo de niños y adolescentes. Se recomienda la evaluación cognitiva de estos pacientes, ya que podría repercutir en su vida diaria.

Abstract The study aimed to evaluate the cognitive functioning of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) recruited from the IAHULA Endocrinology Outpatient Unit and to compare it to that of non-diabetics as to investigate the influence on cognition of factors related to the disease. An analytical, cross-sectional observational study was carried out on a group of 30 patients with T1DM between 8 and 16 years of age and on a control group of 30 individuals matched by age, gender, education, and socioeconomic status. Interrogation and review of medical records to obtain data on the clinical characteristics and treatment of T1DM were conducted. The WISC IV test was then applied to evaluate cognition and intellectual coefficient (IQ). The average age of the diabetic patients was 13.27±2.31 years, and half of them were male. Lower scores were found in the different domains of the WISC IV in the group with T1DM (p<0.01). The IQ was found to be lower in children with T1DM than in controls (75.47±13.87 vs. 88.57±11.06; p=0.0001). Likewise, a higher frequency of IQ scores below the 10th percentile was observed in the diabetic children (63.3% vs. 33.3%; p=0.02; Odds ratio: 3.45; 95%CI: 1.19-9.99). It was concluded that T1DM negatively impacts the cognitive performance of children and adolescents. Cognitive evaluation of these patients is recommended, as it could affect their daily life.

Meta-análisis de la escala de capital intelectual: implicaciones para hacer frente a la pandemia del COVID-19

Introducción: la medición del capital intelectual como activo intangible se ha establecido a partir de una escala de seis dimensiones relacionada con formación, academia, laboral, profesional, sindical y organizativa. La pandemia ha generado estudios que muestran diferencias significativas entre estas dimensiones, abriendo la discusión sobre la validez metaanalítica. Objetivo: realizar una revisión documental, sistemática y metaanalítica, con una muestra de artículos publicados entre 2014 y 2021 en revistas indexadas en repositorios internacionales. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio documental, sistemático y metaanalítico sobre una muestra de artículos publicados en repositorios internacionales en los últimos dos años. Se utilizó la Escala de Capital Intelectual, considerando sus dimensiones reportadas en la literatura. Resultados: se estableció la estructura y los umbrales de los efectos aleatorios, calculados mediante la ecuación para establecer el parámetro delta, considerando sus intervalos de confianza para la corrección de errores de muestreo y estimación, así como las diferencias entre grupos. Conclusión: se recomienda extender la revisión de la literatura hasta agosto de 2021, para poder contrastar ambas revisiones, y establecer así la validez metaanalítica de la escala, y discutir sus implicaciones en la era COVID-19.

Introduction: the measurement of intellectual capital as an intangible asset has been established from a scale of six dimensions related to training, academia; labor, professional, union, and organizational. The pandemic has generated studies that show significant differences between these dimensions, opening the discussion on meta-analytic validity. Objective: to carry out a documentary, systematic and meta-analytical review with a sample of articles published from 2014 to 2021 in journals indexed in international repositories. Materials and methods: a documentary, systematic and meta-analytical study was carried out on a sample of articles published in international repositories in the last two years. The Intellectual Capital Scale was used, considering its dimensions reported in the literature. Results: the structure and thresholds of the random effects were established, calculated by means of the equation to establish the delta parameter, considering their confidence intervals for correction of sampling and estimation errors, as well as differences between groups. Conclusion: it is recommended to extend the review of the literature until August 2021 in order to be able to contrast both reviews to establish the meta-analytic validity of the scale and discuss its implications in the COVID-19 era.

Cataract surgery outcomes in pediatric patients with systemic comorbidities

Purpose: The aim of the study was to evaluate the outcomes of cataract surgery in patients of the pediatric age group with systemic comorbidities. Methods: Medical records of 54 eyes (30 patients) of the pediatric age group with systemic comorbidities who had undergone cataract surgery in a tertiary?care center were reviewed. The following parameters were recorded: systemic comorbidity; toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, HIV (TORCH) profile, best spectacle?corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), strabismus, nystagmus, and cataract morphology. Results: Thirty patients with a mean age of 55 months (9 months–14 years) were included. On average, every child was seen by three physicians, and the mean duration between the first visit to a physician and presentation to our center was 2.23 ± 0.67 years. The various causes for delay in referral include multiple referrals due to a lack of general anesthesia services in 78% of cases, a long waiting list at the referral hospital in 35% of cases, and a lack of awareness at the primary?care physician level in 50% of cases. The mean BSCVA at presentation was 1.4 logMAR (0.3 to 3 logMAR). The most common cataract morphology was that of zonular cataract (31.48%; 17/54). Strabismus and abnormal eye movements were observed in 27.7% (15/54) and 33.3% (18/54) of eyes, respectively. Various systemic associations were periventricular leukomalacia (12/30), Down’s syndrome (6/30), seizure disorder (6/30), cardiac valvular anomalies (6/30), Marfan’s syndrome (4/30), hypothyroidism (4/30), rubella (3/20), cytomegalovirus (3/20), cerebral palsy (2/30), nephrotic syndrome (2/30), Type 1 diabetes mellitus (1/30), microcephaly (1/30), cryptogenic West syndrome (1/30), congenital rubella syndrome (1/30), and Tourette syndrome (1/30). The mean postoperative corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) at 2?year follow?up improved to 1.0 logMAR (0 to 3 logMAR). No postoperative complications were reported at the final follow?up. Around 70% of the parents reported improvement in their child’s psychomotor skills. Conclusion: Intellectually impaired pediatric patients with cataract should be operated upon whenever there is a presence of infrastructure, and unnecessary delay in surgery should be avoided by referring the patient to higher centers. Even though objective improvement in visual acuity was suboptimal, there was definitely an improvement in the psychomotor skills of the patients.