2. Basic Knowledge about Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity, and the Status of Undergraduate Medical Education in Japan and Abroad / 医学教育

LGBTQ people are less visible in Japan and are exposed to minority stress and health disparities due to societal prejudice and discrimination. It is important for healthcare providers to learn about diverse sexual orientations and gender identities to achieve DE&I, in addition to providing equitable healthcare. In Japan, education on LGBTQ topics in medical schools is poor compared to the U.S. and Canada, and there is an urgent need to train faculty to teach this topic, create educational resources, and develop guidelines for medical education.

Comparative analysis of scientific research achievements between the Department of Nephrology of Peking University First Hospital and international counterparts: Based on the data of Web of Science from 2012 to 2021 / 中华医学科研管理杂志

Objective:To conduct a comparative analysis of the academic publications in the Department of Nephrology of Peking University first hospital and its international peers, to provide scientific information support for further improvement of the discipline construction.Methods:Based on Web of Science 2012-2021 paper data, international benchmarking institutions were selected for comparative analysis in terms of paper quantity, quality and impact, funding resources, etc.Results:Compared with the benchmarking institutions, the number of papers in the Department of Nephrology of Peking University first hospital increased the fastest, but the average citation frequency, the percentage of international collaborative papers, the percentage of Q1 partition papers, and other indicators ranked relatively low. The research quality needs to be further improved, while most of the research funding sources were scientific research funds.Conclusions:The scientific research level of the Department of Nephrology of Peking University First Hospital is constantly improving. In the follow-up discipline construction, we should further strengthen international cooperation, focus on high-level research content, promote industry-university-research cooperation, and carry out nephrology research with Chinese characteristics.

Analysis on China's Health Production Efficiency Based on International Comparison / 中国卫生经济

Objective:To obtain the health production efficiency performance and its changing trend of China's health system in recent years by adopting international comparison,and to provide policy recommendations to improve health production efficiency.Methods:It described the relative efficiency of health system in China by reporting the international ranking of health inputs and outputs indicators.It employed total health expenditure per capita as input indicator and health outcomes as output indicators to construct frontier health production function,China's health production function and marginal health production function based on data envelopment analysis and production function method.Results:In the past decade,compared to efficient countries with similar health development level,the efficiency performance of China's health system was between 65％ and 73％.With the increasing trend of health investment,China's marginal health output had been declined and tended to be gentle.Conclusion:The current health production efficiency in China was relatively high.However,how to improve the efficiency and marginal health output was the focus of future health system reform under the background of rapid growth of total health expenditure.

Development of China's public hospitals performance appraisal system: an attempt based on international experiences / 中华医院管理杂志

This paper probed into three countries' national health evaluation systems, i. e. the United Kingdom, the United States and Australia, with comparisons of such dimensions as the evolution process, performance evaluation framework, indicators and data sources. The purpose is to discover the commonness and development patterns of the evaluation frameworks of these medical and health systems, and to identity the lessons and experiences to learn for China to establish and improve our public medical evaluation system. On this basis, this paper discussed the specific construction of the framework and indicator system of the service performance appraisal system for China's public medical institutions.

Novel drug research and development ability in China: An international comparison and analysis / 中国卫生政策研究

Under the background of innovation-driven development and advanced biopharmaceutical innovative construction,this paper selects the indicators from three aspects:capital investment,talent resources and innovation output,and a comparative evaluation of the innovation drug R&D ability of China and the developed countries namely United States,Japan and Europe,as the basis to reveal the policy causes of the innovation ability discrepancies in China.The empirical results show that the total amount of funds invested in R&D of innovative drugs is increasing and the number of R&D personnel has become the scale.However,the investment intensity is still far from that of the developed countries,and the capital investment structure is also deficient of rationality.This is inseparable from the absence of preferential taxation policies,lack of high-level personnel training,environmental defects in production and research,and narrow coverage of health insurance policies.

Novel drug research and development ability in China: An international comparison and analysis / 中国卫生政策研究

Under the background of innovation-driven development and advanced biopharmaceutical innovative construction,this paper selects the indicators from three aspects:capital investment,talent resources and innovation output,and a comparative evaluation of the innovation drug R&D ability of China and the developed countries namely United States,Japan and Europe,as the basis to reveal the policy causes of the innovation ability discrepancies in China.The empirical results show that the total amount of funds invested in R&D of innovative drugs is increasing and the number of R&D personnel has become the scale.However,the investment intensity is still far from that of the developed countries,and the capital investment structure is also deficient of rationality.This is inseparable from the absence of preferential taxation policies,lack of high-level personnel training,environmental defects in production and research,and narrow coverage of health insurance policies.

Study on the performance evaluation framework and construction pathway of international health system / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective To analyze the performance evaluation framework and construction pathway model of international health system,and study the main theories,methods and laws of the framework construction systematically.Methods Descriptive systematic review was used to retrieve the literature, and the ideal type method was used to construct the critical pathway model,for a study of the frameworks.Results The performance evaluation framework is constructed by defining the five steps:the construction purposes,health system boundary,health system goal,health systems architecture,and health systems framework dimensions.Conclusions Purpose determines the function type of the framework,while the boundary and target determine the structure of the framework jointly.Generalized model of the health system structure and the narrowed model of the healthcare system are widely used in the health system performance evaluation.The construction of the bridge between obj ectives and structures of the health system is still faced with challenges.

Comparative study on medical fees: caesarean section, cataract, and appendectomy surgeries among OECD countries

The question has been raised whether the medical fee schedule is very low in Korea. However, studies that empirically address this matter on a national scale are rare. This study attempted to determine the level of Korea's medical fees for caesarean section (C-section), cataract, and appendectomy surgeries by comparing and analyzing them with other Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries' medical cost data obtained from other studies. There are two ways to compare the level of medical fees: one is a direct comparison, which obtains each country's medical fee schedule and compares them with each other. Another is indirect comparison, a method which compares data such as physician income. For direct comparison, fees were calculated using data provided by the OECD and Health Insurance Review and Assessment. For indirect comparison by physician income, data obtained from Korea Employment Information Services were used to represent Korean physician income. When compared with other OECD countries, the results suggest that, overall, the Korean fee schedule could be low, based on the fees for C-section, cataract, and appendectomy surgeries. The study results also confirm that Korean physicians' average earnings ranked relatively low among OECD countries. These results are meaningful in that they empirically support the contention that Korean medical fees could be low. In addition, under what is known as national health insurance, in which the medical fee schedule is determined by a single payer, an empirical analysis on medical fee levels, as in this study, has substantial political implications because it may be utilized for medical fee schedule negotiation in the near future. An attempt to directly research fees and the range of services of OECD countries is still needed in order to provide more established data.

Evaluating to Beijing diagnosis related groups / 中华医院管理杂志

ObjectiveTo evaluate the performance of diagnosis-related groups,Beijing version (BJ-DRGs) which were locally developed in Beijing.MethodA total of 1.3 million inpatient records from 149 hospitals in Beijing in 2008 were drawn from Beijing Public Information Center.Coefficient of variation (CV) was used to measure the performance of DRGs system.ResultsBJ-DRGs produced the best CV results for expenditure.ConclusionsUnder Beijing's medical information condition,BJ-DRGs produced good performance.

A Comparison of Smoking Control Strategies in Korea and the United States / 간호학회지

The purpose of this study was to compare smoking control strategies between Korea and the United States. Korea and other developing countries may learn from the experience of the United States in dealing with the growing epidemic of cigarettes. In particular, smoking control objectives, structures, laws and regulations, funds, programs and activities, research, and surveillance systems were compared. The comparison was conducted at the federal, states/provincial, and county levels of the two countries. The data were collected through various governmental websites, contact with people directly, and a literature review. Based on the comparison, seven recommendations for smoking control strategies were made primarily for Korea.

Terminal Care Education in Medical School Curriculums. A Comparison Between Japan and Other Countries / 医学教育

To investigate the present state of teaching on terminal care and death in medical school pregraduate curriculums, I conducted a survey of 80 Japanese medical schools using a questionnaire in May and June, 1993. Ninety-one percent of the schools responted. Of the 73 responding schools, 24 stated that they have no formal educational program for medical students concerning the death and terminal care. Forty-nine schools (67%) said that they have terminal care and death education courses in their curriculum at present. This rate is the same as that about 20 years ago in the United States. In Japan, most schools have only lectures on the subject matter, of variable total duration, ranging from 1 to 32 hours (mean 6.4 hours). Only 5 schools have practical training with a chance for medical students to meet terminal patients. Practical training is conducted in hospice or hospice wards in 3 schools, in a pain clinic in 1 school, and in a standard inpatient ward in 1 school. Seven schools have training courses without participation by terminal patients, using role-playing (4 schools), and expression of student's opinions (3) instead. In England, the United States, and Australia, practical training with frequent one-on-one meetings between medical students and terminal patients (as patient-tutors) was reported.