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ABSTRACT Background Supplementation with probiotics, prebiotics and symbiotics has shown positive effects on clinical markers and risk factors for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Objective To evaluate the effect of supplementation with probiotic, prebiotic or symbiotic on intestinal microbiota in NAFLD patients. Methods Two investigators conducted independently search for articles in the Medline databases, via PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, Lilacs, Central Cochrane Library, Clinical Trials.gov and on the Ovid platform for the gray literature search. Results A total of 3,423 papers were identified by searching the electronic databases; 1,560 of them were duplicate and they were excluded; 1,825 articles were excluded after reading the title and abstract. A total of 39 articles were select to reading, however only four articles met the eligibility criteria to include in this systematic review. Three of the included studies that used prebiotic or symbiotic supplementation showed that after the intervention there were changes in the intestinal microbiota pattern. Only in one study such changes were not observed. A high risk of bias was observed in most assessments. Conclusion Although there is a possible change in the gut microbiota of individuals with NAFLD after supplementation with symbiotics or prebiotics, a clinical indication as part of NAFLD treatment is not yet possible.
RESUMO Contexto A suplementação com probióticos, prebióticos e simbióticos mostrou efeitos positivos sobre marcadores clínicos e fatores de risco para doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica (DHGNA). Objetivo Avaliar o efeito da suplementação com probióticos, prebióticos ou simbióticos na microbiota intestinal em pacientes com DHGNA. Métodos Dois pesquisadores realizaram buscas independentes de artigos nas bases de dados Medline, via PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, Lilacs, Biblioteca Central Cochrane, Clinical Trials.gov e na plataforma Ovid para busca de literatura cinza. Os títulos e resumos foram lidos para excluir artigos irrelevantes. Em seguida, os artigos selecionados foram lidos na íntegra e avaliados de acordo com os critérios de elegibilidade. O risco de viés foi avaliado de acordo com a Cochrane. Resultados Um total de 3.423 artigos foram identificado por meio de busca nas bases de dados eletrônicas; 1.560 deles eram duplicados e foram excluídos; 1.825 artigos foram excluídos após a leitura do título e do resumo. Um total de 39 artigos foram selecionado para leitura, porém apenas quatro artigos atenderam aos critérios de elegibilidade para inclusão nesta revisão sistemática. Três dos estudos incluídos que utilizaram suplementação de prebióticos ou simbióticos mostraram que após a intervenção ocorreram mudanças no padrão da microbiota intestinal. Apenas em um estudo tais mudanças não foram observadas. Um elevado risco de viés foi observado na maioria das avaliações. Conclusão Embora haja uma possível alteração na microbiota intestinal de indivíduos com DHGNA após a suplementação com simbióticos ou prebióticos, uma indicação clínica como parte do tratamento da DHGNA ainda não é possível.
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Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a non⁃specific chronic inflammatory disease of the intestine, and its pathogenesis is not yet been fully elucidated. At present, it is generally believed that gut microbiota plays a key role in the pathogenesis of IBD. Prebiotics are non⁃digestible food ingredients that can regulate the gut microbiota. Recently, more and more studies support the beneficial effect of prebiotics in IBD. Some prebiotics of dietary supplements can be used as fermentable substrates to promote the growth and metabolic activity of intestinal beneficial bacteria and increase the production of short ⁃ chain fatty acids, thereby exerting anti ⁃ inflammatory effects. This article reviewed the progress in research on the protective mechanism of prebiotics in IBD from the perspective of traditional and emerging prebiotics and providing a theoretical basis for its application in IBD adjuvant therapy.
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With the rapid development of high-throughput sequencing ( NGS) technique, intestinal microbiome could be studied more deeply. Intestinal contents and fecal samples have the characteristics of con-venient sampling and strong representation, so they are often used as the main research objects in the study of intestinal microbiota. The method of collecting and storage of samples are very important to affect the internal flora structure and diversity, which determines the accuracy of subsequent sequencing analysis. This review summarizes the sampling and storage methods of fecal samples in the study of intestinal microbiome.
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This study was designed to compare intestinal bacteria and inflammatory cytokine expression in rats with ulcerative colitis (UC) after treatment of three regiments, Huang-qin-tang (HQT), Si-shen-wan (SSW), and Tong-xie-yao-fang (TXYF). After approved by Institute of Chinese Materia Medica Ethics Committees in China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, UC in rats was induced by using a compound method (trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid plus ethanol). Rats were randomly divided into control, disease, positive control salazosulfapyridine (SASP, 0.5 g·kg-1), HQT (20 g·kg-1), SSW (26 g·kg-1), and TXYF groups (22 g·kg-1). After 7 days of treatment, colonic tissues and the blood were taken for various assays. Damage of colonic tissues was detected by H&E staining. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-ɑ (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the serum were detected by the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Total DNA was extracted from stool samples for analyses of 16SMiseqPE300V3-4 segment using high-throughput sequencing. The inflammatory cytokine results showed that compared with the disease group, the content of IL-6, PGE2, TNF-α in SASP group were decreased (P<0.05), with the most significant decrease being the level of IL-8 (P<0.01), whereas the levels of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α in HQT group were reduced (P<0.05) and PGE2 content was clearly reduced (P<0.01). The contents of four cytokines in SSW group were decreased, but there was no statistical difference. While the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in TXYF group were reduced, and the reductions of IL-8 and PGE2 were significant (P<0.05). The results after sequencing showed that microbiome species richness SSW group > HQT group > TXYF group; the similarity between samples TXYF group > SSW group > HQT group; the species of HQT and TXYF group have greater difference when compared to the disease group. The content of beneficial bacteria in the intestine of HQT group > SSW group > TXYF group. Three regiments all have therapeutic effects on UC, manifested by improvements of the signs and mental status of UC rats. However, in terms of inhibition of inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-8, PGE2 and TNF-α, and regulation of intestinal microbiome, the therapeutic effect of HQT was superior than SSW and TXYF.
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BACKGROUND@#Insomnia is a common complaint that is closely related to gastrointestinal symptoms, which is consistent with the traditional Chinese medicine classical theory of "stomach disharmony leading to restless sleep." Acupuncture is an effective complementary and alternative medicine therapy to improve gastrointestinal function and restore the normal sleep-wake cycle. However, studies on the effectiveness of acupuncture for insomnia due to spleen-stomach disharmony syndrome are limited to case reports and few randomized controlled trials; deeper research on its mechanism is still lacking. This randomized controlled trial aims to assess the treatment efficacy of "harmonizing stomach to tranquilize mind" acupuncture for insomnia and its influence on the intestinal microbiome.@*METHODS/DESIGN@#This is a randomized, single-blind, parallel-group study. Sixty eligible patients with insomnia due to spleen-stomach disharmony syndrome will be randomly divided into two groups (1:1 allocation ratio). The intervention group will use "harmonizing stomach to tranquilize mind" acupuncture, and the control group will receive sham acupuncture. Participants will receive 5 acupuncture treatment sessions per week for 4 consecutive weeks. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index will be used to evaluate the clinical efficacy of acupuncture treatment by making assessments at baseline, the end of treatment and the end of the follow-up. High-throughput 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene sequencing will be performed to detect changes in the intestinal microbial composition before and after treatment.@*DISCUSSION@#The results of this trial are expected to confirm that "harmonizing stomach to tranquilize mind" acupuncture can effectively relieve insomnia and alter the intestinal microbiome.@*TRIAL REGISTRATION@#Chinese Clinical Trials Registry: ChiCTR1800017092.
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Breast milk contains a lot of lactose,whey protein,fat and other nutrients and a variety of bioactive ingredients.In recent years,with the improvement of detection methods,more and more studies on the determination of breast or breast milk microbes indicate that there is unique microbiota in breast milk.Some strains colonize the intestine of newborns through breastfeeding to promote gut microbiota formation.According to the relevant articles published in recent years,the effects of breast milk microorganisms on neonatal intestinal microbiome are reviewed.