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Background: The coverage of adequately iodized salt in old Andhra Pradesh was 63.6%, which is below the national average. Despite of high coverage rural households were less likely to consume adequately iodized salt. Objectives were (1) to find out the use of iodized salt and practices among community and knowledge regarding iodine deficiency diseases (2) to test salt at the household level to assess level of iodine.Methods: Community based cross-sectional study conducted from July to December 2016 in RHTC, Maddipadu, Prakasam district. Proportionate households from four villages of this area were interviewed for the purpose of study. Factors related to use of iodized salt in the communities like type of salt using in houses, storage practices, practices during cooking, knowledge regarding iodine deficiency disorders were assessed. The salt was tested for iodine using iodine rapid test MBI kits. The data was collected using pre-tested questionnaire and analyzed by using SPSS 22.0 version.Results: Most of households (68.5%) were between 25-50 years age, 68% wives were illiterate and 48.5% wives involved in labor work. Majority (83.6%) of the families were using iodized packed salt, 75% had adequately iodized salt with ≥15 ppm and 25% with inadequate iodized salt <15ppm. Association between illiterate wives and poor knowledge regarding iodized salt found to be significant (p<0.005).Conclusions: Specific education regarding proper storage, handling, duration and the importance of iodized salt needs to be implemented to increase community awareness and to focus on behavior change communication to bring positive attitude toward utilization of iodized salt.
ABSTRACT
Iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) constitute a significant public health problem globally. In India, the entire population is prone to IDDs due to deficiency of iodine in the soil of the sub-continent and thus both animal and plant source food grown on the iodine-deficient soil. IDDs encompass the spectrum of disability and disease and include goitre, cretinism, hypothyroidism, abortion, stillbirth, brain damage, learning disabilities, mental retardation, psychomotor defects, hearing and speech impairment. Iodine deficiency is known to be the single largest cause of preventable brain damage. IDDs with their causal association with brain development, cognition, and learning disabilities impair the human resource development and progress of the country. The children born in iodine-deficient regions on an average have 13.5 intelligence quotient (IQ) points lesser than children born in iodine-sufficient regions. IDD control programme in India is a public health success story, with 92 per cent of the population consuming iodized salt. The partnership between government agencies, academic institutions, salt industry, development agencies and civil society has been key to achieve this success story. The sustainable elimination of iodine deficiency in India is within reach, what is required is accelerated and coordinated effort by all key stakeholder at national and State level.
ABSTRACT
Background: Iodine is an essential element for thyroid function, necessary for the normal growth, development and functioning of the brain and body. In India, about 200 million people are already affected with IDD. In India, about 200 million people live at risk of IDD, whereas more than 71 million people are suffering from goiter and other IDDs. Aims and objectives: 1) To estimate the prevalence of goiter in Lucknow district. 2) To study the level of urinary iodine excretion of the study population. 3) To study the salt consumption pattern in Lucknow district. Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was carried out amongst School children in the age group of 6 to 12 years in urban and rural areas of Lucknow district over a period of one year. A sample size of 400 was estimated. A pre structured & pre tested questionnaire was used to interview. Data was Tabulated on Microsoft excel and, analysis was carried out using Chi square test & other necessary statistical test as appropriate, using software SPSS 17.0 version. Results: A total No. of 400 children were studied. In urban areas 54% were males and 46% were females. Mean age of children were found to be 9.22 years with standard deviation of 2.28. By history, majority (79.8%) of the families were using iodized salt and only 20.3% were using non-iodized salt. Over all prevalence of goiter was 12.7%. Prevalence of goiter was more in rural areas (18%) than in urban areas (7.5%). Prevalence of goiter was more among females (19.9%) than in males (6.8%). Conclusions: To conclude, findings of the present study demonstrates that prevalence of goitre was high (12.7%) among children in Lucknow district and therefore it constitutes a public health problem in this region. Strict implementation of salt iodization and marketing in hard to reach areas is recommended as a measure to control the situation.
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Background: Edible salt iodization and iodized oil injections are the two most commonly used vehicles for iodine supplementation. In year 1989, the state government of Sikkim was planning to implement Iodine Deficiency Disorder control program in state and had following two options to choose from, based on existing knowledge; a) a salt iodization program, b) an iodized oil injection program. No information was available at that point of time on comparative advantages of the above stated two approaches. Objectives: To identify the most cost-effective alternative for IDD elimination in Sikkim, amongst the following 3 alternatives: a) Iodized salt program (ISP), b) Iodized oil injection program (IOP) to high risk group, c) no preventive program. Materials and Methods: Study population was the general population of state of Sikkim, India in year 1990. Cost- effective analysis was undertaken comparing 3 alternative programs, targeted towards IDD elimination in state of Sikkim. Identification, measurement and valuation of the costs of ISP and IOP and identification and measurement of the consequences of IDD were done to carry out the cost-effective analysis. Visible goiter person years (VGPY), endemic cretinism, IDD attributable death were used to assess the health consequences/disease burden of IDD. Results: The cost per VGPY, endemic cretinism and IDD attributable death were Rs 76.67, Rs 24,469 and Rs 9,720, respectively for ISP. The cost per VGPY, endemic cretinism and IDD attributable death were Rs 75.82, Rs 19,106 and Rs 7,709, respectively for IOP. Conclusion: The results of the analysis showed that iodized oil program is more cost-effective for prevention of irreversible IDDs than the iodated salt program in state of Sikkim, India.
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Objective: To compare prevalence of goitre in primary school children; to determine median urinary iodine concentration in children; and, to assess level of salt iodization at retail trader level. Design: 30 cluster survey study. Settings: Primary schools of Kutch district, Gujarat, India. Methods: Total 70 students including five boys and five girls from 1st to 7th standard, present in class on the day of visit were selected randomly for Goitre examination (n=2100). Urine sample was collected from one boy and one girl from each standard in each cluster. From the community, 28 children, including two boys and two girls from each standard in the same age group were examined, and salt samples were tested from their households. From each village, one retail shop was visited and various salts available were purchased and tested for iodine on the spot with spot kit. Results: Goitre prevalence of 11.2% was found among primary school children (grade 1- 8.6% and grade 2- 2.6%). As the age increased, the Goitre prevalence also increased except in age group of 8 years. Median urinary iodine excretion level was 110 μg/L. Iodine level more than 15 ppm was found in 92.3% salts samples tested at the household level. Conclusion: Present study showed mild goitre prevalence in primary school children in Kutch district of Gujarat.
ABSTRACT
Objetivo El estado nutricional de yodo se mide por la concentración de yodo urinario y permite evaluar los riesgos por deficiencia o aumento.Estudiar la frecuencia del riesgo de desordenes por deficiencia o por más de una adecuada ingesta de yodo en escolares del Quindío. Métodos La concentración de yodo urinario se midió en una muestra casual de orina tomada en cada sujeto entre el 2006-2007. Resultados En 444 muestras analizadas, la mediana de yoduria fue de 272,4 µg/L; 11,9 por ciento de los escolares tenían yoduria normal, 28,8 por ciento presentaron déficit de yodo, de estos 11,5 por ciento tenían déficit severo, 12,6 por ciento déficit moderado y 4,7 por ciento déficit leve. 59,3 por ciento presentaron riesgo por ingesta excesiva de yodo. El rango de déficit de yodo en los niños fue de 31 por ciento y en las niñas 26,6 por ciento sin diferencia significativa, tampoco se encontró diferencia significativa con la edad, pero si entre los estratos (p<0,000). Los municipios de las zonas rurales presentaron 100 por ciento de déficit de yodo (medianas <100 ug/L), mientras los de la zona urbana (Armenia, Tebaida y El Caimo) presentaron excesiva ingesta de yodo. Conclusiones: la población estudiada mostró severas deficiencias (zonas rurales) y excesiva ingesta de yodo (población urbana), sugiriendo ausencia o pobre control del programa de yodación y una exposición adicional a elementos causantes de desordenes de yodo. Se requiere un programa para el seguimiento de los desordenes de yodo en la población escolar estudiada.
Objective Iodine nutritional status is measured by urinary iodine concentration thereby allowing risks involved in such deficiency or increase to be assessed. Studying the frequency of the risk of iodine deficiency disorders, or more than suitable iodine intake in schoolchildren from Quindío. Methods Urinary iodine concentration was measured in a casual urine sample taken from each subject; this study lasted from 2006 to 2007. Results Median urinary iodine was 272.4 µg/L in the 444 samples analysed. 11.9 percent of schoolchildren had normal urinary iodine, 28.8 percent had iodine deficiency and 11.5 percent of them had a severe deficit, 12.6 percent moderate deficit and 4.7 percent slight deficit. 59.3 percent presented a risk of excessive iodine intake. The range of iodine deficiency in boys was 31 percent and 26.6 percent in girls (no significant difference). No significant difference was found with age; however, there was a significant difference between economic levels 1 and 2 (p <0.000). Municipalities in rural areas had 100 percent iodine deficiency (median um <100 ug/L) whilst those in the urban area (Armenia, Tebaida and The Caimo) had excessive iodine intake. Conclusions The population being studied had severe iodine deficiencies (rural) and excessive intake (urban population), suggesting the absence or poor control of an iodisation programme and additional exposure to factors causing iodine disorders. A programme is required for monitoring iodine disorders in the school population being studied.